Graduation date: 1949

Inaug.-diss.--Halle-Wittenberg. / Lebenslauf. "Quellen-und literaturverzeichnis": p. 90-91.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1932. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: p. 32-33.

Presented as Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1930. / First part reprinted from Poultry science, v. X, no. 4 (April-May, 1931), P. 157-165. Second part reprinted from Scientific agriculture, v. XI, no. 9-11 (May-July, 1931), 50 p. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographies : p. 164-165 ; p. 48-50.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1932. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 32-33.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 83-88.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26-28a).

[No abstract submitted] / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The commercial egg industry in British Columbia is the sixth largest in Canada. It provides about ten percent of the total farm income. About 85 percent of all British Columbia eggs are produced in the Lower Mainland, 10 percent on the east coast of Vancouver Island, and about five percent in the interior of British Columbia. The export market between 1940 and 1949 created favorable conditions for expansion of the industry. To meet export demands, the Canada wartime government promoted and facilitated production through agencies concerned with extension, prices, subsidies and standards. After the loss of the British egg contract in January, 1949 exports dropped. Imports increased during this period because of storage space shortage on the prairies and price differentials between British Columbia and the prairies. The British egg contracts supplied the equivalent of a floor price at wholesale level until January 31 1949. The Canada government, in January, 1950, included eggs in its Support Price Policy to assist farmers in adjustment from wartime, conditions. Analyses of data gathered for the period from 1943 to 1951 show that great annual and cyclical variations exist in the commercial egg industry of British Columbia. An annual average marketing peak occurred in January with the low marketing month in July. Egg prices reciprocated with, an average yearly peak in July end a lowpoint in January. Egg prices were higher in the former half of the year, on the average, than in the latter half, while feed prices were higher in the first half and lower in the second half. Excess capacity increased greatly after termination of the British egg contracts in 1949. The annual egg-feed ratio, as an indicator of profitability, seems to move with the annual returns to capital and labour. The monthly ratio seems to precede the marketings by some months. An increased guaranteed minimum income over that supplied by the present floor price will decrease excess capacity and increase the number of farmers whose return to capital and labour is more than the point of disinvestment. The problem of what the minimum guaranteed income should be is considered through a reconsideration of the floor price using producer criteria. The 1951 costs of production are combined with the annual receipts from fowl and eggs of a sample British Columbia poultry farm to give a scale of returns to capital and labour, under incremental increases in egg and fowl prices. Normal perquisites decrease the cash Income necessary to give a fair return to operator's labour as based on the average annual wage for farm labour without board. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A three-part investigation is described in which hardness at regular intervals across the thickness of egg shells is measured and related to chemical composition at similar positions in the same shells; egg shell membranes are viewed by electron microscopy to compare the structure of inner and outer layers; and rheology of egg albumen is studied using a rotational viscometer. Microindentation tests of 27 egg shells reveal a maximum hardness at the outer surface, intermediate hardness at the inner surface and a minimum hardness midway across the thickness of the shell. Electron probe microanalyses indicate a gradual linear increase in calcium toward the inner shell surface. Magnesium and phosphorus are a maximum at the outer surface and follow quadratic and exponential gradients respectively across the egg shell thickness. Hardness gradients, composition gradients and the hardness-composition relationships change from shell to shell. For individual egg shells, an average of 91 percent of the variation in hardness is accounted for by variations in chemical composition. In pooled data of 27 shells, 48 percent of hardness variance is associated with composition changes; whereas 81 percent may be attributed to variations in composition and position in the shell. Electron microscopical study and measurement of four egg shell membranes show that the structures consist of an open network of fibers built up in layers parallel to the membrane surfaces. Two regions are evident in transverse section. The outer membrane is three times the thickness of the inner membrane and the combined dimension is about 100 microns. Each fiber has a central core encased by a granular mantle. For the outer membrane, fiber core diameters are significantly greater and fibers usually occupy a larger percentage of membrane volume than is the case for inner membranes. The inside surface of the inner membrane is lined by a 0.1 micron layer of material similar to the fiber mantle. Egg shell membrane structure is discussed in relation to microbial penetration. Viscous behavior of egg albumen is described at 10, 20, 30 and 40°C between shear rates of 220 and 3140 sec⁻¹. Egg albumen is a time-dependent pseudoplastic fluid. Apparent-viscosity decay at constant shear rate is partially recoverable between 32 hour tests and is affected by the temperature and shear rate used. Flow behavior is accurately described by the power-law and Ellis models. Shear history strongly influences flow behavior with higher shear rates resulting in greater pseudoplasticity and sensitivity to temperature effects. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate