To predict the response of communities and ecosystems to rising levels of atmospheric CO2, the response of individual plants under natural conditions needs to be determined. Podalyria sericea, a fynbos legume, was grown in a greenhouse under ambient (35 Pa) and elevated (70 Pa) CO2 partial pressure for 18 months. Growth, leaf 615N and leaf gas exchange was measured to determine whether this N2-fixer could maintain a positive growth response under conditions of high competition. Results revealed a lack of positive growth response to elevated CO2, although far more flowers were produced in the elevated treatment. Allocation patterns were slightly different, with relatively higher shoot mass for plants exposed to elevated CO2. Leaf 61 5N and N concentrations were unaffected. Photosynthetic capacity was greatly reduced and maximum rates of Rubisco carboxylation (V cmaJ and light saturated electron transport (Jniax) were lower for plants exposed to elevated CO2. Net CO2 assimilation (A) at growth CO2 was higher for the plants from the ambient treatment. Shading appears to have been an important constraint on growth response to elevated CO2, and plants which received more light had significantly more biomass in the elevated treatment. The potential effect of restricted root growth and low soil nutrient availability are discussed as additional factors which may have negated a positive growth response.

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本研究旨在探討中等學校輔導教師在校園中同時擔任個案的任課教師和諮商員的雙重關係經驗，以訪談法蒐集資料，經由立意取樣邀請四名任教國中、高中且面臨師生諮商雙重關係的新手和資深輔導教師參與研究訪談，呈現其工作樣貌，並輔以生態系統觀點探討面對雙重關係一事的考量。 　四名輔導教師皆曾聽過師生諮商雙重關係一詞且理解其意涵，但在何時聽聞以及考量原因等則印象不一。受訪教師認為雙重關係的優點包含提供學生觀察老師的機會、較易建立關係，可看到學生不同面向的表現並滿足教師本身對親近感的需求，此外亦可連結資源改善學生環境並推廣輔導工作；而其困擾多為內在感受，如擔心個人身為教師的價值觀介入或需要不時思考此議題的煩惱，至於其他負面影響則因皆可處理而未感困擾。 在師生諮商雙重關係的經驗中，受訪者因學校制度而進入雙重關係，並提及同事期待輔導教師協助個案輔導所給予的壓力，然而受訪者也利用自身教師角色連結校內資源提供學生協助。在外圍系統的決策考量上，因受訪老師選擇接受校園中輔導教師同時授課和個案輔導的限制且忘記當初的矛盾，故無法探究各老師的思考過程。在鉅視系統層面，受訪教師認同自身教師角色，皆有責任崇高或需要更主動付出的自我期待屬之。 　　整體而言，受訪教師接受師生諮商雙重關係的存在，然則不受限制而在此情況下依各自期許盡力而為是其主要因應方式。 / / / To explore the teacher-student dual relationships of middle school counselors, four study participants facing dual-relationships in junior and senior high schools including novice and veteran teachers were interviewed through purposive sampling. The results show their work appearances, assist with the discussion of the consideration facing dual relationships in eco-systems perspective. 　　The four participants all have heard the teacher-student dual relationships and understand its meaning, but have different impressions of when they heard, and the reasons of consideration. Interviewed teachers think the advantages of dual relationships include providing students the opportunity to observe the teachers, being able to build relationships easier, understanding students’ different performance, and meeting the teachers’ own needs of the close feelings, they also can link resources in order to improve the students’ environment, and promote counseling works. However, the distresses are their inner feelings, such as teachers worry about the personal values involving, or the need for thinking of this topic from time to time. Otherwise, they aren’t troubled with the solvable negative effects. 　　From the interviewees’ experiences, their duel relationship with students resulted from the system of school environment. They were under the pressure of student individual counseling from their colleagues’ expectations. However, they were able to provide more resources in the school under their role as a teacher. In terms of the decision making of exosystem, how the interviewees processed their conflicts of duel relationship is hard to explore since they have already accepted the reality of teaching and counseling in the same time as guidance counselor (guidance teacher), and forgot about their first thought. When we look at the macrosystem, interviewees’ identified their roles as teachers, and considered it as a high responsibility career, and expected themselves devoted to their career more. 　　Generally speaking, the interviewees accept the teacher-student dual relationships. Their way to deal with this inner conflict is trying their best according to their own expectation without other limitation.

Esta pesquisa aconteceu com o objetivo de realizar um estudo etnoentomológico com os produtores de erva-mate do Município de Salto do Lontra, região Sudoeste do Paraná, visando diagnosticar parâmetros para um plano de manejo que viesse a contribuir para a solucionar problemas fitossanitários, socioeconômicos e ambientais enfrentados pelos agricultores do município. Assim, utilizando elementos da pesquisa qualitativa e da pesquisa quantitativa, como as entrevistas e as coletas de insetos, objetivou-se encontrar indicadores para as respostas ao problema da decadência da cultura da erva-mate em Salto do Lontra. O estudo buscou valorizar e compreender o etnoconhecimento do agricultor/a produtor/a de erva-mate, a respeito dos insetos que observam nas plantações desta cultura e as cognições que fazem sobre estes invertebrados. Observou-se que os agricultores identificam e conhecem mais os insetos classificando-os como benéficos ou maléficos à medida que estes causam danos às suas plantações. Ainda, foram diagnosticados aspectos como, a possibilidade da erva-mate representar um sistema agroecológico, sustentável e viável aos pequenos agricultores; pois ela adapta-se ao sistema de consorcio de culturas agrícolas e pode ser uma fonte de renda alternativa para a agricultura familiar. Além de evidenciar as dificuldades de comercialização do produto na região; a falta de apoio técnico, a desorganização dos agricultores e a necessidade de políticas públicas que fomentem a atividade local da erva-mate. Assim, foi demonstrado que um plano de manejo para a cultura da erva-mate só será eficaz quando forem considerados elementos como, possibilidades de comercialização do produto, retorno financeiro para o agricultor/a, política de incentivo governamental, organização dos agricultores, sustentabilidade do agroecosssitema e, principalmente, o respeito à diversidade e o intercâmbio de saberes e práticas. / This study was carried out with the objective of accomplishing an ethnoentomological study with the yerba mate producers of the Municipal district of Salto do Lontra, Southwest area of Paraná, aiming at diagnosing elements for a management project that leads to a contribution towards a solution to the plant health/crop protection, socioeconomic and environmental problems faced by the farmers of the municipal district. Qualitative and quantitative research parameters, such as interviews and collections of insects, have been used with the intention of finding indicators of the answers to the problem of the yerba mate culture decadence in Salto do Lontra. This study wanted to value and to understand the ethnoknowledge of the yerba mate producer, regarding the insects observed in this culture and the cognitions that they have about these insects. It has been observed that the farmers identify and know the insects, classifying them as beneficial or malicious, only when they cause damages to their plantations. Furthermore, it has been diagnosed aspects such as the possibility of the yerba mate to represent an agroecological system, sustainable and viable to the small farmers because it adapts well to the system of agricultural cultures association, and it can be a source of alternative income for the agricultural family. This study has also evidenced the difficulties of the product commercialization in the area, the lack of technical support, the farmers' disorganization, and the need of public politics that foment the local activity of the mate. It has demonstrated that a management project for the culture of the yerba mate will only be effective when it is considered elements such as possibilities of commercialization of the product, financial return for the producer, politics of government incentives, farmers' organization, sustainability of the agroecosystem and, mainly, the respect to the diversity and the exchange of knowledge and practices.

Esta pesquisa aconteceu com o objetivo de realizar um estudo etnoentomológico com os produtores de erva-mate do Município de Salto do Lontra, região Sudoeste do Paraná, visando diagnosticar parâmetros para um plano de manejo que viesse a contribuir para a solucionar problemas fitossanitários, socioeconômicos e ambientais enfrentados pelos agricultores do município. Assim, utilizando elementos da pesquisa qualitativa e da pesquisa quantitativa, como as entrevistas e as coletas de insetos, objetivou-se encontrar indicadores para as respostas ao problema da decadência da cultura da erva-mate em Salto do Lontra. O estudo buscou valorizar e compreender o etnoconhecimento do agricultor/a produtor/a de erva-mate, a respeito dos insetos que observam nas plantações desta cultura e as cognições que fazem sobre estes invertebrados. Observou-se que os agricultores identificam e conhecem mais os insetos classificando-os como benéficos ou maléficos à medida que estes causam danos às suas plantações. Ainda, foram diagnosticados aspectos como, a possibilidade da erva-mate representar um sistema agroecológico, sustentável e viável aos pequenos agricultores; pois ela adapta-se ao sistema de consorcio de culturas agrícolas e pode ser uma fonte de renda alternativa para a agricultura familiar. Além de evidenciar as dificuldades de comercialização do produto na região; a falta de apoio técnico, a desorganização dos agricultores e a necessidade de políticas públicas que fomentem a atividade local da erva-mate. Assim, foi demonstrado que um plano de manejo para a cultura da erva-mate só será eficaz quando forem considerados elementos como, possibilidades de comercialização do produto, retorno financeiro para o agricultor/a, política de incentivo governamental, organização dos agricultores, sustentabilidade do agroecosssitema e, principalmente, o respeito à diversidade e o intercâmbio de saberes e práticas. / This study was carried out with the objective of accomplishing an ethnoentomological study with the yerba mate producers of the Municipal district of Salto do Lontra, Southwest area of Paraná, aiming at diagnosing elements for a management project that leads to a contribution towards a solution to the plant health/crop protection, socioeconomic and environmental problems faced by the farmers of the municipal district. Qualitative and quantitative research parameters, such as interviews and collections of insects, have been used with the intention of finding indicators of the answers to the problem of the yerba mate culture decadence in Salto do Lontra. This study wanted to value and to understand the ethnoknowledge of the yerba mate producer, regarding the insects observed in this culture and the cognitions that they have about these insects. It has been observed that the farmers identify and know the insects, classifying them as beneficial or malicious, only when they cause damages to their plantations. Furthermore, it has been diagnosed aspects such as the possibility of the yerba mate to represent an agroecological system, sustainable and viable to the small farmers because it adapts well to the system of agricultural cultures association, and it can be a source of alternative income for the agricultural family. This study has also evidenced the difficulties of the product commercialization in the area, the lack of technical support, the farmers' disorganization, and the need of public politics that foment the local activity of the mate. It has demonstrated that a management project for the culture of the yerba mate will only be effective when it is considered elements such as possibilities of commercialization of the product, financial return for the producer, politics of government incentives, farmers' organization, sustainability of the agroecosystem and, mainly, the respect to the diversity and the exchange of knowledge and practices.

O pouco que resta do bioma da mata AtlÃntica no Estado de Minas Gerais està representado na forma de fragmentos, como à o caso de ViÃosa-MG, regiÃo considerada de extrema importÃncia ecolÃgica e que vem sendo intensivamente degradada nos Ãltimos anos, pela atividade antrÃpica. Esta paisagem fragmentada deve-se, principalmente a aÃÃes dos produtores de cafà que destroem suas Ãreas de PreservaÃÃo Permanente (APPâs) e Reservas Legais RLâs. Somente no municÃpio de ViÃosa-MG 4000 hectares foram plantados com cafÃ, causando assim, uma reduÃÃo drÃstica das matas nativas da regiÃo, bem como uma reduÃÃo significativa no que os economistas chamam de Bens e ServiÃos de Ecossistema - BSE. Assim, foram selecionados os cafeicultores do PRO-CAFà (OrganizaÃÃo local de cafeicultores), como pÃblico alvo, creditando a tal escolha o fato desse grupo caracterizar o cafeicultor de regiÃo montanhosa. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar as principais variÃveis que afeta a percepÃÃo ambiental dos cafeicultores, e valorar monetariamente as matas, tendo em vista que isso pode ser uma estratÃgia Ãnica para preservaÃÃo ambiental. Para tal, foi elaborado um formulÃrio com 33 perguntas envolvendo informaÃÃes sobre caracterÃsticas sÃcio - econÃmicas, o uso da metodologia de valoraÃÃo de contingente (MVC), e do veÃculo de pagamento dos âJogos de Lancesâ que revelou a DisposiÃÃo a Aceitar uma CompensaÃÃo (DAC) na troca de um hectare de cafà por um hectare de mata. Os resultados demonstraram que os cafeicultores possuem uma boa impressÃo sobre a importÃncia dos fragmentos, sendo importante destacar que os entrevistados vincularam a existÃncia das APPâs e RLâs como responsÃvel direto pela provisÃo dos BSEâs. Contudo constatou-se que mesmo cientes dessa importÃncia nÃo tinham uma atitude conservacionista, associando a isso, a falta de uma educaÃÃo ambiental clara e a impunidade. A estimaÃÃo da DAC mostrou que caso o governo esteja disposto a aumentar a provisÃo de mata em 70 hectares, ele deveria despender 254.200 reais por ano, tratando apenas dos cafeicultores vinculados ao PRO-CAFà e 1.147.000 reais por ano caso o governo estivesse disposto a trabalhar com toda populaÃÃo de cafeicultores de ViÃosa, o que representa 314 hectares de mata / The little that still remains of the biome of the Atlantic forest, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is represented in the form of fragments, which is the case of the county of ViÃosa, a region considered to be of extreme ecological importance and that has been intensely degraded over the last years, due to anthropic activity. This fragmented scenery is due mainly to the actions of coffee planters that destroy its permanent preservation areas (PPAs) and legal reserves (LRs). Considering only the county of ViÃosa 4000 hectares has been planted with coffee, causing in this way, a drastic reduction of the native forest of the region, as well as a significant reduction of what economists call ecosystem goods and services - EGS. Thus, the coffee planters in the PRO-CAFà (organization of local coffee planters) were selected as target public, this choice being credited to the fact that this group characterizes the coffee planters of the mountainous region. In this respect this investigation had as a purpose to determine the main variables that affect the coffee planters environmental perception, and monetarily valorization of the forests, since this might be the a single strategy for environmental preservation. For this a formulary was developed with 33 questions involving information on socio economical characteristics, the use of the methodology of contingent valorization (MCV), and the vehicle of payment of the âoffer gameâ that reveled the willingness to accept a compensation (WAC) in exchange of a hectare of coffee for a hectare of forest. The results show that the coffee planters have a good understanding of the importance of the fragments, being important to stress that the interviewees linked the existence of the PPAs and LRs as the direct responsible for the provisions of the EGSs. However, it was found that even though aware of this importance a conservationist attitude was not perceived, associated to this the absence of a clear environmental education, as well as impunity. The DAC estimate shows that in the case that the government is willing to increase the provision of forest to 70 hectares, they should pay out 254,200 reais (around 116,000 dollars), dealing only with the coffee planters linked to the PRO-CAFà organization and 1,147,000 reais per year if the government should be willing to work with the entire coffee planters population in the county of ViÃosa, which represents 314 hectares of forests. .

The academic and business understanding of how Business Models through Service Logic co-creates, proposes, and captures value in extensive and complex Networked Systems is at its first daylight, specifically in the context of Service Systems with their Ecologies. With the complexity emerging in the Service Economies along with the advances in Information and Communication Technology such as the Cloud and Big Data, to describe and define the business operations, units, and value propositions consequently is done by business modeling and innovation of the company to acquire a current or new capitalization strategy, control and execution. Open Business Models such as the Business Model Canvas are easily integrated in existing or new Enterprises and Service Systems, and aim to facilitate the development of private as well as public entities in adapting, accessing, and integrating operant and operand resources by the ever-so-more used Service Logic. A Service Business Model has the academia and business recognized Service-Dominant Logic (S-D Logic) as a foundation for sensemaking in complex Networked Systems and Service Economies. The authors have conducted 20 face-to-face interviews with private and public company managers at all levels, review of literature in the Business Model and Service Logic fields, and also reviewed case studies from IBM on Business Models and its Leadership, Strategy and Technology (and Services) – which is a natural extension of our Interdisciplinary and Systems Sciences studies with S-D Logic at Karlstad Business School and Karlstad University for the past four years. The author’s research, interviews and IBM’s case studies show a need for further conceptualization and sensemaking of the Value Co-Creations and Propositions in Service Eco-System settings – and also decision-making assistance for managers designing, innovating and using Service Business Models to create sustainable Ecologies. Moreover, a Leadership perspective with a systems level strategy in Service Eco-Systems through externally-faced Value Propositions with the ability to create opportunities needs to be developed through a systems thinking. Furthermore, the quality of interaction, shared information, and influence in Dyad Perspective to facilitate Triad Relationships captures value – which is facilitated by the new Service Canvas Business Model. We argue for a multiple perspective in Service Business Models to cater both partner and customer perspective with internally- and externally-faced Value Propositions to Co-Create or Capture Value – we see that this requires an objective (objectification) foundation for consensus; the 4C model. We contend that Service Eco-Systems cannot scale or sustain without the proper use of Technology specifically Communication but also Information, which determine most of the quality in modern and digital service interactions and perspectives. Our interviews, reviews, and cumulative research in Service Business Models and Eco-Systems with IBM case studies are all strong foundations for current and future research but also for business practice today.