Two experiments were performed to evaluate effects of amprolium administration at specific times and concentrations in replacement broiler breeders of three genetic lines vaccinated against coccidiosis. Effects on performance parameters including body weight and flock uniformity, and post-vaccination oocyst cycling patterns were evaluated in addition to development of immunity following clinical Eimeria challenge according to gross and microscopic lesion scoring, post-challenge body weight gain (BWG), and total oocyst output. Experiment one was conducted on fresh pine shavings while experiment two was conducted on used litter remaining in treatment pens from the first trial. No significant differences were seen among treatment groups with regard to body weight in either trial. Increased magnitude of oocyst shedding was observed in trial one, Line A with the group receiving amprolium on day 10. Trends in the data indicated increased uniformity in Line A related to amprolium administration following day 21. The group in Line A receiving amprolium at day 10 showed a significantly lower degree of total oocyst output following challenge than the other medicated groups. The group receiving amprolium on day 10 in Line B showed significant reduction in post-vaccination oocyst shedding following treatment in both trials while all shedding was delayed in trial two when compared to the first trial. Effects on uniformity in Line B pullets varied between trials with trends indicating it being advantageous when used litter was a factor. Higher post-challenge BWG was observed in Line B pullets administered the low concentration at day 16 than the controls. Reductions in gross lesion development were seen in Line B pullets in both trials. Line C pullets receiving the highest concentration of amprolium at day 16 showed significantly less uniformity in trial one while the controls appeared to perform better than all medicated groups in trial two. All medicated groups in Line C exhibited delayed and increased magnitudes of oocyst shedding in trial two. These data indicate that the effects of amprolium on performance and immunity development are variable according to genetic strain and indicated that administration may be influenced by litter condition.

The purpose of this research was to investigate selected methods of mucosal immunization for commercial chickens. Induction of mucosal immunity in commercial chickens through the use of orally administered subunit vaccines or through immunomodulation of the host??s response to live vaccines may be a viable means to control enteric infections in commercial poultry. In the present investigations we evaluated a means for delivering protein antigen in the drinking water and the use of CpG-ODNs, a recently reported mucosal adjuvant, in order to both improve this response and to modulate the host??s immune response when vaccinated with field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria tenella. In order to evaluate the efficacy of immunizing commercial poultry with subunit vaccines through the drinking water we chose the model antigen Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Chicks were administered BSA via intraperitoneal (I.P.) injection, oral crop gavage, or orally through the addition of BSA to the drinking water. These experiments demonstrated the efficacy of drinking water administration to induce antibodyproduction in the serum, intestine, and bile. When BSA was co-administered with CpGODNs we observed a modest increase in this response dependent upon dose. To evaluate the immunomodulation of the host response to live parasite using CpG-ODNs we used three administration models. The first was a single dose of CpGODNs with a trickle immunization regime of Eimeria acervulina. The second was coadministration of CpG-ODNs with a clinical dose of Eimeria acervulina or tenella. The third was pre-administration of CpG-ODNs 24 hours prior to the clinical dose of either species. These studies demonstrate that the first and third models were effective in reducing lesions and improving performance.

Objective¡G Influenza is an important public health problem, and may seriously damage the elderly population. Although influenza vaccination is a safe, and can significantly reduces morbidity and influenza -related complication mortality in elderly people, however, the influenza vaccination rate did not reach expected goals. Therefore, to explore the potential factors that affect the vaccination rate becomes a critical research question. The purpose of this study was to apply the Health Belief Model, which includes demographic, health state and healthy behaviour, knowledge about influenza and influenza vaccine, perceived susceptility, perceived seriousness, perceived benefit and barrier, and cues to action variables, to understand factors motivating the community elderly people to receive influenza vaccination. Design: The sampling designs were stratified and systematic sampling with total 700 sample. During June 2007 , a structured questionnaire was sent to the elderly people¡]¡Ù65 years¡^in Kaohsiung city¡C Result: The male and female sample distribution rates were equally in 50%, average age was 72.87 years old and 59.6% elderly people had chronic disease (such as hypertension, heart disease and diabetes). Chi-square tests showed that ¡§chronic disease¡¨, ¡§health examination¡¨, ¡§always seek care from specific physician¡¨, ¡§exercise ¡§, ¡§ recognize about influenza and influenza vaccination¡¨, ¡§ perceived seriousness¡¨, ¡§ perceived benefit and barrier¡¨, were significantly associated with having ever been vaccinated. Logistic regression results indicated that ¡§think the influenza vaccination can effectively prevent influenza¡¨, ¡§regular health examination¡¨, ¡§cues to action¡¨ and ¡§perceived barriers¡¨ were found to be the significant predictors of acceptance of influenza vaccination. Conclusions¡GThe study results indicated that health care worker¡¦s attitude about influenza and influenza vaccination will directly influence community elderly people's cognition. Therefore, by educating the health care worker about influenza seriousness and the vaccination effectiveness may successfully promote vaccination rate. Through health education activities in the community, it may increase correct cognition about influenza and the benefit of vaccination. In addition, the health department needs to strengthen the health policy marketing in order to increase influenza vaccinations rate, reduce morbidity and influenza -related complication mortality.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences animales : Toulouse, INPT : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 295 réf.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Sciences agronomiques : Toulouse, INPT : 2006. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. 202 réf.

Thesis (M.A.)--East Carolina University, 2009. / Presented to the faculty of the Department of Health Education and Promotion. Advisor: Sharon M. Knight. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 4, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

Objective: Pregnancy has been recognized as a risk factor for severe pandemic influenza illness and this “vulnerable” group is suggested to be heightened alertness to the disease by WHO. This systemic review aims to identify the factors affecting the uptake of influenza vaccination among pregnant women as the immunization uptake among this particular group of population is low or suboptimal worldwide. Methods: Systematic literature reviews were conducted by using MEDLINE and PubMed with the key words: “influenza vaccination uptake” and “pregnant women” in the period of January 2004 to January 2013. It was further supplemented by a manual search for literatures and articles on the WHO website, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website, Google Scholar, and reference lists of reviews captured by initial searches. Results: Of the 222 articles identified, 10 studies were found to be relevant in this system literature review. Influenza vaccine coverage among pregnant women was highly diverse (6.2-76%) among the 10 studies. Overall, pregnant women were more likely to take the vaccination against influenza if they: (1) believed the benefits of the vaccine outweighed the potential barriers, (2) believed the influenza was severe and they were highly susceptible to the disease, and (3) were influenced by the positive cues to action such as recommendation from health care professionals and the experience of the influenza vaccination uptake. Conclusion: Overall, greater emphasis on vaccine effectiveness and safety, and the recommendation from health care providers is needed to increase the number of pregnant women influenza immunization in the future public health campaigns. / published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

Objectives To systematically review all studies HBV screening and vaccination health behaviour according to the Health Belief Model theoretical framework including perceived susceptibility, severity, barriers and benefits, cues to action and self-efficacy. Methodology The literature search used PUBMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL plus, Wan Fang database, and Chinese Journal Net with English and Chinese language. About 73 studies (PUBMED: 33 MEDLINE: 10, CINAHL plus: 3, Wan Fang database: 16, Chinese journal net: 11) in total were identified; after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 studies met the criteria and in the final analysis. The target group included high infection rate groups (pregnant women, unprotected sexual behaviour, and immigrant group) and illness groups (chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis B virus carriers). Results and Discussion HBV screening and vaccination behaviour were determined by perceived the susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers and benefits, and cues to action. The self-efficacy was seldom designed in the questionnaire of the reviewed articles. The Health belief model was a useful model for explaining HBV screening and vaccination behaviour. Screening- and vaccination-related beliefs of the screening and vaccination vary by high risk groups. From the review more attention to self-efficacy and perceived control may improve vaccination uptake. There were contrast results with the social economic characteristics, such as age, gender, income, in determining the HBV screening and vaccination behaviour. Conclusion and Implication As the policy maker, health care providers need to develop specific interventions paying attention to the different aspects of the Health Belief Model to improve the perceived of Hepatitis B virus. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health