Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Sergio Azevedo de Oliveira / Banca: Carlos Roberto Mendonça da Rocha / Resumo: Neste trabalho propõe-se uma heurística especializada para a alocação ótima de bancos de capacitores para os sistemas de distribuição radiais, cujo objetivo é minimizar os custos devido às perdas de energia, sujeitas a certas restrições operativas do sistema elétrico de distribuição. Para realizar este objetivo foram desenvolvidos os seguintes tópicos: Um algoritmo heurístico construtivo, que tem como atividade principal a alocação de bancos de capacitores nas barras com demanda de potências reativas maiores e também procura uma solução inicial de minimização de custos das perdas de energia e uma metaheurística de busca em vizinhança variável descendente. Nessa metaheurística são implementadas estruturas de vizinhança adequadas para o problema de alocação de bancos de capacitores nas barras do sistema elétrico. A heurística especializada tem um novo conceito para a alocação ótima de bancos de capacitores ao desenvolver uma ferramenta amigável e poderosa de otimização no desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos para os problemas de programação não linear inteiro misto. A heurística especializada foi implementada em linguagem de programação Fortran 90 e foram realizadas simulações com sistemas de distribuição radial de 33, 70 e 202 barras. Os resultados foram comparados com pesquisas que realizaram testes com esses sistemas elétricos. Assim, foi verificado um bom desempenho do algoritmo, pois gera soluções de boa qualidade atendendo a todas as restrições físicas e operacionais do problema / Abstract: In this work we proposes a specialized heuristic algorithm for optimal allocation of capacitor banks in radial distribution systems, whose goal is to minimize costs due to energy losses, subject to some operational restrictions of the electric distribution system. To accomplish this goal the following subjects were developed: A constructive heuristic algorithm, which has as primary task the allocation of capacitor banks in buses with the most high-demand for reactive power and also search for an initial solution to minimize energy losses costs and a meta-heuristic which uses variable neighborhood descend search, in which we implemented appropriate neighborhood structures for the allocation problem of capacitor banks in electric system buses. The specialized heuristic uses a new concept for the optimal allocation of capacitor banks to develop a powerful and user-friendly optimization tool for the development of mathematical models for mixed integer nonlinear programming problems. The specialized heuristic was implemented in the programming language Fortran 90 and simulations were performed with radial distribution systems of 33, 70 and 202 buses. The results were compared with other research works that also tested with these electrical systems. Thus, it was verified that the algorithm has a good performance because it generates good quality solutions meeting all the physical and operational constraints of the problem / Mestre

Orientador: Rubén Augusto Romero Lázaro / Banca: Fábio Bertequini Leão / Banca: Eduardo Nobuhiro Asada / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia, baseada na meta-heurística de Busca Dispersa, para resolver o problema de alocação de bancos de capacitores em redes de distri- buição radiais. Foram feitas novas propostas, objetivando a melhoria do tempo de processa- mento e convergência do método. A função objetivo a ser minimizada incorpora os custos totais de investimentos (aquisição, instalação e manutenção) e de operação. Para o cálculo do ponto de operação do sistema foi implementado um algoritmo de Fluxo de Carga de varredu- ra. O método considera a instalação de bancos de capacitores fixos e chaveados. Os resultados obtidos com o algoritmo implementado reduziram as perdas elétricas e melhoraram o perfil de tensão do sistema, sendo comparados com os obtidos por outros dois métodos alternativos para o mesmo problema. A metodologia proposta foi implementada em linguagem MATLAB e testada em quatro sistemas presentes na literatura: o de 34, 136, 202 e 400 barras. A partir dos resultados foi verificado que a metodologia apresentou um bom desempenho / Abstract: This work proposes a methodology, based on the Scatter Search metaheuristic, to solve the problem of capacitor placement in radial distribution networks. New proposals were made to achieve a better convergence and computer performance of the method. The objec- tive function to be minimized incorporates the total value of investments (acquisition, installa- tion and maintenance of capacitor banks) and also operational costs. To obtain the operation state of the system, a specialized radial load flow algorithm is used. The method also consid- ers the installation of fixed and switched capacitor banks. The results show that loss reduction and voltage profile improvement can be achieved with the installation of capacitor banks in the network, they were compared with those obtained by two alternative methods for the same problem. The methodology was implemented in MATLAB and tested with four systems pre- sented in literature: the 34 bus, 136 bus, 202 bus and 400 bus systems. From the obtained re- sults it was verified that the methodology presented a good performance / Mestre

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / The industrial and population growth of a nation can cause power delivery problems to localized areas of a national grid through their increased demand for electrical energy. One reason for these power shortages is the insufficient current carrying capacity of existing high voltage alternating current, (HVAC), transmission lines supplying the area. High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines are a possible solution as they provide better power delivery than HVAC lines. New or upgraded HVAC lines, or HVDC lines or combinations of HVAC and HVDC lines are possible solutions to improve power delivery. This research investigates the various line possibilities using theory. and cutting edge frequency and time domain software tools. The challenge is how to approach this problem. What methodology or structure should be used? Thus one of the contributions of this work is the development of a strategy (flow chart), for solving power delivery problems to localized areas of a national grid through individual or combinations (e.g. parallel operation) of HVAC and/or HVDC transmission lines. The main contribution is the evaluation of a HVDC system as a solution to overcoming power delivery shortages to a localized area of a national grid. Three different software packages (two industrial and one academic) namely, PSCAD/EMTDC (time domain), DlgSILENT PowerFactory (frequency domain) and MathCAD software are evaluated for their capability to perform the simulation studies necessary to prove the possible solutions given in the developed flow chart. The PSCAD/EMTDC software package is evaluated for integrated HVAC/HVDC load flow analyses, DlgSILENT for individual and parallel combinations of HVAC lines and MathCAD to prove hand calculations to software results. Five case studies are conducted. The first case study demonstrates a healthy system with no delivery shortcomings, the second case study portrays the delivery shortcoming due to increased localized area demand, and the remaining three case studies explore possible solutions to solve the problem. The first possible solution is to construct an identical HVAC line in parallel to the existing line.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009 / Recently, due to concerns about the liberalization of electricity supply, deregulation and global impact on the environment, securing a reliable power supply has become an important social need worldwide To ensure this need is fulfilled, detailed investigations and developments are In progress on power distribution systems protection and the monitoring of apparatus which Is part of the thesis. The main objective of a protection schemes is mainly to keep the power system stable by isolating only the affected components or the section of the electricity network in which the fault has developed while allowing the rest of the network to continue operating. It is important to note that the protection equipment does not prevent faults from occurring, but it limits the damaging effect of the fault and protects other healthy equipment. This is only achieved if the protection system of the electrical network involved complies with the requirements and purpose of the electrical protection standards. These requirements include the Operational speed, Reliability, Security and Sensitivity. In conventional substations that are still existing Within the utilities networks, a number of long cables are then used to complete the links between substation equipment in order for them to communicate (hardwired). This method is uneconomical and is being phased out completely in the near future. Over the last few years a new standard for substation automation communication has been developed Within the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the IEC 61850. This standard defines the integration requirements of multi-vendor compliant relays and other lED's for multiple protection schemes as well as control and automation techniques. In this particular thesis, Distribution protection is the area of interest, particularly the application of Time and Overcurrent protection schemes. A look into different protection alternatives and the application of new technologies for Electrical Power Distribution Systems that unify protection and control units so that they can be incorporated into Intelligent Substation as opposed to the most existing (conventional substation) is analyzed. The proposed algorithm has been verified through simulations of the CPUT and Eureka three phase power distribution systems. A testing Lab is also part of this thesis and Is meant for experiments as well as simulation performance in order to gain knowledge and skills for designing and engineer substations with lEG 61850 standards equiprnents. The results indicate that the reduction of copper wiring cable has increased and the communication speed has improved and simplified.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / The research in this thesis deals with the application of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) practices in the modelling of power systems. More particularly, we have presented the modelling hybrid photovoltaic wind integrated in an electrical distribution network using SysML (System Modelling Language) which is a modelling language in support of MBSE. MBSE refers to a formalised practice of systems development through the application of modelling principles, methods, languages and tools to the entire lifecycle of a system. Generally speaking, the modelling of power systems is performed using software such as Matlab Simulink, DigSilent, PowerWorld etc. These software programs allow modelling of a system considering only a specific viewpoint, depending on the objective that is to be assessed. The advantage of the SysML over the above mentioned modelling languages lies from the fact that SysML includes different viewpoints of a system. These views are known as the Four Pillars of SysML. Pillar One refers to the requirements of a system and includes all the functional and non-functional requirements. Pillar Two deals with the structure representation of a system by considering all its subsystems and their different connections. Pillar Three considers the behaviour of a system and includes its activities, sequences and different states. The last Pillar includes the detailed characteristics, physical laws and constraints on the system. The main objectives of this research are the development of models which will include: the system’s requirements; the system’s structure representation in term of different entities involved and the relationship between them; the system’s behaviours in terms of activities in different cases considered and transitions from one state to another as well as the interaction between the system and all the stakeholders. Keywords: Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), System Modelling Language (SysML), Renewable Energy systems, Hybrid power systems, photovoltaic systems, wind power systems.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / Distributed generation (DG) has been reincarnated after its demise by centralised generation. While economy of scale and efficiency are the advantages of the latter, deregulation of the electricity market, environmental concerns and the need to arrest dwindling reserve margins have necessitated the rebirth of the former. Indeed, a full circle has therefore evolved with generation being ‘embedded’ in distribution systems and ‘dispersed’ around the system rather than being located and dispatched centrally or globally. This development is in tandem with the history of industrial revolutions that started from energy and moved through services and communication and back to energy. South Africa is not immune to the global energy, especially tertiary energy, challenge phenomenon. At the peak of the 2007-2008 energy crisis, her generation net reserve margin fell below 10% – well below conventional industry benchmark of at least 15%. Also South Africa is Africa’s largest emitter of CO2 contributing over 40% of Africa’s total CO2 emissions. Therefore, DG’s relevance to South Africa is quite obvious. However, DG integration into distribution networks leads to a number of challenges. For instance, with significant penetration of DG power flow reversal may be experienced and the distribution network will no longer be a passive circuit. This underscores the crucial role of ICT in active distribution network occasioned by DG and especially the emergent of “prosumerism” (a hitherto consumer also becoming a producer). Therefore, a smart grid and similar phrases have all been used to describe a “digitised” and intelligent version of the present-day power grid. There are immense benefits derivable from modelling and simulation. Consequently, a typical radial distribution network model has been developed to evaluate the considerable impacts of DG integration. The modelling and simulation of the network are accomplished using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory simulation package. Impacts of DG on voltage profile, fault level, voltage stability and protection coordination have been investigated and their possible mitigation measures proferred. The results reveal that for a particular DG type its impacts depend mainly on its capacity and point of connection relative to a given load type. Smart grid technology addresses some of these impacts through its inherent capability which includes peer-to-peer relay communication for protective devices on the distribution feeder as well as communication to the DG facility.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology. / Distributed Generation systems based on renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar are mostly intermittent sources, due to their dependency on the weather, whereas those based on other primary energy sources are non-intermittent. All of them are specially designed to be integrated into distribution systems, in order to improve the power demand of consumers. In the last few decades of the twentieth century, several different factors have played a key role in increasing interest in systems. Distributed Generation (DG) is gaining more and more attention worldwide as an alternative to large-scale central generating stations. The aim of this research project is to investigate the contribution of distributed generation in fault current level in a power distribution system. The simulation results indicate that DG can have a positive or negative impact, on the fault current level in distribution network systems. The DG location and size affect the fault level. The second aim of this research was to suggest a model-based method for design, and implementation of a protection scheme for power distribution systems, by establish algorithms in a hardware environment. The overcurrent relay was chosen for the model development because it is considered a simple and popular protection scheme, and it is a common scheme in relaying applications. The proposed relay model was tested for fault conditions applied on a simple power system in different scenarios. The overcurrent relay model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink, by using MATLAB programming languages and the SimPowerSystem (SPS) Tool. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is applicable to the modelling of generation, transmission, distribution and industrial grids, and the analysis of the interactions of these grids. This software provides a library of standard electrical components or models such as transformers, machines, and transmission lines. Therefore, the modelling and simulations are executed using MATLAB/Simulink version 2014b

Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Electric power systems are being operated closer to their designed stability limits due to the constraints caused by the continuous increase in system loading, and the lack of new power stations and transmission network infrastructure to support this increase in system loading. This coupled with the practice of long distance bulk power transmission and cascading contingencies, makes system instability and consequently blackouts inevitable. In such scenarios, system instabilities like voltage instability becomes a serious threat to the secure operation of the power system, and voltage collapse (system-wide blackouts) are prone to occur. This is often compounded by the unavailability of real-time system measurements for situational awareness from the existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)/Energy Management System (EMS) platforms which are usually based on unsynchronized SCADA measurements with a slow reporting rate of 1 measurement every 2-10 seconds. This Doctoral thesis proposes non-iterative algorithms and methods of solution based on the IEEE C37.118 synchrophasor measurements from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) with a high reporting rate of up to 200 measurements every second (200 fps) for voltage stability assessment and automated wide area Centralised Protection/Control (CPC) against catastrophic voltage instabilities/blackouts in power systems. Extended formulations are proposed for the Optimal Placement of PMUs (OPP) in power systems with respect to voltage stability assessment. The impact of zero injection buses, critical buses, and PMU redundancy is considered in the formulation of the OPP problem solution. The extended formulations made use of Binary Integer programming (BIP) and Modal Participation Factors (MPFs) derived from the eigenvalues of the power flow Jacobian.

Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / This dissertation represents the design and development of a load management system for fixed appliances in a safe direct current (DC) Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) house. A combination of valley filling, load shifting and peak clipping load management techniques were employed to assist in reducing the peaks observed in the RDP house load profile during peak hours. A DC RDP house laboratory model was developed. The study is based on the assumption that the normally 220 V alternative current (AC) grid is replaced by a 350 V DC grid. The assumption is thus that 350 V DC is available at the distribution box in the RDP house laboratory model. All theoretical work was based on a 350 V DC system, but due to the lack of a laboratory 350 V DC supply, all physical tests were conducted by making use of a 300 V DC supply which was available. Consequently all calculations were thus based on 300 V DC as well. The geyser was the main fixed appliance focused on since it contributes to a significant portion of the power used. An AC geyser was successfully modified in order to be used in the DC network. Safety of the system was considered in order to interrupt the power in case of overcurrent or to isolate the power. Electronic switches were also developed and implemented to ensure that the DC power could be safely switched on and off and that the low power DC was isolated from the high power DC. LabVIEW allowed all other appliances in the DC RDP house to be virtually represented so that a holistic view of the power use of the house could be represented. This also allowed the system to be successfully simulated before any physical work was conducted. The load management system was successfully implemented by making use of power line communication. This proved to be a cost effective means to apply the load management algorithm. The algorithm consisted mainly of power on / off instructions that were executed during peak and off-peak times. It follows the normal use of timers used in the AC system to help reduce demand. It was found that the load management system successfully reduced the demand during peak hours without compromising the basic needs of the user. The power line communication modem proved to be very reliable in implementing the load management algorithm.

Orientador: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Co-orientador: Edgar Manuel Carreño Franco / Banca: José Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Carlos Roberto Minussi / Banca: Alexandre Rasi Aoki / Banca: Claudia Maria de Almeida / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresenta-se um método de simulação por quadrículas para os estudos de previsão espacial da densidade de carga nos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica da zona urbana, o qual pode ser considerado como uma ferramenta de auxílio para os planejadores das empresas de distribuição durante o processo de planejamento da expansão dos sistemas de distribuição no médio e longo prazo. No método proposto, são utilizados conceitos da geometria fractal para melhorar a caracterização da distribuição espacial do consumo de energia elétrica na zona urbana da cidade. Além disso, considera-se a disponibilidade atual de dados nas empresas de distribuição como: o conjunto de dados georreferenciados dos elementos da rede e mapas da zona de concessão urbana. Uma das contribuições deste trabalho é apresentar um modelo que realiza a simulação de forma conjunta do crescimento de carga por causa da: expansão da cidade, livre vontade dos habitantes para povoar em regiões disponíveis e influência das infraestruturas urbanas para atrair ou repelir novos usuários. Assim, este modelo pode ajudar na criação de cenários prospectivos no planejamento da expansão da rede elétrica, considerando o crescimento dinâmico da zona urbana na cidade. O método proposto foi testado em um sistema de distribuição real de uma cidade de médio porte. O resultado do método é um mapa com a distribuição espacial da densidade de carga simulada na zona de estudo, que mostra as subáreas com maior crescimento na sua densidade de carga. Desta forma, esse mapa permite a verificação da capacidade dos equipamentos do sistema de distribuição, a fim de suprir tal crescimento de carga. O modelo proposto é avaliado utilizando uma análise espacial do erro cometido na alocação de cargas no processo de simulação da densidade de carga existente, a qual mostra uma eficácia para caracterizar ... / Abstract: This thesis presents a grid-based simulation method for spatial load forecasting studies in the electric distribution systems in the urban area. This approach can be considered as a useful tool to aid planning engineers in the process of distribution systems expansion planning in the mid- and long-term. The fractal geometry concepts are used to improve the characterization of the spatial pattern of the load density in the urban area considering the available data on the electrical distribution utilities, using a data georeferenced of network elements and maps of the urban area. One of the contributions of this work is a tool to jointly simulate: the expansion of the city, the free decision of inhabitants to populate regions, and the influence of urban infrastructure to attract or repel new users. Thus, this model can help creating future scenarios in the process of distribution systems expansion planning considering the dynamic growth of the urban area. The proposed method was tested in a real distribution system of a medium-sized city. The result is a map of the spatial distribution of the load density simulated in the study area, which shows the subareas with high growth in their load density. This map allows the verification of the distribution system capacity in order to meet the load growth. The proposed model is evaluated using a spatial analysis of the loads allocation error in the simulation of the actual load density; it shows an efficacy to characterize the spatial pattern of consumption of electricity with a simulation global error inferior to 3% of the total load installed in the city / Doutor