Eddy current inspection methods are used extensively in industry for the nondestructive testing of a wide variety of materials and product applications. The general theory of eddy current inspection is described. Equations defining the depth of penetration are derived from Maxwell's equations. Signal analysis methods are described using coil impedance diagrams. The impedance diagrams for a number of inspection applications are presented. A discussion of the techniques for theoretical calculation of the impedance of a coil is described. Typical coil configurations and instrumentation techniques are discussed.

M.Ing. / The study looks into the impact of harmonic distortion on power-plant equipment in general, and then focuses on the impact it has on power transformers operating near the thermal limit. The feasibility of the study is firstly evaluated and then the theory on harmonics and transformer losses is analysed. The study had been narrowed down to power transformers due to the high numbers of failures nationally and internationally attributed to unknown causes. A transformer model is then developed through theoretical considerations. Finally, a case study is done on the capability of a fully loaded transformer under harmonics conditions evaluated through transformer capability calculations and the proposed transformer model. Thereafter the transformer model developed is verified with measured results. The main impact of harmonic current distortion on power transformers is an increase in the rated power losses that results in a temperature rise inside the power transformer. The heat build-up can lead to degradation of insulation, which can shorten the transformer’s life and lead to eventual breakdown. The harmonic current distortion impacts transformer losses – namely, ohmic losses, the winding eddy current losses and other stray losses. All of these harmonic effects on transformer losses are verified theoretically, mathematically and practically. The harmonic impact on the transformer capability is then evaluated through a numerical example of a transformer feeding a harmonic load. The transformer capability is determined via two methods – namely, harmonic capability calculations in the standard “IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Transformer Capability when Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents”, [11] and a proposed transformer model derived from theoretical and mathematical analysis. The results show that an increase in the winding eddy current losses can decrease the maximum permissible nonsinusoidal load current substantially. If the load current of the transformer is derated accordingly it translates into a loss of the output power capacity of the power transformer. The standard recommended capability calculations for winding eddy current losses are conservative and not satisfactorily accurate. This results in a large loss of power capacity. The proposed transformer model includes a parameter that estimates the winding eddy current loss in the transformer that results in a smaller loss in power capacity. Furthermore, it was shown that the harmonic current distortion levels could exceed the permissible levels although the harmonic voltage distortion levels are within acceptable levels. The proposed transformer equivalent model is thereafter practically verified with experimental results of papers published by M.A.S. Masoum, E.F. Fuchs and D.J. Roesler, [19], [20] and [29].

Direct solution for three dimensional electric or magnetic field vectors throughout the frequency spectrum is accomplished by a finite element formulation which includes displacement and conduction currents, and requires no special treatment for material interfaces. Analysis of bus bar and Bath cube eddy current problems demonstrate the capabilities of the method. / Spurious components in solutions to vector field problems are shown to corrupt deterministic solutions. These corruptions are identifiable with spurious modes familiar to high frequency modal analysis. Spectrally correct mixed order finite elements are demonstrated to retrieve accuracy in deterministic analyses. / The formulation may be limited by computer round-off at matrix assembly which affects the solenoidality of vector fields. Furthermore, extreme values encountered in low frequency eddy current analysis lead to ill conditioning and unreliable solutions. These numerical instabilities are overcome by parametric adjustment of permittivities. Error estimates are established to monitor inaccuracies introduced by permittivity adjustment.

Thesis (M.Eng.)--University of South Australia, 1998.

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Zinn, Ben T.; Committee Member: Book, Wayne; Committee Member: Glezer, Ari; Committee Member: Neumeier, Yedidia; Committee Member: Seitzman, Jerry.

No description available.

No description available.

A nonlinear analysis is developed for eddy-current couplings in feedback control systems. The analysis makes use of the describing function method to predict transient response. Effects of the nonlinearity are discussed and backed with an analog computer study. Conclusions arrived at show the absquare nonlinearity to be advantageous under conditions of zero steady state loading or offset. Under conditions of steady state loading, shifting of the load operating point causes a wide variation in response. This situation is remedied with nonlinear compensation. / Master of Science

Thesis (PhD (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Certain types of electric machines are particularly susceptible to the proliferation of eddy currents flowing within the solid conducting regions in the rotor. Single-layer, non-overlapping windings within uneven open slots are some stator properties that can produce damaging, asynchronous magnetic field harmonics which manifest in the rotor as eddy currents. The ohmic losses caused by these eddy currents are a source of inefficiency and can cause a marked increase in the temperature of the rotor. This temperature rise can be dangerous for the magnets, which have to be kept within temperature limits to avoid partial or full demagnetization. The research work presented here is concerned with reducing the effect of eddy currents in the rotor magnets and solid rotor yoke of an electric machine. The work presents analytical methods to calculate the magnetic fields, eddy currents and solid loss in an electric machine due to current in the winding and due to the interaction of the permeance variation in the stator with the magnets in the rotor. A method is also suggested where the analytical theory can be used with a magnetostatic finite element solution to produce a transient solid loss result. The research work also investigates a method for optimal segmentation in both level and penetration, and provides some design suggestions. The work presents the method of partial magnet segmentation, which is a technique whereby thin incisions are made into the magnet material from one or both sides. Another method of partial rotor segmentation is also presented where the incisions are made into a portion of the magnet-facing solid yoke. These methods attempt to interrupt the flow of eddy currents and increase the resistance ‘seen’ by the eddy currents, while also keeping construction difficulty and cost to a minimum. The methods are verified using finite element calculations which are compared to measured results. The result is that partial magnet segmentation is a very useful, effective and practical method of segmenting magnets. The loss reduction profile can be similar to that of traditional full segmentation. The method of partial rotor segmentation also shows a large reduction in rotor power loss. With implementation of these methods on a test machine, one can expect an efficiency increase of more than 4 % / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sekere tipes van elektriese masjiene is veral sensitief vir die vloei van werwelstrome in solied geleidende gebiede in die rotor. Enkellaag, nie-oorvleuelende wikkelings in oneweredige oop gleuwe is enkele stator eienskappe wat skadelike, asinchrone magneetveld harmonieke tot gevolg kan hê, wat as werwelstrome in die rotor manifesteer. Die ohmiese verliese wat deur hierdie werwelstrome teweeg gebring word is 'n bron van ondoeltreffendheid en kan lei tot 'n merkbare toename in die temperatuur van die rotor. Hierdie temperatuur styging hou gevaar in vir die magnete en moet binne temperatuur limiete gehou word om gedeeltlike of self volle demagnetisering te vermy. Die navorsing vervat in hierdie document is gemoeid met die vermindering van die effek van werwelstrome in die rotor magnete en in die soliede rotor juk van 'n elektriese masjien. Die werk bied analitiese metodes aan vir die berekening van die magneetvelde, werwelstrome en soliede verliese in ’n elektriese masjien as gevolg van strome in die wikkelings en die interaksie van die permeansie variasie van die stator met die magnete in die rotor. ’n Metode word ook voorgestel waar die analitiese teorie saam met ’n magnetostatiese eindige element oplossing gebruik word om ’n resultaat vir die oorgang soliede verliese te verkry. Die navorsingswerk ondersoek ook ’n metode vir die optimale segmentering in beide vlak sowel as penetrasie, en verskaf sekere ontwerp voorstelle. Die werk bied die metode aan van gedeeltelike magneet segmentering, wat 'n tegniek is waarvolgens dun insnydings gemaak word aan een of beide kante van die magneet materiaal. Nog ’n metode van gedeeltelike rotor segmentering word beskou waar die insnydings in in ’n gedeelte aan die magneetkant van die soliede rotor juk gemaak word. Hierdie metodes poog om die vloei van werwelstrome te onderbreek en die weerstand soos "gesien" deur die werwelstrome te verhoog, terwyl konstruksie kompleksiteit en koste tot ’n minimum beperk word. Die metodes word bevestig deur eindige element berekeninge wat met gemete resultate vergelyk word. Die gevolg is dat gedeeltelike magneet segmentering 'n baie nuttige, doeltreffende en praktiese metode van die segmentering van magnete is. Die verliesverminderingsprofiel van gedeeltelike segmentering kan soortgelyk wees aan dit van tradisionele volle segmentering. Die metode van gedeeltelike rotor segmentering toon ook 'n groot afname in rotor drywingsverlies. Met die implementering van hierdie metodes op ’n toetsmasjien, kan ’n mens ’n verhoging in benuttingsgraad verwag van meer as 4 %

Le vieillissement du parc aéronautique, mais aussi la volonté de prolonger le cycle de vie des appareils, impose aux techniques de maintenance des exigences de contrôle accrues en termes de fiabilité et de rapidité. Les principaux enjeux étant la détection, et surtout la caractérisation des micro-fissures pouvant apparaitre dans les pièces sensibles des appareils. Cette caractérisation pouvant aller jusqu'à la reconstruction qualitative, voire quantitative du profil des fissures, ce qui suppose la résolution du problème inverse consistant, à partir des signaux mesurés, à remonter à certaines caractéristiques de la pièce inspectée, notamment géométriques, qui en sont en partie la cause.Ce manuscrit présente une approche originale de conception de sonde d'imagerie par courants de Foucault. Cette approche, ici appliquée à l'imagerie de pièces aéronautiques cylindriques, consiste à concevoir la sonde de façon à satisfaire la double contrainte d'une instrumentation performante et d'une résolution possible du problème inverse. Ainsi, la conception de la sonde est-elle faite de manière à ce que d'une part les signaux mesurés, résultant de ses interactions avec la pièce contrôlée, soient d'amplitude la plus élevée possible, et d'autre part, a n que ces interactions soient modélisables au moyen d'un modèle qui se prête bien à l'inversion.Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie de conception de sonde est présentée, qui vise à optimiser le dimensionnement et l'agencement de ses éléments en se fixant des contraintes de sensibilité et de résolution. Un prototype, conçu d'après cette méthodologie, est réalisé, mis en œuvre et caractérisé. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus, qui s'avèrent en accord avec une modélisation par éléments finis, offrent une validation du fonctionnement de la sonde, celle-ci permettant effectivement de mettre en évidence les défauts types (micro-fissures) recherchés dans la pièce inspectée. Dans un second temps, la configuration des interactions sonde-pièce inspectée, choisie à dessein, est mise à profit pour élaborer un modèle direct. Celui-ci repose sur l'hypothèse selon laquelle, les défauts étant de faibles dimensions, il est possible de considérer que la perturbation de signal qu'ils engendrent est équivalente à celle que génèreraient des sources virtuelles de courants localisées uniquement dans le volume du défaut. Outre sa simplicité, cette modélisation offre l'avantage d'être adaptée à une mise en œuvre au moyen de la méthode des points sources distribués. Or celle-ci permet de formuler le problème direct sous forme matricielle ce qui constitue une base de nature à faciliter la résolution du problème inverse.C'est à ce problème qu'est consacrée la dernière partie du mémoire. Des méthodes d'inversion y sont proposées, visant à traiter progressivement la complexité du problème. Ainsi un algorithme d'inversion mono-fréquence est-il proposé, qui se montre efficace pour reconstruire des défauts sur de faibles profondeurs. Pour une meilleure reconstruction en profondeur, des algorithmes multifréquence faisant appel à des méthodes de régularisation sont ensuite conçus et appliqués à des signaux correspondant à des défauts de géométries diverses. / The ageing of the aeronautical fleet and the will to increase the aircrafts lifetime require the maintenance techniques to be made always more reliable and fast. In this context, the detection and characterization of the microscopic cracks likely to appear in some sensitive parts of the aircrafts is an important issue to be faced.This work deals with an original approach for the design of an eddy current imaging probe dedicated to the non destructive evaluation of cylindrical fastener parts. This approach consists in designing the probe in such a way that it both satisfies the constraint of an efficient sensing and that of enabling the inverse problem to be solved with a view to the defects reconstruction.Firstly, a probe design methodology is presented that optimizes the emission/reception topology, the choice of the probe elements and their arrangement according to sensitivity and resolution constraints. A prototype is built, implemented and characterized and validation of the design is obtained as the researched defects are displayed with experimental performances that agree with finite elements modelling simulations.Secondly, since the probe relies on a uniform eddy current flow interacting with small defects, a rather simple forward model is proposed based on virtual defect current sources (VDCS). The model implementation is carried out using the distributed point source method leading to a matrix formulation that can facilitate the resolution of the inverse problem.Finally, mono-frequency and multi-frequency methods are proposed for inverting the VDCS forward model and promising defect reconstruction results are obtained.