This thesis reassess the so-called 'Historical School of Economics' of Gustav Schmoller and his colleagues Lujo Brentano, Adolf Held and Georg Friedrich Knapp, analysing the close relationship between the development of historical economics and the rise of social reform in Germany. It reveals that there is little evidence for a cohesive 'Historical School' and suggests that it was not primarily an outgrowth of romantic and historicist currents of thought as is commonly believed. Schmoller and his colleagues were a pragmatic, empirically-inclined group of statistically-trained economists who drew inspiration from the advances made in the natural sciences. Having directly observed the effects of rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and the rise of labour movements and socialism in Prussia and abroad, they became dissatisfied with classical economic doctrines and laissez-faire, subjecting these to empirical tests and criticism. Drawing inspiration from British reforms and developments throughout Europe, they devised alternative hypotheses and made innovative policy recommendations. They were also important professionalisers of economics, modifying the curriculum, organising professional bodies, and creating new monographs and journals, the latter substantially aided by the interest and generosity of a leading publisher. Using empirical studies, statistics and history as analytical and critical tools, they sought practical solutions to economic and social problems by disseminating information to both the public and government officials through publications, conferences and petitions. They became leading advocates of trade union rights, factory inspection, worker protection laws, education reforms, worker insurance, agricultural reforms, and the democratisation of industrial relations. Their influence on economic and social policy, while indirect, was considerable, especially through government officials. However, the close association of historical economics with reform and social policy also made them a conspicuous target of criticism within academia and politics. Despite this, by the early 1890s the research methods and social legislation they propounded were gaining wider currency not only in Germany but also in Austria.

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Dept. of Economics, 1999. / Bibliography: p. 232-255.

Thesis--Marburg. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. xi-xxxviii).

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 120-124). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Orientador(a): Luciana Togeiro de Almeida / Banca: Ademar​ ​Ribeiro​ ​Romeiro / Banca: Stela​ ​Luiza​ ​de​ ​Mattos​ ​Ansanelli / Resumo: A dissertação é composta por dois artigos. O primeiro deles tem como principal objetivo avaliar se a gestão dos recursos hídricos no Estado de São Paulo foi falha no período de 2010 até 2015, levando à crise hídrica entre 2013 e 2015, através uma análise dos dados oficiais a partir de indicadores de gastos em investimento realizados pela Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Secretaria de Saneamento e Recursos Hídricos. Conclui-se que existem problemas sérios de planejamento a longo prazo e que a crise hídrica não está ligada somente a fatores climáticos, mas também a investimentos erráticos e abaixo dos originalmente planejados. O segundo artigo tem como principal objetivo avaliar a experiência da adoção da cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos no estado de São Paulo, utilizando o caso dos três primeiros comitês de bacia hidrográfica que a adotaram, através dos resultados principais da variação do Índice de Qualidade da Água, indicador síntese de diversas medições sobre a poluição hídrica entre 2004 e 2015 e de indicadores financeiros relativos à arrecadação utilizando a cobrança, a tendência observada no período e a diferença entre o que foi cobrado e o que foi efetivamente arrecadado. Conclui-se que adoção do instrumento gerou a possibilidade de gastos que não seriam possíveis sem esse tipo de arrecadação, mas não conseguiu resolver os principais problemas de poluição e sobreutilização de recursos hídricos, que se mantiveram num patamar estável entre 2004 e 2015 / Abstract: This master thesis is composed by two articles. The main objective of the first one is to evaluate if the management of water resources in the State of São Paulo was flawed in the period from 2010 to 2015, leading to the water crisis between 2013 and 2015. It performsan analysis of the official data from the indicators of investment spending carried out by the Department of the Environment and the Department of Sanitation and Water Resources. Itis concluded that there are serious long-term planning problems and that the water crisis is not only linked to climatic factors but also to erratic and below planned investments.Thesecond article main objective is to evaluate the experience of adopting water charges in the state of SãoPaulo, using the case of the first three river basin committees that adopted it.resultsofthe variation of the Water Quality Index, a summary indicator of severalmeasurementsonwater pollution between 2004 and 2015. After this environmental indicator, it presents an financial indicator about how much was charged during the period and the difference between what was charged and what was actually collected. Itconcludesthattheadoptionoftheinstrument generated a possibility of expenditures that would not, without this type of collection, carry out many projects but could not solve the main problems of pollution and overutilization of water​ ​resources,​ ​which​ ​remain​ ​at​ ​a​ ​stable​ ​level​ ​between​ ​2004​ ​and​ ​2015 / Mestre

A partir du début de la Vème République, l’économie des transports s’institutionnalise progressivement comme une science de gouvernement. Peu à peu, le recours aux économistes, et à leurs savoirs, dans les processus de décision publique s’impose comme une nécessité sociale. Cette recherche vise à comprendre les ressorts de cette dynamique. Elle s’efforce, plus généralement, de saisir l’origine et la nature de l’autorité dont ils bénéficient dans un domaine d’action publique. Pour ce faire, le regard est porté, tout d’abord, sur les services de l’administration centrale où des ingénieurs-économistes deviennent alors perçus comme d’influents « conseillers du prince », puis s’imposent comme les principaux animateurs d’une tentative de réforme de l’administration. La thèse interroge également le développement d’une expertise savante en investiguant l’univers académique. L’enquête porte, enfin, sur le processus d’expertise et de décision d’un projet, le métro de Lyon, pour saisir comment les économistes interviennent dans le dialogue noué entre le pouvoir central et le pouvoir local. La dynamique d’institutionnalisation d’une science de gouvernement est envisagée à travers les processus qui participent à la construction, et à l’affirmation, des rôles de l’économiste dans ces trois univers distincts. Il s’agit ainsi d’éclairer les processus singuliers se déroulant dans chacun d’eux mais également de comprendre ce qui se joue dans leurs connexions. Cette approche donne à voir le succès des économistes dans le gouvernement des transports comme l’appropriation d’un projet de réforme de l’action publique porté, à l’origine, par des élites et des institutions « centralistes ». En outre, elle montre comment la gestion des affaires publiques territoriales constitue alors un enjeu décisif qui participe à forger les attentes qui pèsent sur les économistes. Empruntant une démarche socio-historique, l’analyse se nourrit d’un matériau essentiellement archivistique mais également de plus de soixante-dix entretiens semi-directifs. / From the early years of the French Fifth Republic, transport economics was gradually institutionalised as a science of governing. Resorting to economists, and their knowledge, in public policy decisions progressively became a social necessity. The research presented here seeks to understand the phenomena underlying this process. It endeavours, more generally, to grasp the origin and the nature of the authority bestowed upon them in a field of public action. In order to do so, it first looks at the services of the central administration where engineers/economists began to be seen as influential ''advisors to the prince'', before imposing themselves as the leading actors in the attempt to reform the administration. The dissertation also studies the development of scholarly expertise in the academic field. Finally, the investigation analyses the processes of expertise and decision-making in a particular project, the Lyon Subway, in order to understand how economists intervened in the relationship between central and local governments. This analysis of the institutionalisation of a science of governing focuses on the phenomena participating to the construction and affirmation of the roles of the economist in these three distinct fields. The thesis thus attempts to throw light on the particular processes characterizing each of them but also to understand how they interacted with each other. This approach underlines the success of economists in transport governance as the appropriation of a scheme to reform public policy that was originally carried by « centraliste » elites and institutions. It also shows how local government was a decisive arena which contributed to the development of the expectations placed upon economists. Based upon a socio-historical approach, the analysis is essentially based on archival material but also on more than seventy semi-directive interviews.

Updating the study by Seiler and Wohlrabe (2013) we use archetypoid analysis to classify top economists. The approach allows us to identify typical characteristics of extreme (archetypal) values in a multivariate data set. In contrast to its predecessor, the archetypal analysis, archetypoids always represent actual observed units in the data. Using bibliometric data from 776 top economists we identify four archetypoids. These types represent solid, low, top and diligent performer. Each economist is assigned to one or more of these archetypoids.

Este trabalho se propõe a abordar a construção de um conjunto de estratégias voltadas ao desenvolvimento econômico do estado de Minas Gerais a partir, especialmente, do início do século XX e sobretudo da atuação de uma elite tecno-burocrata que, originalmente, foi composta pelos engenheiros formados pela Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto e, posteriormente, por engenheiros formados principalmente pela Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais e, por fim, pelos economistas graduados pela Faculdade de Administração e Ciências Econômicas da mesma universidade. Procura, neste sentido, discutir a possibilidade de ter surgido, em Minas, agenda dedicada ao planejamento da economia e à intervenção por parte do poder público já desde o princípio do século XX. Nela, elementos como a modernização agrícola, a diversificação produtiva, o ensino técnico e profissionalizante, a exploração mineral e a implantação da grande siderurgia forjaram uma consciência regional que percebia, no Estado, seu formulador, organizador e financiador primordial e, notadamente no corpo técnico, seu mais perfeito executor. O trabalho também procura abordar como essa consciência regional se constrói na oposição estabelecida com países ou regiões desenvolvidas, pautando as estratégias regionais sempre por constante e reafirmada avaliação de atraso relativo da economia mineira. Discorre sobre os mecanismos de mobilização desta agenda, por meio da análise de planos regionais de desenvolvimento que se sucedem entre as décadas de 1930 e 1960, bem como sobre as estratégias estabelecidas pelo corpo técnico encetam transformações no percurso da construção política do desenvolvimento econômico regional. Aborda, por conseguinte, as próprias nervuras deste corpo técnico, intentando percebê-lo em suas contradições e, sobretudo, nas articulações institucionais que sustentam suas atuações e suas leituras sobre o desenvolvimento regional. Para tanto, baseia o trabalho em pesquisa bibliográfica atinente ao tema estudado e no aparato documental compilado e analisado referências apresentadas ao final deste volume. / This work discusses the construction of a set of strategies focused on economic development of the state of Minas Gerais, especially after the start of the 20th century, and above all, the work of a techno-bureaucratic elite that was originally composed of engineers with degrees from Escola de Minas de Ouro Preto (Ouro Preto School of Mines), and later, of engineers mainly from the Engineering School at Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, and finally, of economists with degrees from the Business Management and Accounting College of that same university. The work examines the possibility that an agenda dedicated to economic planning and to government intervention since the beginning of the 20th century may have arisen in Minas. In it, elements like agricultural modernization, diversification of production, technical and professional teaching, mineral exploration and the implementation of a major steelmaking industry forged a regional consciousness that saw, in the State, its primary formulator, organizer and financier, and notably in its technical corps, it most perfect executor. This study also examines how this regional awareness is built in the opposition established with developed counties or regions, guiding regional strategies by a constant and reaffirmed evaluation of the relative backwardness of the economy in Minas. It discusses the mechanisms for mobilization of this agenda, through the analysis of successive regional development plans between the 1930s and 1960s, and how the strategies established by the technical corps inaugurating transformations into the path of political construction of the regional economic development. Finally, it examines the very nerves of this technical corps, attempting to see their contradictions, and above, all, their institutional articulations that serve as the basis for their activity and their reading on regional development. To achieve this, the work is based on bibliographic research of the topic studied and on the documents compiled and analyzed, with references presented at the end of this volume.

Este estudo propõe enraizar histórica e socialmente o espaço dos economistas no Brasil, abordando os laços entre os agentes em concorrência para estabelecer as fronteiras e os princípios de legitimidade de seu conhecimento e sua atuação. A tese consagra-se ao exame do trânsito de especialistas em economia entre a academia, o Estado e o setor privado e entre o espaço nacional e o internacional, enfatizando a convergência de dois recursos no acesso às posições de poder e prestígio: os vínculos com pessoas e instituições e as credenciais especializadas. A tese percorre o período que vai do final dos anos 1930 ao início dos 2000, mostrando de que maneira o espaço dos economistas foi se adensando e que configurações e fracionamentos prevaleceram em cada ponto do tempo. Para tanto, extraiuse de entrevistas e fontes secundárias os dados relativos às origens sociais e trajetórias dos agentes, enfatizando a confecção dos laços que os unem ao longo do tempo. Dados sobre os vínculos sociais foram utilizados para desenhar as redes, apresentadas ao final de cada capítulo. Marcadores de propriedades sociais foram acrescentados às redes para caracterizar cada ponto do espaço, revelando que os laços tendem a formar-se entre pessoas que têm afinidades sociais decorrentes da proximidade estrutural. O oximoro \"meritocracia de laços\" caracteriza uma história na qual, malgrado a valorização progressiva da qualificação especializada para o exercício de funções de prestígio na área econômica, conserva-se a importância do capital social como rota de acesso ao poder. / This study proposes to historically and socially embed the space of the economists in Brazil, addressing the ties between competing agents in order to establish boundaries and legitimacy principles of their knowledge and practice. The dissertation is dedicated to the study of economy experts who are in transit between the academy, the State, the private sector as well as between national and international spaces, emphasizing the convergence of two resources in accessing prestige and power positions: relationships with people and institutions and specialized credentials. Covering the period from the end of the 1930s to the beginning of 2000, the dissertation shows how the economists\' space has become denser and which configurations and fragmentations prevailed at each point in time. Therefore, in order to emphasize the creation of ties over time, the analysis draws upon the interviews and secondary sources used to draw a network, which are presented at the end of each chapter. Data on social origins as well as professional careers was used to characterize each point of the system, revealing that bonds tend to be created between individuals who are socially similar, caused by structural proximity. The oxymoron \"meritocracy of ties\" features a study in which, despite the progressive appreciation of specialized qualification for the exercise of prestigious roles in economy, the importance of social capital as a route to access power is preserved as fundamental.

Este estudo propõe enraizar histórica e socialmente o espaço dos economistas no Brasil, abordando os laços entre os agentes em concorrência para estabelecer as fronteiras e os princípios de legitimidade de seu conhecimento e sua atuação. A tese consagra-se ao exame do trânsito de especialistas em economia entre a academia, o Estado e o setor privado e entre o espaço nacional e o internacional, enfatizando a convergência de dois recursos no acesso às posições de poder e prestígio: os vínculos com pessoas e instituições e as credenciais especializadas. A tese percorre o período que vai do final dos anos 1930 ao início dos 2000, mostrando de que maneira o espaço dos economistas foi se adensando e que configurações e fracionamentos prevaleceram em cada ponto do tempo. Para tanto, extraiuse de entrevistas e fontes secundárias os dados relativos às origens sociais e trajetórias dos agentes, enfatizando a confecção dos laços que os unem ao longo do tempo. Dados sobre os vínculos sociais foram utilizados para desenhar as redes, apresentadas ao final de cada capítulo. Marcadores de propriedades sociais foram acrescentados às redes para caracterizar cada ponto do espaço, revelando que os laços tendem a formar-se entre pessoas que têm afinidades sociais decorrentes da proximidade estrutural. O oximoro \"meritocracia de laços\" caracteriza uma história na qual, malgrado a valorização progressiva da qualificação especializada para o exercício de funções de prestígio na área econômica, conserva-se a importância do capital social como rota de acesso ao poder. / This study proposes to historically and socially embed the space of the economists in Brazil, addressing the ties between competing agents in order to establish boundaries and legitimacy principles of their knowledge and practice. The dissertation is dedicated to the study of economy experts who are in transit between the academy, the State, the private sector as well as between national and international spaces, emphasizing the convergence of two resources in accessing prestige and power positions: relationships with people and institutions and specialized credentials. Covering the period from the end of the 1930s to the beginning of 2000, the dissertation shows how the economists\' space has become denser and which configurations and fragmentations prevailed at each point in time. Therefore, in order to emphasize the creation of ties over time, the analysis draws upon the interviews and secondary sources used to draw a network, which are presented at the end of each chapter. Data on social origins as well as professional careers was used to characterize each point of the system, revealing that bonds tend to be created between individuals who are socially similar, caused by structural proximity. The oxymoron \"meritocracy of ties\" features a study in which, despite the progressive appreciation of specialized qualification for the exercise of prestigious roles in economy, the importance of social capital as a route to access power is preserved as fundamental.