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O ovo é o produto de eficiente transformação biológica feita pela galinha (Gallus gallus) de postura, com alta qualidade nutricional para o consumo humano. Na gema do ovo encontra-se a proteína denominada fosvitina, a mesma atua como carreadora do ferro se ligando a ele. A deficiência de ferro ocorre normalmente devido ao consumo insuficiente de alimentos fontes de ferro ou a baixa biodisponibilidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a concentração de proteínas, em especial a fosvitina/lipovitelina presente em gemas de ovos crus e cozidos nos diferentes ciclos de postura (inicial, intermediário e final) e avaliar a interferência desta proteína na disponibilidade do micronutriente ferro. Os tratamentos foram realizados em diferentes períodos e utilizaram-se ovos crus e cozidos, sendo gemas cruas de poedeiras em início, meio e fim de postura e gemas cozidas nos três ciclos de postura. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, concentração de ferro total e dialisável, concentração de proteínas em gemas e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Houve diferença na concentração de proteínas e diferentes níveis de ferro dialisável nos três ciclos de postura, porém em gemas cruas e cozidas. Com o passar dos ciclos (inicial, intermediário e final), as poedeiras mais velhas, apresentaram gemas com teor mais elevado de ferro disponível, porém uma quantidade inferior de proteínas em especial a fosvitina/lipovitelina, comparando-se com os ciclos inicial e intermediário. A disponibilidade de ferro foi mais elevada em gemas que passaram pelo processo de cocção, porém em poedeiras de postura final. / The egg is the product of efficient biological transformation made by the hens of position, with high nutricional quality for the human consumption. In the egg yolk of the egg it meets phosvitin called protein, the same one acts as hauled of the iron if binding it. The iron deficiency normally occurs due to the insufficient food consumption iron sources or low the bioavailability. The objective of this research was to verify the protein concentration, in special the present phosvitin/lipovitelin in egg yolks of raw eggs and stews in the different cycles of position (initial, intermediate, end) and to evaluate the interference of this protein in the availability of the micronutrient iron. The treatments had been carried through in different periods and had used raw eggs and cooked, being raw egg yolks of hens in initial, intermediate and end of position and egg yolks boil in the three cycles of position. The analyses of proximal composition had been carried through, concentration of total and availability iron, protein concentration in egg yolks and electrophoresis in poliacrilamide (SDS-PAGE) were carried. It had difference in the protein concentration and different levels of iron availability in the three cycles of position, however in raw and boiled egg yolks. With passing of the cycles (initial, intermediate, end), the hens oldest, had more presented egg yolks with a raised amount of available iron, however special amount of proteins in the fosvitina/lipovitelina, comparing themselves with the cycles initial and intermediate. The iron availability more was raised in egg yolks that had passed for cooking process, however in hens of final position.

O ovo é o produto de eficiente transformação biológica feita pela galinha (Gallus gallus) de postura, com alta qualidade nutricional para o consumo humano. Na gema do ovo encontra-se a proteína denominada fosvitina, a mesma atua como carreadora do ferro se ligando a ele. A deficiência de ferro ocorre normalmente devido ao consumo insuficiente de alimentos fontes de ferro ou a baixa biodisponibilidade. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a concentração de proteínas, em especial a fosvitina/lipovitelina presente em gemas de ovos crus e cozidos nos diferentes ciclos de postura (inicial, intermediário e final) e avaliar a interferência desta proteína na disponibilidade do micronutriente ferro. Os tratamentos foram realizados em diferentes períodos e utilizaram-se ovos crus e cozidos, sendo gemas cruas de poedeiras em início, meio e fim de postura e gemas cozidas nos três ciclos de postura. Foram realizadas as análises de composição centesimal, concentração de ferro total e dialisável, concentração de proteínas em gemas e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Houve diferença na concentração de proteínas e diferentes níveis de ferro dialisável nos três ciclos de postura, porém em gemas cruas e cozidas. Com o passar dos ciclos (inicial, intermediário e final), as poedeiras mais velhas, apresentaram gemas com teor mais elevado de ferro disponível, porém uma quantidade inferior de proteínas em especial a fosvitina/lipovitelina, comparando-se com os ciclos inicial e intermediário. A disponibilidade de ferro foi mais elevada em gemas que passaram pelo processo de cocção, porém em poedeiras de postura final. / The egg is the product of efficient biological transformation made by the hens of position, with high nutricional quality for the human consumption. In the egg yolk of the egg it meets phosvitin called protein, the same one acts as hauled of the iron if binding it. The iron deficiency normally occurs due to the insufficient food consumption iron sources or low the bioavailability. The objective of this research was to verify the protein concentration, in special the present phosvitin/lipovitelin in egg yolks of raw eggs and stews in the different cycles of position (initial, intermediate, end) and to evaluate the interference of this protein in the availability of the micronutrient iron. The treatments had been carried through in different periods and had used raw eggs and cooked, being raw egg yolks of hens in initial, intermediate and end of position and egg yolks boil in the three cycles of position. The analyses of proximal composition had been carried through, concentration of total and availability iron, protein concentration in egg yolks and electrophoresis in poliacrilamide (SDS-PAGE) were carried. It had difference in the protein concentration and different levels of iron availability in the three cycles of position, however in raw and boiled egg yolks. With passing of the cycles (initial, intermediate, end), the hens oldest, had more presented egg yolks with a raised amount of available iron, however special amount of proteins in the fosvitina/lipovitelina, comparing themselves with the cycles initial and intermediate. The iron availability more was raised in egg yolks that had passed for cooking process, however in hens of final position.

La compréhension du lien entre alimentation et santé est un challenge majeur pour les domaines des sciences de l'aliment et de la nutrition. L'effet d'un aliment sur la santé étant conditionné par son passage et sa déstructuration dans le tube digestif, explorer cette question implique donc nécessairement de progresser dans la compréhension du processus de digestion. L'œuf est un produit apprécié dans le monde entier et compte parmi les aliments les plus nutritifs pour l'Homme. La fraction blanc d'œuf, solution aqueuse de protéines, est un ovoproduit très utilisé par l'industrie alimentaire en raison de ses propriétés fonctionnelles et nutritionnelles. De plus, la possibilité de générer des structures d'aliment très différentes selon les modalités du traitement technologique, sans avoir à en modifier la composition, fait du blanc d'œuf un aliment modèle réaliste particulièrement intéressant. Cette étude a été menée dans l'objectif d'étudier l'impact des caractéristiques structurales de matrices protéiques agrégées et gélifiées sur leur déstructuration au cours de la digestion. Un modèle in vitro de digestion gastro-intestinale, permettant un suivi temporel, a été combiné avec un modèle in vivo (porcin), plus proche de la réalité physiologique et permettant un suivi spatio-temporel de la digestion. Dans le cas du blanc d'œuf, la structuration de la matrice protéique s'est avérée avoir une influence non seulement sur les aspects quantitatifs de la digestion comme le degré d'hydrolyse des protéines, mais également sur les aspects qualitatifs comme la nature des peptides libérés. De même in vivo, les niveaux de bioaccessibilité pourraient être impactés par les différences relatives aux caractéristiques structurales des matrices gélifiées. A l'échelle moléculaire, cette étude suggère ainsi que les changements structuraux induits par les traitements thermiques, variables selon les conditions du milieu, rendent accessibles aux enzymes digestives des zones variables des protéines. A l'échelle micro- et macroscopique, les caractéristiques structurales des gels impactent également le déroulement de la digestion. / Understanding the relationship between health and diet is a major challenge in Food Science and Nutrition. As the impact of a food product on health depends on its journey and breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract, exploring this question necessarily implies increasing our knowledge of the food digestion process. Eggs are popular worldwide and are among the most nutritious foods for humans. The egg white fraction, an aqueous protein solution, is an egg product widely used in the food industry because of its unique functional and nutritional properties. In addition, the ability to generate very different food structures depending on the technological process without modifying its composition, makes egg white a very interesting and realistic food model. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of structural characteristics of aggregated and gelled protein matrices on their breakdown during digestion. An in vitro model of gastrointestinal digestion, enabling temporal tracking, was combined with an in vivo model (pig), closer to physiological reality and enabling spatio-temporal mapping of digestion. For egg white, the structural characteristics of the protein matrix were found to have an influence not only on the quantitative aspects of protein digestion such as the degree of hydrolysis, but also on the qualitative aspects such as the nature of the peptides released. Similarly, the in vivo bioaccessibility levels could be impacted by differences relating to the structural characteristics of the gelled matrices. At the molecular scale, this study suggests that the structural changes induced by heat treatments, depending on physicochemical conditions, render a number of protein regions accessible to digestive enzymes. At the micro- and macroscopic scale, the structural characteristics of the gels also impact the digestion process.

Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) är en effektiv metod för att analysera biomolekyler såsom proteiner. Metoden är utmärkt för kvalitativ analys, medan kvantitativ analys har utrymme för förbättringar. Detta projekt syftade till att undersöka inkorporering av Cu2O-partiklar (Cu2O PS) i en DHB-matris som ett sätt att förbättra kvantitativ analys av äggproteiner och peptider. För att göra detta syntetiserades Cu2O PS och olika utspädningar av partiklarna blandades i matrisen, och en hybridmatris (Cu2O PS@DHB) skapades. Syntesen utfördes tre gånger och resulterade i tre olika uppsättningar av partiklar som undersöktes med hjälp av UV/Vis och DLS. Prover med både DHB och Cu2O PS@DHB analyserades senare med MALDI-MS och resultaten visade att de syntetiserade Cu2O PS inte förbättrade den kvantitativa analysen, även om de mindre, gula partiklarna hade en bättre effekt än de större, orangea partiklarna. En intressant upptäckt gjordes under projektet beträffande Cu2O PS@DHB-matrisen. Vid förberedelse av Cu2O PS@DHB bör blandningen användas omedelbart efter förberedelsen, annars minskar kvalitén på MALDI-MS-spektrumen dramatiskt.