Orientador: Luiz Gonzaga de Mello Belluzzo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T08:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_LucianaAciolyda_D.pdf: 40352190 bytes, checksum: 3dfeabd8a11a3e6c3cc5645b29dbe2b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A tendência do investimento direto externo entre o pós-guerra e início dos anos oitenta foi de expandir o investimento de natureza produtiva, sobretudo na indústria manufatureira, e permitir a generalização da Segunda Revolução Industrial em muitos países da periferia, devido a sua distribuição espacial mais abrangente. No entanto-, os investimentos diretos nos últimos 20 anos têm se caracterizado pela predominância das operações de fusões e aquisições de empresas - acompanhadas de uma grande expansão do investimento de portfólio e da formação de megacorporações -, por sua menor abrangência espacial e por seu direcionamento majoritariamente ao setor de serviços. Apesar do atual ciclo de investimentos mundiais apresentar estas características, isso não foi algo absoluto, inexorável, como demonstram os casos da China e a índia que além de receberem montantes crescentes de IDE conseguiram se beneficiar dessa nova onda de capital externo. A presente tese procura traçar uma comparação entre as inserções do Brasil, China e índia nos fluxos globais de investimentos diretos externos nos anos noventa, discutindo em que medida os fatores internos ligados ao quadro institucional de cada um desses países os inseriu de modo diferenciado na globalização. Observa-se que a natureza e direção que assumem os investimentos diretos num determinado país dependem do tipo de reforma que implementou e de como esse país promoveu a abertura de sua economia. Em outras palavras, a configuração que assumiu o tDE no Brasil, China e índia foi resultado da interação existente entre as estratégias globais de concorrência das TNCs de acessar mercados e os quadros institucionais montados por cada um desses países para receber o capital estrangeiro, os quais procuraram mais ou menos inibir o componente patrimonial e especulativo desses investimentos. O texto que se segue encontra-se dividido em uma introdução, 3 capítulos e uma conclusão. O primeiro capítulo terá o caráter de uma resenha onde é apresentada uma síntese da literatura sobre a lógica de expansão da grande empresa capitalista. O segundo apresenta um estudo empírico das principais tendências dos fluxos globais de investimento direto externo, em termos de sua evolução, composição e distribuição espacial e setorial, desde os anos 80. O terceiro capítulo procura identificar as configurações assumidas pelo investimento direto externo no Brasil, na China e na índia, e descreve em linhas gerais as orientações das políticas de abertura e reformas adotadas por cada um desses países e as mudanças que introduziram em seus quadros regulatórios para receber os investimentos externos. Na conclusão busca-se uma síntese das principais idéias abordadas ao longo do texto / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Historia Economica / Doutor em Economia Aplicada

L'objectif de la thèse est d'étudier les mécanismes d'allumage d'un noyau de flamme en écoulements laminaires et turbulents. Dans un premier temps, une étude préliminaire est consacrée à l'analyse du dispositif d'allumage par étincelle induite par laser et à l'étude de l'initiation du noyau de flamme en écoulement laminaire prémélangé. Dans un second temps, l'étude de l'allumage est réalisée en écoulement turbulent prémélangé, afin de mettre en évidence l'effet des fluctuations turbulentes de vitesse sur l'initiation de noyau de flamme. Enfin, dans le cas d'un écoulement turbulent nonprémélangé, l'influence du champ local et instantané de fraction de mélange sur l'allumage et le développement du noyau de flamme est analysée. / The aim of the Ph-D thesis is to study ignition mechanisms of a flame kernel in laminar and turbulent flows. First, a preliminary study is devoted to the analysis of the laser-induced spark ignition system and to the study of the flame kernel initiation in premixed laminar flow. Then, the study of the ignition is performed in turbulent premixed flow, to highlight the influence of velocity turbulent fluctuations on the flame kernel initiation. Finally, in turbulent non-premixed flows, the effect of the local and instantaneous mixture fraction on the flame kernel initiation and development is analyzed.

Le transport de particules par des écoulements turbulents est un phénomène présent dans de nombreux écoulements naturels et industriels, tels que la dispersion de polluants dans l'atmosphère ou du phytoplancton et plastiques dans et à la surface des océans. Les modèles prédictifs classiques ne peuvent prévoir avec précision la formation de larges fluctuations de concentrations. La première partie de cette thèse concerne une étude de la dispersion turbulente de traceurs émis à partir d'une source ponctuelle et continue. Les fluctuations spatiales de masse sont déterminées en fonction de la distance à la source et à l'échelle d'observation. La combinaison de plusieurs phénomènes physiques à l'origine du mélange limite la validité d'une caractérisation de géométrie fractale. Une approche alternative est proposée, permettant d'interpréter les fluctuations massiques en terme des différents régimes de séparation de pair dans des écoulements turbulents. La seconde partie concerne des particules ayant une inertie finie, dont la dispersion dans l'espace des vitesses requiert de développer des techniques de modélisation adaptées. Une méthode numérique originale est proposée pour exprimer la distribution des particules dans l'espace position-vitesse. Cette méthode est ensuite utilisée pour décrire la modulation de la turbulence bi- dimensionnelle par des particules inertielles. A grand nombres de Stokes, l'effet montré est analogue à celui d'une friction effective à grande échelle. Aux petits Stokes, le spectre de l'énergie cinétique du fluide et les transferts non-linéaires sont modifiées d'une manière non triviale. / The transport of particles by turbulent flows is ubiquitous in nature and industry. It occurs in planet formation, plankton dynamics and combustion in engines. For the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants, traditional predictive models based on eddy diffusivity cannot accurately reproduce high concentration fluctuations, which are of primal importance for ecological and health issues. The first part of this thesis relates to the dispersion by turbulence of tracers continuously emitted from a point source. Mass fluctuations are characterized as a function of the distance from the source and of the observation scale. The combination of various physical mixing processes limits the use of fractal geometric tools. An alternative approach is proposed, allowing to interpret mass fluctuations in terms of the various regimes of pair separation in turbulent flows. The second part concerns particles with a finite and possibly large inertia, whose dispersion in velocity requires developing efficient modelling techniques. A novel numerical method is proposed to express inertial particles distribution in the position-velocity phase space. Its convergence is validated by comparison to Lagrangian measurements. This method is then used to describe the modulation of two-dimensional turbulence by large-Stokes-number heavy particles. At high inertia, the effect is found to be analogous to an effective large-scale friction. At small Stokes numbers, kinetic energy spectrum and nonlinear transfers are shown to be modified in a non-trivial way which relates to the development of instabilities at vortices boundaries.

No description available.

Remanufacturing is an industrial process where used products are restored to useful life. This dissertation describes how products can be designed to facilitate the remanufacturing process. It also describes how the remanufacturing processes can be improved to be more efficient. When comparing remanufacturing with other end-of-life scenarios, it is hard from an environmental perspective to determine which scenario is preferable. This research has shown that remanufacturing is preferable to new manufacturing from a natural resource perspective. With remanufacturing the efforts that initially was used to shape the product part is salvaged. Furthermore, it has been found that it is environmentally and economically beneficial to have products designed for remanufacturing. To avoid obsolescence, the products must be easy to upgrade with new technology in the remanufacturing process. In this dissertation, a generic remanufacturing process is described with all included steps that are needed to restore the products to useful life. In order to make the remanufacturing process more efficient, the products need to be adapted for the process. Therefore, the preferable products properties facilitating each step in the generic remanufacturing process have been identified. A matrix (RemPro) was created to illustrate the relation between each and every generic remanufacturing step and the preferable product properties. Remanufacturing case studies have shown that the companies performing remanufacturing often have problems with material flows, use of space and high inventory levels. This is often due to the uncertainties in the quality and the number of cores (used products) that will arrive at the remanufacturing plants. To overcome these problems, the remanufacturers need to achieve a better control over the product’s design and use phase, i.e. the life cycle phases that precede the remanufacturing process. This control is best performed by the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Furthermore, it has been found that Swedish manufacturers often have a weak relation between its environmental management systems and product issues, such as design for environment/remanufacturing. Design for environmental/remanufacturing aspects should be a crucial part of the manufacturers environmental management systems (EMSs) as the products stand for much of the material flows at the manufacturing companies. If the external auditors address the manufacturers to have a life cycle perspective on their business the manufacturer would be more likely to adapt the remanufacturing aspects in their environmental management systems.

ITC/USA 2010 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Sixth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 25-28, 2010 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / The integrated Network-Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) project is transitioning from standards development to deployment of systems. In fielding a Telemetry Network System (TmNS) demonstration system, one must choose and integrate technological building blocks from the suite of standards to implement new test capabilities. This paper describes the operation of a TmNS and identifies the management, configuration, control, acquisition, and distribution of information and operational flows. These items are discussed utilizing a notional system to walk through the mechanisms identified by the iNET standards. Note that at the time of this paper the efforts discussed are only at the very beginning of the design process and will likely evolve throughout the design process.

Theoretical models predict that ambiguity is an asset pricing factor in addition to risk, however few of them have been tested in the real market. This thesis tests one of the hypotheses that, investors’ propensity to invest in stocks is reduced when ambiguity in the marketplace increases. The hypothesis is tested by using equity fund flows and households’ equity holding as measurements of the market participation, and using dispersion in analysts’ forecasts about aggregate returns as measurement of ambiguity. The results confirm this hypothesis, since the increases in ambiguity are significantly and negatively related to equity fund flows, as well as the likelihood that the average household invests in equities. Moreover, the results also find that the fund flows in non-dividend paying stocks are more sensitive to the changes in ambiguity, and investors transfer capital from the equity market into more liquid asset classes during high-ambiguity periods. In addition, this thesis also tests whether there is heterogeneity in individuals’ ambiguity aversion, and examines the psychological roots of ambiguity aversion. FNE theory explains ambiguity aversion as the result of fearing negative evaluation from others. It predicts that married households are more ambiguity averse; while households with higher income and education, or households that are more mature, are less ambiguity averse. On the other hand, self-evaluation theory explains ambiguity aversion as the result of minimizing anticipated regret. It predicts that households that are more optimistic, or have less income, are less ambiguity averse; while households that have negative market experience, or have higher income, are more ambiguity averse. The results show that married households, or households with high income / negative market experience, are more ambiguity averse; and households that are more optimistic / more mature, are less ambiguity averse. Therefore, both theories have successful predictions, suggesting that the ambiguity aversion is the combined result of the two motivations.

This dissertation reported an experimental answer to the long-standing question of how three-dimensionality appears in wall-bounded magnetohydrodynamic flows and presented also an experimental study on the transition to turbulence in a confined, mostly quasi two-dimensional flow. Accordingly, it was shown the analysis of a vortex array with susceptibility to three-dimensionality, enclosed in a cubic container and a mostly, quasi two-dimensional vortex pair confined by the walls of a shallow, cylindrical container. Both containers were hermetically filled by a liquid metal fluid and subject to a constant, homogeneous magnetic field. The flow forcing was made by injecting constant electric current from one wall that intersects magnetic field lines (Hartmann wall). Flow characteristics and the presence of three-dimensionality were monitored by measuring electric potentials on either Hartmann walls that confined the liquid metal. A form of three-dimensionality termed as weak appeared through differential rotation along the axis of individual vortices, while a strong form manifested itself in vortices that do not extend from one to the other Hartmann wall. In the cubic container, this resulted into an array of novel, spectacular flow structures that were both steady and strongly three-dimensional, and, yielded to a frequency-selective breakdown of quasi two-dimensionality in chaotic and turbulent flow regimes. The mostly quasi two-dimensional flow in the shallow, cylindrical container was shown to undergo a sequence of supercritical bifurcations to turbulence triggered by boundary layer separations from the circular wall. For very high forcing, the flow reached a turbulent regime where the dissipation increased drastically. This was related to a possible transition from a laminar to a turbulent Hartmann layer.

Spatial interaction models represent a class of models that are used for modeling origin destination flow data. The interest in such models is motivated by the need to understand and explain the flows of tangible entities such as persons or commodities or intangible ones such as capital, information or knowledge between regions. The focus here is on the log-normal version of the model. In this context, we consider spatial econometric specifications that can be used to accommodate two types of dependence scenarios, one involving endogenous interaction and the other exogenous interaction. These model specifications replace the conventional assumption of independence between origin-destination-flows with formal approaches that allow for two different types of spatial dependence in flow magnitudes. (authors' abstract) / Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with understanding and quantifying the components that make up sewage base flows (SBF). SBF is a steady flow that is ubiquitous in sewers, and is clearly seen when measuring the flow rate in the sewer between 03:00 and 04:00. The components of SBF are: ● return flow from residential night use, ● return flow from leaking plumbing, ● groundwater infiltration, ● stormwater inflow. By understanding each component of SBF, this research can answer the burning question as to how much of the SBF was due to plumbing leaks on residential properties. While previous work on SBF had been done, the work focused on groundwater ingress and stormwater inflows, and thus not much had been said about plumbing leaks. Furthermore, previous work focused on SBF as an isolated sewer related topic, whereas this research integrated SBF as both a sewer related topic and water conservation and demand management (WCDM) topic. Due to the high variability in each of the SBF components, a method of quantifying each component was developed using residential end-use modelling and Monte Carlo simulations. The author constructed the Leakage, Infiltration and Inflow Technique Model (LIFT Model). This stochastic model was built in MS Excel using the @Risk software add-on. The LIFT Model uses probability distributions to model the inflow variability. The results of the stochastic model were analysed and the findings discussed. This research can be used by water utilities as a tool to better understand the SBF in networks. Armed with this knowledge, water utilities could make informed decisions about how to best reduce the high SBF encountered in networks. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling bespreek die begrip en berekening van die komponente van riool nagvloei. Die nagvloei was duidelik wanneer die vloei in die rioolstelsel tussen 03:00 en 04:00 gemeet is. Die verskillende komponente van die nagvloei is: ● huishoudelike gebruik, ● lekkende krane en toilette, ● grondwaterinfiltrasie, en ● stormwaterinvloei. ’n Begrip van die komponente van nagvloei kan die brandende vraag van hoeveel nagvloei die gevolg van lekkende krane en toilette is, na aanleiding van die navorsing beantwoord. Vorige werk het op beter begrip van die grondwaterinfiltrasie en stormwaterinvloei gefokus en lekke het nie veel aandag geniet nie. Vorige werk het net op nagvloei as geïsoleerde rioolonderwerp gefokus, terwyl hierdie navorsing nagvloei as ’n onderwerp wat met riool verband hou, sowel as ’n waterverbruik- en behoeftebestuursonderwerp, ondersoek. As gevolg van die groot verskil tussen elk van die komponente van die nagvloei, is ’n metode ontwikkel wat elke komponent kwantifiseer deur gebruik te maak van eindgebruik-modelle en Monte Carlo-simulasies. Die outeur het die Leakage Infiltration and Inflow Technique Model (LIFT-Model) gebou. Hierdie stogastiese model is in MS Excel, met behulp van die @Risk sagtewarebyvoeging gebou. Die LIFT-Model gebruik waarskynlikheidverspreidings om invloeivariasie te modelleer. Die resultate van die stogastiese model is ontleed en die bevindinge bespreek. Hierdie navorsing mag moontlik deur watervoorsieningsmaatskapye as instrument gebruik word om nagvloei in rioolstelsels beter te verstaan. Hierdie nuwe kennis kan watervoorsieningsmaatskapye in staat stel om ingeligte besluite te neem rakende die beste metodes om te volg om nagvloei te verminder.