This dissertation explores the complex relationship between servant leadership and social loafing within organizational settings. Drawing upon the collective effort model, social exchange theory, and trait activation theory, this research explores how servant leadership impacts social loafing. Employing a two-wave online survey methodology with full-time workers in the USA, this study examines the direct effects of servant leadership on social loafing and investigates the mediating roles of perceived insider status, civility, and psychological empowerment. Furthermore, it assesses how individual differences—such as honesty-humility, psychological entitlement, and exchange ideology—moderate these relationships.Initial findings reveal a complex relationship between servant leadership and social loafing, with certain components of servant leadership directly influencing social loafing in both positive and negative directions. Specifically, emotional healing and ethical behavior factors of servant leadership were found to reduce social loafing, whereas putting subordinates first appears to unexpectedly increase social loafing. In addition, with the inclusion of social desirability, task interdependence, and task visibility as control variables, we see a marked decrease in the direct relationship between servant leadership and social loafing. Importantly, servant leadership does act as an indirect negative influence on social loafing through the mediating mechanisms of psychological empowerment, perceived insider status, and perceived leader civility. However, there were no detectable moderation effects from our interaction variables of psychological entitlement, honesty/humility, and exchange ideology. The research contributes to the broader literature on leadership and motivation by highlighting the conditional effects of servant leadership on individual motivation within groups, offering valuable insights for organizational leaders aiming to foster a culture of high engagement and minimal social loafing. Through a comprehensive analysis, this dissertation provides a deeper understanding of how servant leadership can be effectively leveraged to combat social loafing, emphasizing the importance of aligning leadership approaches with individual employee characteristics and group dynamics.

6 Summary Simultaneous interpreting is a very complex cognitive process. Daniel Gile's Effort Model is an attempt to describe in a schematic way the various competing processes that simultaneous interpreting is composed of. The model is based on findings from cognitive psychology, especially those relating to working memory and the limited processing capacity of the human mind. It defines the process of simultaneous interpreting as a combination of three individual, yet coinciding efforts (the Listening and Analysis Effort, the Production Effort, the Memory Effort), which require a certain amount of processing capacity to assure quality interpreting performance. Problem triggers can cause saturation of the interpreter's processing capacity to occur. Saturation manifests itself either by failure sequences or by the deterioration of the interpreter's performance, immediately or at a distance. The focus of our thesis is on processing capacity saturation due to numbers in simultaneous interpreting, from the point of view of the Effort Model. The first part of our paper is theoretical and deals with the various aspects of the simultaneous interpreting process, especially those relating to processing capacity, saturation and working memory; as well as with questions of well-known problem triggers, interpreting...

This thesis verifies the applicability of the Daniel Gile's Effort Model on two language pairs, French - Czech and Czech Sign Language - Czech. It is a theoretical-empirical thesis. The theoretical part offers a brief explanation of the process of simultaneous interpreting, of the Gile's Effort Model of simultaneous interpreting for spoken and sign languages, of the quality in interpretation, of the reason of failure during the transmission and of the coping strategies and tactics. Considering the accomplished experiment, which was focused on proper nouns and its influence on the interpreter's discourse, the last part is devoted to proper nouns and its use in Czech, in Czech Sign Language and its transmission during the interpretation, because the experts agree on fact, that proper nouns are problem triggers, that makes the transmission of the message difficult and that may cause a failure. The empirical part consists of an experiment. Its aim was to verify the applicability of the Effort model on two language pairs by using a discourse containing proper nouns. Three variables or factors were examined - the successful transmission of proper noun, the successful transmission of the segment containing noun and of the successive segment. The aim was not only to find out the results for each language...

En partant du cadre conceptuel des modèles IDRC (Interprétation-Décisions-Ressources- Contraintes) et du modèle d'Efforts de l'interprétation simultanée de Daniel Gile entre langues vocales, nous tenterons d'analyser le processus de l'interprétation en langue des signes et étudierons la charge cognitive inhérente au passage d'une langue vocale (canal audio-vocal), à une langue signée (canal visuo-gestuel). Nous analyserons en premier lieu l’ensemble des contraintes concourant à l’exercice de l’interprétation en langue des signes pouvant se distinguer de celles généralement observées en interprétation entre langues vocales (nous incluons les langues vocales syntaxiquement très éloignées) telles que les contraintes socio-économiques, les contraintes linguistiques et enfin les contraintes d’espace. Nous procéderons ensuite à une analyse cognitive du processus de l’interprétation en nous référant au modèle d'Efforts de l’interprétation simultanée de Gile (Effort d'Écoute et d'Analyse, Effort de Mémorisation à court terme, Effort de Production, Effort de Coordination de ces trois activités simultanées), et nous chercherons à envisager sa transposition aux langues des signes. Pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes constitutifs du processus, nous observerons particulièrement le concept de scénarisation (Séro-Guillaume, 2008) pour une première analyse de la charge cognitive de l’interprète en action. Cette capacité de représentation synthétique visuelle est-elle plus ou moins grande si on prend en compte le degré d'abstraction du discours, la technicité de l'énoncé, le manque de correspondances lexicales, le contexte de l'interprétation (pédagogique, conférence, etc.), la préparation ? Notre analyse du processus se base sur un corpus constitué de plusieurs études empiriques d’interprétations vers la langue des signes : une étude semi-expérimentale, une étude de cas naturaliste et une étude expérimentale, ainsi que sur des interviews d’interprètes et un focus group. Les observations faites sur l’ensemble de ces études nous ont permis de croiser nos données et de dégager les éléments pertinents de nos résultats pour une avancée dans la compréhension du processus cognitif de l’interprétation en langue des signes. / Taking as its point of departure the conceptual framework provided by the IDRC models (Interpreting-Decisions-Resources-Constraints) and Daniel Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpreting between spoken languages, this thesis aims to analyse the process of sign language interpreting and study the cognitive load inherent in encoding information from a spoken language (an auditory-vocal modality of language production) into signed language (a vision and gesture-based modality). The first part of the work analyses the set of constraints involved in the exercise of sign language interpreting, as distinguished from those generally observed to apply between spoken languages (including languages syntactically far apart), such as socio-economic constraints, linguistic constraints and, finally, spatial constraints. There follows a cognitive analysis of the interpreting process with reference to Gile’s Effort model of simultaneous interpreting (Listening and Analysis Effort, Memory Effort, Production Effort, Effort of Coordination of these three simultaneous activities), with an attempt to envisage transposing its application to sign language. In order to gain better understanding of the constituent mechanisms of the process, initial analysis of the cognitive load of the interpreter in action accords particular attention to the concept of scénarisation (scene-staging) (Séro-Guillaume, 2008). Is this capacity for creating a visual picture from sequential meaning greater or lesser when factors such as the degree of abstraction of the speech, the technicality of its content, a lack of lexical correspondence, the interpreting context (educational setting, conference setting, etc), and the amount of preparation are taken into account? Analysis of the process is based upon a corpus comprising several empirical studies of interpreting into sign language: a semi-experimental study, a naturalistic case study, and an experimental study, as well as on interpreter interviews and a focus group. The observations drawn from all of these studies have enabled cross-referencing of our data and the identification of the relevant elements of our research results in order to advance understanding of the cognitive process of sign language interpreting.