The following hypotheses will be tested in this study: 1. There is no significant difference of single left hand reaction times between the athlete and non-athlete groups. 2. There is no significant difference of single right hand reaction times between the athlete and non-athlete groups. 3. There are no significant differences of the refractory time means at the various time intervals between stimulus presentation of athletes and non-athletes.

Through the years there has been increasing interest in the investigation of the athlete's personality. Much emphasis has been placed on the psychological characteristics of athletes of a given age group and ability level. Coaches, trainers, and others involved with athletics believe that personality is an essential ingredient in developing a highly skilled individual. However, the ones in leadership seldom put forth explicit statements of such beliefs into a meaningful theory structure that can be assessed and therefore verified. Statement of the Problem: The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in personality factors existed between groups of outstanding and less outstanding collegiate football players. The problem was further investigated: (1) in an effort to determine the personality differences between the various groups studied; and (2) to determine if there were distinct group personality profiles present. Need for the Study: The apparent interest of coaches, and others concerned with the relationship between personality and athletic achievement, initiated research in this area; however, the few studies conducted show conflicting results, but leave the impression that a relationship does exist. If a connection could be established, one could differentiate, for selective purposes, between players of equal skill. Also, it would enhance the coaches' ability in facilitating better interpersonal relations, behavior control, and predictions of behaviorial performances. It was the intent of the writer to add to the present body of knowledge in this area so that scientific applications could be made. Underlying Hypotheses The hypotheses investigated in this study were as follows: 1. Offensive players have personality profiles which will not differentiate them from defensive players. 2. Personality profiles of successful football players (letter winners) exhibit characteristics not distinguishable from those possessed by the non-letter winners. 3. When age is considered in personality factor analysis, the age element does not differentiate the groups. Limitations of the Study The following limitations were placed on the study: 1. The study was limited to forty-four collegiate football players at Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky. 2. The subjects were not selected by random procedures, but were the athletes available for the study. 3. It is assumed that the subjects answered the questionnaire in an honest and truthful manner.

Syfte med denna undersökning var att få reda på vilken inställning lärare har till samundervisning i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Mina frågeställningar är vad som är nackdelarna och fördelarna med samundervisning, enligt lärarna. Vilka pedagogiska och didaktiskt ställningstaganden lärarna gör och hur de planerar lektioner med samundervisning på bästa sättet. För att kunna ta reda på detta har jag valt att använda mig av intervjuer. Jag intervjuade 5 lärare i Haninge kommmun, som alla undervisar I skolor med årskurs 6-9. Innan inlämningen av denna uppsats kontaktade mig en av lärarna och ville inte vara en del av studien längre så studien omfattar 4 lärare, varav tre kvinnor och en man. Svaren som jag fick av lärarna var väldigt lika varandra, alla hade en väldigt positiv grundinställning till samundervisning i ämnet idrott och hälsa. De tyckte att det är nyttigt för eleverna att lära sig att acceptera varandra och att samarbeta. Dock fanns det några punkter som de tyckte var negativa, som till exempel att pojkar tar alldeles för mycket plats på lektionerna och pga. klassstorleken är det nästan omöjligt att se alla elever. När det gäller de didaktiska ochpedagogiska ställningstaganden,var lärarna också nästan överens. Alla försöker vara tydliga och anpassa rösten efter gruppstorleken, samtidigt som de försöker vara bra förebilder till eleverna och ser de som just eleverna och inte som kön. När det gäller planering av lektionerna så tyckte några lärare att alla moment lämpade sig för samundervisning, det kräver bara lite mer av en som lärare och de andra lärarna tyckte att tävling lämpar sig minst av allt för samundervisning. Det är mycket bättre med fria lektioner och olika stationer där eleverna får välja själva hur länge de ska träna och testa. I diskussionen visar författaren att själva genus konstruktionen i vårt samhälle ligger till grund för de olika förväntningar och prestationer av flickor och pojkar. Slutsatsen i denna studie är att samundervisning är bra för eleverna enligt lärarna men att det kräver mycket av en som lärare för att få det att fungera. / Studiegång Idrott, fritidskultur och hälsa. Vt 2011

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Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka yrkesverksamma lärares uppfattning om lärarutbildningen vid Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan (GIH) efter fem år i yrket. -          Vilken bakgrund har respondenterna? -          Hur beskriver de examinerade lärarna relevansen i de olika momenten i lärarutbildningen vid GIH? -          Vilka utvecklingsmöjligheter upplever de examinerade lärarna att det finns för lärarutbildningen vid GIH? Metod Den metod vi använt oss av i studien är kvalitativ intervju. Vi har intervjuat sex yrkesverksamma lärare som examinerades från GIH åren 2005-2006. Urvalet var ett flerstegsurval som grundade sig i ett antal kriterier samt ett slumpmässigt urval. Intervjuerna har spelats in på diktafon och sedan transkriberats. Efter transkriberingen analyserades materialet utifrån Bourdieus tre begrepp habitus, kapital och fält. Resultat Respondenterna upplevde att det var en rolig utbildning med bra sammanhållning i klassen och på skolan. Däremot önskade de högre krav på studenterna under utbildningen. Respondenterna upplevde att det de hade haft mest nytta av var praktiken och inriktningsstudierna. De upplevde brister i sin kunskap om de administrativa arbetsuppgifterna som lärare har, vilka inte är kopplade till lektionsarbetet. De upplevde också svårigheter med att relatera delar av utbildningens innehåll till styrdokumenten. Respondenternas förslag på utvecklingsmöjligheter kretsade kring det administrativa pappersarbetet, hålla föräldramöte, föräldrakontakt, konflikthantering samt betygsbedömning. Vidare gavs förslag om mer samarbete med partnerskolor, mer praktik och praktik i olika områden. Slutsats Studien visar, utifrån vår tolkning av Bourdieus teori, att GIH kan underlätta för studenter utan tidigare erfarenheter av yrkeslivet genom att utmana de studerandes habitus och idrottsliga kapital samt synliggöra likheter och skillnader mellan de olika sociala arenor i form av skola och organiserad idrott. Utbildningen behöver på ett tydligare sätt relateras till skolans styrdokument och involvera mer av de administrativa arbetsuppgifterna i lärarutbildningen samt ge utrymme för större variation under VFU-perioderna.

The overarching purpose is to describe how elite soccer clubs choose to structure their sport oriented organization. This purpose leads us to questions and areas involving sport managers, casting, operational directions, education and goal setting in sport. The results in this thesis are based upon a qualitative investigation of sport managers in Swedish elite soccer clubs. To strengthen the reliability in our choice of method we will fortify it with theories that reflect methodical choice. Our conclusions in this thesis is that one can see a clear difference in how the clubs choose to structure the casting and operational directions within their organization. We have also noted that there is a clear distinguish between the levels of education amongst sport managers in Swedish elite soccer clubs.

<p>The overarching purpose is to describe how elite soccer clubs choose to structure their sport oriented organization. This purpose leads us to questions and areas involving sport managers, casting, operational directions, education and goal setting in sport.</p><p>The results in this thesis are based upon a qualitative investigation of sport managers in Swedish elite soccer clubs. To strengthen the reliability in our choice of method we will fortify it with theories that reflect methodical choice.</p><p>Our conclusions in this thesis is that one can see a clear difference in how the clubs choose to structure the casting and operational directions within their organization. We have also noted that there is a clear distinguish between the levels of education amongst sport managers in Swedish elite soccer clubs.</p>

Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer (1993) forwarded a general framework to account for the characteristics and developmental experiences of individuals who have acquired exceptional performance in any domain. This framework proposed that experts undergo an extensive acquisition period involving the accumulation of thousands of hours of deliberate practice while overcoming various constraints that serve as functional barriers to the achievement of expertise. The purpose of this study was to examine expert disability-sport athletes to determine how well their experiences and characteristics were captured by Ericsson et al.’s (1993) framework. In Part I, quad rugby players recalled the amount of time spent in individual and team practice activities, quad rugby related activities, and daily life activities at the start of their career and every two years since. In Part II, these activities were rated with respect to relevance to improving performance, effort and concentration required, and enjoyment of participation. Findings revealed that quad rugby athletes engaged in similar amounts of practice throughout their career to those observed in superior performers across domains, including Ericsson et al.’s musicians and expert performers in the able-bodied sport domain (e.g., Helsen, Starkes, & Hodges, 1998). Contrary to the original deliberate practice framework as described by Ericsson et al. (1993), results indicated that disability-sport athletes did not rate the most relevant and effortful activities as low on enjoyment..

PURPOSE: To compare vertical jump height and power and sprint time in African- American and Caucasian college-aged males, to compare isokinetic knee extension and flexion torques between the two groups, and to examine correlations between these variables. METHODS: The participants were fifty recreationally active, college-aged males (23 African-American and 27 Caucasian). Physical activity was assessed using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) Physical Activity module, body composition was determined using the Bod Pod, and anthropometric measures (height, weight, and thigh circumference) were taken. Subjects performed a 100-m sprint on an outdoor track and a countermovement vertical jump. Vertical jump power was calculated using both the Lewis and Sayers equations. Isokinetic knee extension and flexion testing were performed on a Biodex System 3 at angular velocities of 60, 120, 210, 300, and 400 degrees per second. Peak torques and relative torques (using torque generated at 60 degrees per second as the reference) were used in data analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between African-Americans and Caucasians in anthropometric variables, physical activity, wind velocity measured during the 100-m dash, or isokinetic extension and flexion peak and relative torques. When controlling for body fat percentage, there were significant differences between the two groups with African- Americans having greater jump heights (p<.001), greater vertical jump power using the Sayers equation (p<.05), and faster 100-m sprint times (p<.05). In the entire sample, vertical jump height significantly correlated with 100-m sprint time (r = -.769, p<.001). Vertical jump power using both equations significantly correlated with isokinetic knee extension peak torque at all angular velocities and with knee flexion at 120, 300 and 400 degrees per second. There were no significant correlations between 100-m sprint times and isokinetic knee extension and flexion variables. CONCLUSION: African- Americans performed better than Caucasians in the vertical jump and 100-m dash but not in isokinetic knee flexion and extension testing. However, African-Americans showed a trend towards greater peak torques at high angular velocities indicative of faster speeds of muscle contraction.