It is the aim of this study to examine what has been done in Cyprus in the field of education since 1974 when Cyprus faced the devastating consequences of the Turkish invasion which affected all aspects of life in Cyprus and consequently education. Special interest, however, is shown in the development of education prior to 1974 in order to show how decisively the political, social and economic factors influenced the present day education. The introductory chapter describes briefly the aims of this study, the strategy for research and the main sources consulted aiming at providing a compactly general picture of this study. Chapter 2 provides some information concerning the background and history of Cyprus and concentrates on the factors influencing the development of education in Cyprus to 1974. In Chapter 3 is presented a picture of the battle for control of education which was intensified after the 1974 coup launched by the Junta of Athens against President Makarios and the Turkish invasion which caused a crisis of national identity. The same chapter examines the system of educational administration which is highly centralized and a less rigidly centralized system is proposed. Pre-primary, Primary, Secondary and Higher Education is discussed in Chapters 4,5,6 and 7 respectively. Pre-primary education has made great strides and is considered to be necessary for the normal development of children. Its rapid development, however, was necessitated after the 1974 catastrophe when an increasing number of women joined the work force. In Primary education the curriculum which has been developed emphasizes the child's active participation in all aspects of life placing the child in the centre. The graduate entry into primary education creates better prospects for its further improvement. After the Turkish invasion the role of Technical Education became more important since the rebuilding of Cyprus economy was based, to a great extent, on this level of education. Despite the progress made in the field of Technical Education, the prejudice against it hinders its further expansion. The efforts invested in the task of developing Secondary Education after independence have produced results since there have been major innovations, the most important being the Lyceum of Optional Subjects introduced in 1980, which served Cyprus for 15 years and is expected to be replaced by the new proposed system of the integrated Lyceum. The third-level institutions, both in public and private sectors, achieve high standards. However, the educational development in Cyprus reached its apogee with the establishment of the University of Cyprus. Teachers in Cyprus constitute the cornerstone of the educational system; therefore, Chapter 8 is devoted to the teaching profession in Cyprus; the current situation is explained, some problem areas are highlighted and possible solutions are suggested. Finally, the introduction of a Pastoral care system and a Bilingual Education project in schools in Cyprus is examined in the last two chapters.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

MSc (Med), Popualtion-Based Field Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Background Improving the health of the poor and reducing health inequalities between the poor and non-poor has become central goals of international organizations like the World Bank and WHO as well as, national governments in the contexts of their domestic policies and development assistance programmes. There are also unquantified and poorly understood inequalities in access to health services within and between various population groups. Little is known about the factors that determine these inequalities and the mechanisms through which they operate in various sub-groups. Objectives The aim of the study was first to describe under-five mortality trend according to wealth index; second to describe risk factors for under five mortality; and finally to investigate the relationship between socio-economic and demographic factors and under five mortality during the period 2001 to 2006. Methods The study involved all children born in 2001-2006. A total of 22,422 children younger than 5 years were found in 21,494 households yielding 36603.13 Person-Years Observed (PYOs) up to 31st December 2006. Household wealth index was constructed by use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), as a proxy measure of each household SES. From this index households were categorized into five quintiles (i.e., poorest, poorer, poor, less poor and least poor). Life table estimates were used to estimate mortality rates per 1000 PYO for infants (0-1), childhood (1-5) and underfives children. Health inequality was measured by poorest to least poor mortality rate ratio and by computing mortality concentration indices. Trend test chi-square was used to determine significance in gradient of mortality rates across wealth index quintiles. Risk factors of child mortality were assessed by the use of Cox proportional hazard regression taking into account potential confounders. v Results The result indicates unexpected low mortality rate for infant (33.4 per 1,000 PYO, 95% CI (30.4 – 35.6)) and childhood (15.0 per 1,000 PYO, 95% CI (13.9 – 16.3)). Under-five mortality rate was 18.2 per 1,000 PYO (95% CI (75.6 – 108.0)). The poorest to least poor ratios were 1.1, 1.5 and 1.5 for infants, childhood, and under-five year olds respectively, indicating that children in the poorest quintile were more likely to die as compared to those in the least poor household. Computed values for concentration indices were negative (infant C= -0.02, children C= -0.09 and underfive C= -0.04) indicating a disproportionate concentration of under-five mortality among the poor. The mortality rates trend test chi-square across wealth index quintiles were significant for both childhood (P=0.004) and under-five year old children (P<0.005) but not for infants (P=0.134). In univariate Cox proportional hazard regression, children in the least poor households were shown to have a 35% reduced risks of dying as compared to children in the poorest category [crude H.R =0.65, P=0.001, 95% C.I (0.50 – 0.84)]. The results showed that for under five children, a boy is 1.15 times more likely to die as compared to a girl [crude H.R =1.14, P=0.038, 95% C.I (1.00 - 1.31)]. Second born had a 18% reduced risk of dying as compared to first born [crude H.R =0.82, P=0.048, 95% C.I (0.67 – 0.99)]. After controlling for potential confounders, the adjusted hazard ratio for wealth index decreased slightly. The estimated hazard for wealth index in the univariate was 0.65 while in the multivariate modeling the estimated hazard ratio is 0.60 in the first model. Conclusion The study shows that household socio-economic inequality is associated with underfive mortality in the Navrongo DSS area. The findings suggest that reductions in infant, childhood, and under five mortalities are mainly conditional in health and education interventions as well as socioeconomic position of households. The findings further call for more pragmatic strategies or approaches for reducing health inequalities. These could include reforms in the health sector to provide more equitable resource allocation. Improvement in the quality of the health services offered to the poor and redesigning interventions and their delivery to ensure they are more inclined to the poor.

This dissertation aims at analyzing the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and mental health and care. It attempts to understand how different socio-economic groups present unequal risk of mental disorders and to what extent different socio-economic groups use unequal quantity, type and quality of mental care. Since its earlier beginnings, psychiatric epidemiology has evidenced the association between socio-economic status and mental disorder. However, the numerous prevalence studies addressing depression have yielded inconsistent results. This calls for a thorough investigation of the sources of such heterogeneity. This dissertation attempts to achieve the following objectives: · To unfold methodological and contextual covariates influencing the SES/mental health relationship. · To assess the longitudinal influences of material deprivation on depression. · To assess the extent to which outpatient and inpatient mental care are fairly used. The methodological influences of socio-economic inequalities in mental health were tackled through a meta-analysis of previously published works. We built a database of previous published studies addressing the socio-economic factors of depression prevalence, incidence and persistence in adults population studies and being published in English, French, German and Spanish after 1979. The lower socio-economic group has 80% more prevalence of depression. Inequalities are more acute for persistent depression than for new episode. The results indicated that inequalities are much more pronounced when mental health is looked at from a subjective point of view or in terms of resulting disability. Social inequalities in mental health are also influenced by geographic context. Europe has a gradient 30% less pronounced than North-America. As the period of reference decreased, the gradient rose, suggesting that duration might be an explanatory factor. Geographical analysis of socio-economic inequalities in mortality is carried out with the death certificates of the Belgian National Institute of Statistics (NIS), covering all causes mortality and 11 specific mortality causes, from 1985 to 1993. Spatial concentration was computed through a Moran’I. We compare a simultaneous autoregressive model with a weighted-least-square model. Findings show that spatial concentration is pervasive, that suicide and mortality by liver cirrhosis are among the most correlated causes of death. Getting rid of spatial autocorrelation leads to significant change in the relationship between deprivation and mortality, suggesting the influence of contextual effects on socio-economic inequalities. The difficulty to move from correlation to causation between SES and depression owes partly to the difficulty of disentangling the direct effect of socio-economic status from other –and numerous- confounding factors such as family history, genetic endowment, cognitive abilities, early schooling experience, which, for most of them are rather stable overtime. The longitudinal analysis attempts to estimate the impact of time-varying socio-economic covariates on depression. The results show that material deprivation (and change of) does not affect the level or the risk of depression while social network does slightly. We found much stronger gradient with time invariant socio-economic factors such as educational level. Inequity in outpatient mental care was assessed with the data of the first Belgian Health Interview Survey (HIS), a cross-sectional household-health interview survey carried out in Belgium in 1997. The Minimum Psychiatric Summary, a case register of all psychiatric admissions in Belgium (1997-98), allowed us to carry out the study of inpatient inequalities of mental care. In terms of mental health services uses, inequalities arise in the setting were care is delivered: less well-off use more primary care and less specialised care, are more likely to be admitted in a non-teaching, psychiatric hospitals with long length of stay. The lower the socio-economic groups with mood disorders are less likely to receive the expected treatment such as antidepressant and psychotherapies. Finally, the outcomes of the hospitalisation, in terms of overall functioning and in terms of psychological symptoms are less favourable for the individuals of lower socio-economic status. Part of such unequal outcome is related to unequal treatment. We concluded that inequalities in health should be addressed in their geographical context, that early and stable socio-economic factors are more important than time-varying factors. Horizontal socio-economic inequities arise in the type of care used as well as in the appropriateness of care. However, for a given equal treatment and use, outcome inequalities remain so that it seems relevant to consider socio-economic status as a general vertical equity principle.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O propósito deste estudo foi investigar o conhecimento de segmentos da população (constituídos por leigos, por estudantes e profissionais de áreas com possíveis aplicações da radioatividade) em relação aos benefícios da radiação ionizante sobre polímeros de embalagens para alimentos. As questões básicas aqui levantadas foram idealizadas para que suas respostas fornecessem parâmetros de análise para se afirmar ou negar que a população, de um modo geral, desconhece radioatividade e sua aplicação no campo dos alimentos e não se mostra preparada para mudar seus paradigmas, arraigados por impressões que persistem fortes de acidentes nucleares noticiados principalmente em mídia televisiva. Este estudo qualitativo é fundamentado por Bachelard (1996), que avulta a necessidade de uma preparação muito bem estruturada quando se quer extrair as verdades de classes que insistem, por vergonha de seu não-saber, em falsear respostas que, se sinceras, poderiam indicar importantes caminhos a se seguir pelo campo educacional para que se mudassem as características tão conhecidas neste país de um conhecimento de senso comum que ficou pouco ou nada científico. Portanto, este trabalho está norteado por um veio acadêmico que mostra, em seus objetos de pesquisa, elementos (questionários e entrevistas) necessários para que se possa conhecer a verdadeira opinião das pessoas frente à radioatividade. Infelizmente, as repostas não são animadoras, mostrando que há um grande desconhecimento mesmo dos profissionais, sobre o tema. Finalmente, o objetivo maior deste trabalho de pesquisa não foi somente uma investigação, mas a elucidação da necessidade de serem iniciadas ações educacionais que mudem a realidade que hoje se desenha neste país e que, somente com essa mudança, poderá haver, satisfatoriamente, pelo apoio e aceitação social, avanços significativos na área de tecnologia nuclear. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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New Orleans has had a consistently high homicide rate for around twenty years, but limited research has committed to discovering a successful solution to the pre- and post-Katrina crime problem. Prior research has been conducted to analyze whether the Southern “culture of violence,” poverty, income inequality, unemployment, gun ownership and legislation, gangs, and residential segregation affect homicide, but no study applies these factors to New Orleans. Using a case study analysis that applies these variables studied in prior research to New Orleans and information acquired from the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports, correlations are made between homicide in New Orleans and poverty, income inequality, and residential segregation. Implications show that homicide is affected by multiple factors. All of these factors should be analyzed when homicide is the focus of the research because homicide is not a result of one or two variables.