Orientador: Marcio Jose Menon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:56:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_GeovannaLuizPereirada_M.pdf: 9792515 bytes, checksum: 1b4a308cdedc594904027c57497be003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Apresenta-se um estudo das Representações de Parâmetro de Impacto e Eiconal através de uma análise empírica dos dados experimentais de espalhamento elástico próton-próton, na região de mais alta energia com informações experimentais disponíveis (seis conjuntos de dados no intervalo de energia no centro de massa 19.4 - 62.5 GeV). Fazendo-se uso de uma nova parametrização independente de modelo para a amplitude de espalhamento e através de reduções (ajustes) dos dados experimentais de seção de choque diferencial, determina-se as funções de perfil (partes real e imaginária), recobrimento inelástica e eiconal (partes real e imaginária) no espaço de parâmetro de impacto. Utilizando-se um método semi-analítico, determina-se a função opacidade (parte imaginária da eiconal) no espaço de momento transferido. Todos os resultados empíricos para essas grandezas são determinados com as incertezas correspondentes, calculadas através da propagação de erros dos parâmetros livres de ajuste (variâncias e covariâncias). Em particular, mostra-se que a função de recobrimento inelástica apresenta um efeito periférico em torno de 2,0 fm e que os resultados empíricos para a função opacidade podem ser analiticamente parametrizados por três contribuições gaussianas, dominantes nas regiões de pequeno, médio e grande momento transferido. Discute-se interpretações físicas dos resultados (aspectos ópticos/geométricos e baseados na QCD), bem como a aplicabilidade dos resultados empíricos na seleção, construção e desenvolvimento de modelos fenomenológicos, em particular, aqueles baseados ou inspirados na QCD / Abstract: The Impact Parameter and Eikonal Representations are investigated by means of an empirical analysis of the experimental data on proton-proton elastic scattering, at the highest energy region with experimental information available (six data sets at center of mass energies 19.4 - 62.5 GeV). Making use of a novel model-independent parametrization for the scattering amplitude and data reductions (fits) to differential cross section data, we extract the profile function (real and imaginary parts), the inelastic overlap function and the eikonal function (real and imaginary parts) in the impact parameter space. By means of a semi-analytical method, the opacity function (imaginary part of the eikonal) is also extracted in the momentum transfer space. All the empirical results for these quantities are determined with the corresponding uncertainties, evaluated through error propagation from the free fit parameters (variances and covariances). In particular, it is shown that the inelastic overlap functions present a peripheral effect around 2.0 fm and that the empirical results for the opacity function can be analytically parametrized by three Gaussian components each one with leading contribution at small, intermediate and large values of the momentum transfer. Physical interpretations of the results are discussed (optical/geometrical and QCD-based aspects), as well as the applicability of the empirical results in the selection, construction and development of phenomenological models, mainly those based or inspired in QCD / Mestrado / Física das Particulas Elementares e Campos / Mestra em Física

Microscopic approaches enable one to study nuclear bound states as well as nuclear collisions in a unified framework.<p>At non-relativistic energies, all physical quantities are determined by the solutions of the many-body Schrödinger equation based on an interaction potential between nucleons.<p>The difficulty of solving this equation for collisions and taking the antisymmetrization principle into account restricts these approaches to light nuclei and requires the development of nuclear models based on some simplifying assumptions.<p>One of these assumptions, which is done in this work, is to consider that the nucleons are aggregated in clusters in the nuclear systems. <p><p>Another major problem of the microscopic description is the difficulty of determining a reliable interaction potential between nucleons.<p>In spite of many years of efforts to establish such potentials, none has yet been proved to accurately describe both the spectroscopic properties of nuclei and the reactions between light nuclei.<p>For this reason, many effective NN interactions, adapted to the model space and to the studied collision, have been built and used in microscopic models.<p>In parallel, for a few years, some efforts have been done to use in the microscopic models more realistic NN interactions, adjusted to reproduce the two-nucleon properties.<p>However, this requires solving much more accurately the Schrödinger equation by relaxing, for instance, the cluster assumption.<p>These approaches therefore need large computational times, which limits the size of the systems that can be studied.<p><p>In this work, a two-body realistic interaction has been adapted to the simple microscopic cluster model by using the Unitary Correlation Operator Method. This new realistic effective interaction has been adjusted so that the α+α elastic phase shifts obtained with the microscopic cluster model agree rather well with the experimental data.<p>This interaction has been used to study α+N and α+3He scattering.<p>The calculated phase shifts give a rather good agreement with experimental data without additional adjustment, without three-body interactions and with simple basis functions. <p><p>Besides this study of elastic scattering between light nuclei, this work deals with the nucleus-nucleus bremsstrahlung.<p>Previous microscopic models of nucleus-nucleus bremsstrahlung were based on a photon-emission operator fully neglecting the meson-exchange currents. <p>In this work, a microscopic cluster model of bremsstrahlung is developed, which implicitly takes them partially into account by using an extension of the Siegert theorem. <p>Then, the photon-emission operator can be deduced from the charge density rather than from the current density.<p>Although this extension of the Siegert theorem does not fully remove the nuclear-current dependence, the effects of the meson-exchange currents should be largely reduced, especially at low photon energy.<p><p>The microscopic cluster model of nucleus-nucleus bremsstrahlung developed in this work has been applied to the α+ α and α+N systems. This model is based on an effective NN interaction, which enables a good reproduction of the elastic phase shifts for the α+ α and α+N systems.<p>The agreement with experimental bremsstrahlung cross sections is rather good but the comparison between theory and experiment requires more numerous and more accurate data to be conclusive. With an extension to the p shell, the present model could also describe heavier cluster systems such as 12C+p and 16O+p for which experimental data exist at low energies.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In this thesis, we use asymptotic methods to solve problems of wave propagation through infinite and finite (only consider those that are finite in one direction) arrays of scatterers. Both two- and three-dimensional arrays are considered. We always assume the scatterer size is much smaller than both the wavelength and array periodicity. Therefore a small parameter is involved and then the method of matched asymptotic expansions is applicable. When the array is infinite, the elastic wave scattering in doubly-periodic arrays of cavity cylinders and acoustic wave scattering in triply-periodic arrays of arbitrary shape rigid scatterers are considered. In both cases, eigenvalue problems are obtained to give perturbed dispersion approximations explicitly. With the help of the computer-algebra package Mathematica, examples of explicit approximations to the dispersion relation for perturbed waves are given. In the case of finite arrays, we consider the multiple resonant wave scattering problems for both acoustic and elastic waves. We use the methods of multiple scales and matched asymptotic expansions to obtain envelope equations for infinite arrays and then apply them to a strip of doubly or triply periodic arrays of scatterers. Numerical results are given to compare the transmission wave intensity for different shape scatterers for acoustic case. For elastic case, where the strip is an elastic medium with arrays of cavity cylinders bounded by acoustic media on both sides, we first give numerical results when there is one dilatational and one shear wave in the array and then compare the transmission coefficients when one dilatational wave is resonated in the array for normal incidence. Key words: matched asymptotic expansions, multiple scales, acoustic scattering, elastic scattering, periodic structures, dispersion relation.

Nesse trabalho medimos e analisamos distribuições angulares do espalhamento elástico para os isótopos 7Be, 9Be e 10Be em alvo de 12C. A distribuição do 7Be foi medida a uma energia de 18.8 MeV, em dois laboratórios, com o sistema TWINSOL, na Universidade de Notre dame, e com o sistema RIBRAS, na Universidade de São Paulo, onde foi completada a distribuição angular. As distribuições para o 9Be e 10Be foram medidas completamente no sistema RIBRAS, em energias de 26.0 e 23.2 MeV, respectivamente. Cada uma dessas distribuições angulares foi analisada considerando no modelo ótico e também o formalismo dos canais acoplados. Testamos múltiplos potenciais óticos em cada distribui9ção, com a finalidade de descrever a seção de choque elástica de cada sistema. Para os sistemas que envolvem núcleos fracamente ligados (7Be, 9Be e 8B) foram feitos cálculos com acoplamento do contínuo (CDCC), enquanto que para o núcleo 10Be, que é fortemente ligado, acoplamos os dois primeiros estados ligados. Também, a partir da análise de cada uma das distribuições elásticas, foi possível obter a seção total de reação, que foi comparada sistematicamente com outros núcleos leves espalhados em carbono. Dessa análise foi possível concluir que o canal do break up Coulombiano, nesses sistemas leves, não é fortemente influente na seção de choque total de reação, o que implica que a interação entre alvo e projétil é dominada pelo potencial nuclear. / In the present work, we measured elastic scattering angular distributions for teh isotopes 7Be, 9Be and 10Be on 12C target. The angular distribution of 7Be at 18.8 MeV, was measured in two laboratories, with the TWINSOL system, in Notre Dame University, and the RIBRAS system, in São Paulo University, where the angular distribution was completed. The angular distribution for 9Be and 10Be isotopes measured completely in the RIBRAS system at 26.0 and 23.2 MeV, respectively. All angular distribution were analized considering optical model and coupled channel formalism. We tested multiple optical potentials on each distribution to describe the elastic cross section for these systems. For the weakly bound projectiles (7Be, 9Be and 8B)calculations with continous coupling (CDCC) were performed, while for the 10Be nucleus, which is tghtly bound nucleus, we coupled the first two bound states. We also performed a systematic analysis of the total reaction cross section obtained from elastic scattering distribution of several light particles on 12C. From this analysis, we concluded that the Coulomb break up channel, in these light systems, does not have a strong influence on the total reaction cross section, what implies that the projetile-target interaction is dominated by the nuclear potential.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos um modelo não-local para a parte real da interação nuclear, que está baseado em efeitos quânticos relacionados à troca de núcleons entre os núcleos alvo e projétil (não-localidade de Pauli). Esse modelo não possui nenhum parâmetro livre e tem se mostrado eficiente para descrever ados de espalhamento elástico, ineslástico, tranferência e fusão, com energias que vão desde subcoulombianas até centenas de MeV acima da barreira. Dados de seção de choque de espalhamento elástico foram medidos na região da barreira para os sistemas 4,6He, 12C, 28Si+ 58Ni. Os correspondentes potenciais nucleares referentes a cada sistema foram determinados e posteriormente comparados com os resultados fornecidos pelo modelo não-local. Se o modelo não-local é assumido para a interação e a densidade de um dos núcleos é conhecida, um método de deconvolução podeser utilizado para extrair a densidade do outro núcleo, através da análise de dados de espalhamento elástico. Este trabalho, apresentamos resultados obtidos para a densidade dos núcleos 4,6He, 12C,16,18 e 28Si. Também estudamos, utilizando a interação não-local, uma sistemática envolvendo cerca de 2500 dados experimentais de fusão nuclear, referentes a 165 diferentes sistemas, dentro do contexto do modelo unidimensional de penetração de barreira. / In this work, we present a nonlocal model for the real parto f the nuclear interaction that is based on quantum effects related to the Exchange of nucleons between the target and the projectile (Pauli nonlocality). This model is totally parameter-free and hás been sucessful in describing the elastic and inelastic scattering, transfer and fusion processes, from sub-Coulomb to intermediate energies. Elastic scattering differential cross sections have been measured for the 4,6He, 12C, 28Si+ 58Ni systems at sub-barrier energies. The corresponding nuclear potentials have been determined and compared with the results obtained using the nonlocal model. If the nonlocal model is assumed for the interaction and the density o fone nucleus is know, na unfolding method can be used to extract the density of the other nucleus from the elastic scattering data analysis. In this work, we present the results obtained for the densities of the 4,6He, 12C,16,18 and 28Si nuclei. Using the nonlocal interaction in the contexto f the unidimensional barrier penetration model, we have also studied a systematics involving about 2500 experimental fusion data for 165 different systems.

Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610. / Radioactive beams of 8Li and 6He were produced using the double superconducting solenoid system of RIBRAS (Radioactive Ion Beams in Brasil) with a primary beam of 7Li of Elab = 30 MeV, at the São Paulo Pelletron Accelerator. The production reactions were 9Be(7Li, 8Li)8Be and 9Be(7Li, 6He)10B. The angular distributions of the elastic scattering of the 8Li radioactive beam of 26.0 MeV and 6He radioactive beam of 23.0 MeV were measured on 51V target of 1.9 mg/cm2.The elastic scattering angular distributions were analyzed using Optical Model, where the real and imaginary parts are described through a Non-Local Interaction Model called São Paulo Potential . The results were compared with the data present in the literature. The largest cross section, particularly for the halo 6He, shows evidence of the importance of the break up for these medium mass systems. [1]R. Lichtenthaler et al, Eur. Phys. J. A 25,s01,733 (2005); [2]L.C. Chamon et al, Phys. Rev. C66 (2002) 014610.

Nesta tese de doutoramento foram propostos dois modelos teóricos (ZPM e GFA) para a obtenção da seção de choque de fusão e um (ZPM) para o cálculo do potencial de polarização para o canal elástico e correspondente seção de choque de espalhamento. Foi usado em todos os cálculos deste trabalho, tanto no tratamento da fusão quanto no do espalhamento elástico, o Potencial de São Paulo (SP), que possui como uma das principais características a total ausência de parâmetros ajustáveis. Conseqüentemente, todos os cálculos apresentados no contexto de diferentes modelos constituem previsões teóricas ao invés de simples ajustes de dados. Em uma análise comparativa acerca dos cálculos para a fusão, os modelos GFA e ZPM se mostraram equivalentes e compatíveis com cálculos de canais acoplados usuais, com a vantagem de incorporarem acoplamentos à toda banda vibracional e de permitirem a obtenção de cálculos acurados de seções de choque de fusão em energias extremamente abaixo da barreira. Aplicamos o modelo de ZPM ao cálculo da função de excitação de fusão para 112 sistemas de íons pesados, envolvendo tanto núcleos par-par como núcleos ímpar-par e ímpar-ímpar (incluindo alguns núcleos fracamente ligados), e confrontamos os resultados obtidos com dados experimentais existentes na literatura. Enquanto o modelo de penetração de barreira não-deformado prevê discordâncias de até onze ordens de magnitude, as previsões do modelo de ZPM mostraram-se de acordo com os dados dentro de duas ordens de grandeza. Ao confrontarmos os resultados do modelo de ZPM para as seções de choque de espalhamento elástico com dados experimentais para alguns sistemas em energias em torno da barreira coulombiana, pudemos constatar uma boa concordância. Desta forma, demonstramos que é possível tratar os canais de espalhamento elástico e de fusão de maneira consistente dentro do mesmo contexto. / In this Ph.D. thesis two theoretical models (ZPM and GFA) were proposed in order to obtain fusion cross sections and one (ZPM) to calculate the polarization potential for the elastic channel and the corresponding scattering cross section. The São Paulo (SP) potential, which has as one of its main characteristics the complete absence of adjustable parameters, was used as bare interaction in the calculations of the present work. Therefore, all results, presented in the context of different models, correspond to theoretical predictions instead of simply data fit. After a comparative analysis of fusion calculations, the GFA and ZPM models demonstrated to be equivalents and compatible with the usual coupled channel calculations, with the advantage of incorporating inelastic couplings to the complete vibrational band and of providing accurate fusion cross sections at extreme low energies relative to the Coulomb barrier. We applied the ZPM model to the calculation of the fusion excitation function for 112 heavy-ion systems, involving not only even-even nuclei but also odd-even and odd-odd ones (including some weakly-bound nuclei), and we compared the theoretical results with experimental data existing in literature. While the usual non-deformed barrier penetration model provides enhancements up to eleven orders of magnitude, the ZPM model predictions are in good agreement with the data within only two orders of magnitude. When confronting the ZPM model results with experimental data of elastic scattering cross sections for some systems, at energies around the Coulomb barrier, we found out good agreement between them. Therefore, we demonstrated that it is possible to treat the elastic scattering and fusion channels in a consistent manner, within the same context.

Neste trabalho, foram realizadas medidas das partículas coincidentes produzidas na reação 9Be+12C à energia ELab=21MeV, com o objetivo de obtermos a seção de choque referente ao processo de breakup nuclear do 9Be para o canal 9Be 8Be+n + + n. Realizamos também medidas das distribuições angulares para o canal elástico 9Be(12C,9Be)12C nas energias próximas à barreira Coulombiana (ELab=13, 14.5, 17.32, 19 e 21MeV), com o objetivo de observar possíveis anomalias no potencial óptico que indicassem os efeitos do breakup nuclear. Na medida das partículas alfa coincidentes, observamos que elas são produzidas no decaimento do 8Be para seu estado fundamental, não sendo observado nenhum outro estado. Ao reconstruirmos o núcleo de 8Be original a partir dessas alfas, observamos que os espectros de energia apresentam duas regiões distintas. A primeira em energias mais altas, onde observamos a presença de picos bem definidos que remetem aos estados discretos do núcleo residual de 13C produzido no processo de transferência de nêutrons. E uma segunda região de baixas energias em que há uma estrutura contínua e suave relacionada com o breakup nuclear. Os resultados experimentais para o canal elástico foram analisados utilizando o potencial de São Paulo, as normalizações da parte real (Nr) e imaginária (Ni) foram ajustadas de forma a descrever os dados em ângulos frontais. Para os ângulos intermediários, as seções de choque apresentaram um visível aumento nas energias de 17.32, 19 e 21MeV, o qual foi atribuído ao mecanismo de transferência elástica. / In this work we performed particle coincidence measurements for the 9Be+12C nuclear reaction at ELab=21MeV in order to obtain information about the breakup of 9Be 8Be+n + +n. We observe evidences of nuclear breakup by reconstructing 8Be ground state particles. From the systematics analysis of the 8Be energy spectrum we observe two different situations: i) at high energies there are evidences which support that the main reaction mechanism is nucleon transfer, and ii) at low energies, a continuum region maybe related to the 9Be breakup process. Further studies are necessary to confirm those hypotheses. In order to check breakup threshold anomalies into the optical potential, we also measured elastic angular distributions at energies around the Coulomb barrier (ELab=13, 14.5, 17.32, 19 e 21MeV). The data were analyzed in the framework of the São Paulo potential, where the normalization of the real and imaginary potential was adjusted to obtain a good description of data at forward angles. At 17.32, 19 and 21MeV, the elastic cross section shows an enhancement at intermediate and backward angles. This can be explained by the elastic transfer mechanisms.

<p>High-precision differential cross section data of the neutron-deuteron elastic scattering reaction at 95 MeV are presented. The neutron-proton scattering differential cross section was also measured and used as a reference to allow an accurate absolute normalization of the neutron-deuteron data.</p><p>Two multi-detector arrays were used, MEDLEY and SCANDAL, at the neutron beam facility at The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. Three different configurations of the detectors allowed to perform three independent measurements. The first experiment involved detecting recoil deuterons from thin deuterated polyethylene targets with the MEDLEY setup and allowed a large angular coverage. In the second experiment, high-precision data were obtained at neutron backward angles, using the SCANDAL setup with the same technique. For the third experiment, data were obtained in the forward angular range using the SCANDAL setup with a technique where neutrons scattered on heavy water were detected by neutron-proton conversion in plastic scintillators and tracking the protons through the detectors. Events from elastic neutron-deuteron scattering were identified in the data analysis, and differential cross sections were obtained after applying corrections and evaluating systematic uncertainties due to effects which could affect the shape or the absolute normalization of the data.</p><p>The results are compared with modern Faddeev calculations using realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials combined with three-nucleon interactions. The effects of three-nucleon forces are expected to increase the differential cross section by about 30% in the region of the minimum. The data agree with this prediction, thus providing evidence for three-nucleon force effects.</p>

High-precision differential cross section data of the neutron-deuteron elastic scattering reaction at 95 MeV are presented. The neutron-proton scattering differential cross section was also measured and used as a reference to allow an accurate absolute normalization of the neutron-deuteron data. Two multi-detector arrays were used, MEDLEY and SCANDAL, at the neutron beam facility at The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala. Three different configurations of the detectors allowed to perform three independent measurements. The first experiment involved detecting recoil deuterons from thin deuterated polyethylene targets with the MEDLEY setup and allowed a large angular coverage. In the second experiment, high-precision data were obtained at neutron backward angles, using the SCANDAL setup with the same technique. For the third experiment, data were obtained in the forward angular range using the SCANDAL setup with a technique where neutrons scattered on heavy water were detected by neutron-proton conversion in plastic scintillators and tracking the protons through the detectors. Events from elastic neutron-deuteron scattering were identified in the data analysis, and differential cross sections were obtained after applying corrections and evaluating systematic uncertainties due to effects which could affect the shape or the absolute normalization of the data. The results are compared with modern Faddeev calculations using realistic nucleon-nucleon potentials combined with three-nucleon interactions. The effects of three-nucleon forces are expected to increase the differential cross section by about 30% in the region of the minimum. The data agree with this prediction, thus providing evidence for three-nucleon force effects.