Orientador: Carlos Alberto de Castro Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T09:57:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fujisawa_CassioHideki_M.pdf: 844179 bytes, checksum: 599c2d5e9fde47013351265d74d7b02a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo:Neste trabalho de pesquisa propõe-se uma ferramenta flexível para o Cálculo da margem de segurança de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica com relação à estabilidade e de tensão. Esta margem de segurança está relacionada à distância (em termos da carga)entre o ponto de operação atual e o ponto de operação correspondente à máxima carga admissível. Esta ferramenta utiliza um fluxo de carga pelo método de Newton modificado e se presta também avaliar certos impactos da inserção da geração distribuída sobre a operação da rede. A metodologia proposta mostra-se adequada inclusive em ambientes sujeitos a severas restrições de tempo computacional, como a operação em tempo real de sistemas elétricos de potência. / Abstract: A flexible tool for computing the voltage stability security margin of distributions systems is proposed in this research work. This security margin corresponds to the distance (in load parameter space) from the Current operating point to the maximum loading point. This tool uses a modified Newton's load flow method and it is also useful for evaluating Certain impacts of the insertion of distributed generation on the system operation. The proposed methodology has shown to be suited for environment subjected to severe computation time constraints, such as power systems real time operation. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T06:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_FrednerLeandro_M.pdf: 3528656 bytes, checksum: b6121b44e4520a59d20be1f12ed3f377 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo referente à instalação de reatores limitadores das correntes de curto circuito em redes de subtransmissão. O objetivo é adiar ou evitar a substituição de grandes quantidades de disjuntores e demais equipamentos por motivo de superação de capacidade interruptiva. O sistema em análise consiste da rede da CPFL de 138 kV, responsável pelo suprimento de energia elétrica à região metropolitana de Campinas, no interior do estado de São Paulo. Esta região é uma das mais dinâmicas no cenário econômico brasileiro e representa 1,8% do PIB (Produto Interno Bruto) nacional e 11,45% do PIB paulista, ou seja, cerca de 91,8 bilhões de reais. Além de possuir uma forte economia, a região também apresenta uma infraestrutura que proporciona o desenvolvimento de toda a área metropolitana. O cenário acima resulta em uma rede elétrica em expansão contínua, levando à elevação gradativa dos níveis de curto circuito. Com a previsão de superação da capacidade interruptiva em diversos módulos de manobra, as empresas concessionárias que atuam nessa região precisaram elaborar esquemas provisórios de operação de suas instalações de forma radializada, através da abertura de linhas e barramentos. Este trabalho analisa a viabilidade da solução deste problema através da instalação de dispositivos limitadores de curto circuito em determinados locais do sistema, especificamente reatores com núcleo de ar. Os resultados apresentados servirão como referência para tomada de decisão quanto a proceder ou não com as substituições originalmente planejadas. Um estudo sobre os efeitos colaterais resultados da instalação dos reatores também é apresentado, de forma a garantir que a solução sugerida não resulte em transgressão de outros critérios técnicos, tais como violação do perfil de tensão e carregamento em regime permanente e dos limites de tensão de restabelecimento transitória / Abstract: This master thesis presents a study on the application of limiting reactors for reducing the short circuit level of sub-transmission networks. The objective is to postpone or avoid the replacement of large amount of circuit breakers and other equipment due to the overcoming of their interruptive capacity. The system under consideration consists of the 138 kV CPFL network, responsible for supplying electricity to the metropolitan region of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo. This region presents a very dynamic economic scenario in Brazil, and represents 1,8% of national GDP about 91,8 billion Reais (Gross Domestic Product) and 11,45% of GDP of the São Paulo State. Besides having a strong economy, the region also maintains an infrastructure that provides the development of the entire metropolitan area. The above scenario results in an electric grid on continuous expansion, leading to progressive increase of the short circuit level on several buses of the network. Following the projection of interruptive capacity overcoming of several maneuver elements, the distribution utilities in this region were requested to elaborate operation schemes for their sub-transmission networks in order to accommodate the new situation. Such schemes leaded to temporary radial operation by opening sub-transmission lines and bus bars. This research work evaluate the viability of solving this problem by installing limiting devices for the short circuit levels, specifically air core reactors, in pre-determined sites of the system. The obtained results are useful as a reference for the decision making as to proceed or not with the originally planned replacements. A study on the side effects resulting from the installation of the reactors is also presented, in such a way to guarantee that the suggested solution does not result in violations of other technical criteria, such as steady state voltage end load violations or transient voltage recovery violations / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Madson Cortes de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:30:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SaoJose_BernardoDias_M.pdf: 6581047 bytes, checksum: 1be749715c88858df6bf01e45ec9de6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O emprego de técnicas de localização de faltas em sistemas de energia elétrica permite melhorar a qualidade da energia entregue pelas concessionárias ao mesmo tempo em que aumentam a confiabilidade dos sistemas de energia. Atualmente, os relés de distância estão entre as técnicas automáticas mais simples para a localização de faltas em sistemas de energia elétrica. Esses relés são capazes de estimar a distância entre o seu local de instalação e a falta. Os primeiros relés de distância foram desenvolvidos para a localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão, entretanto, na literatura é possível encontrar um grande número dessas metodologias voltadas às redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Os relés de distância geralmente requerem apenas os fasores de tensão e corrente medidos pelo relé na subestação e parâmetros típicos das redes, tais como: tipos de cabos, configurações, comprimentos das linhas e, eventualmente, cargas. O que diferencia os relés de distância são o mecanismo de cálculo da posição da falta, o conjunto de dados requeridos e, consequentemente, a precisão da localização. No caso do Brasil, a maioria das concessionárias distribuidoras de energia utiliza somente a triagem de chamadas telefônicas dos consumidores para fazer a localização das faltas. Esta solução se deve a baixa automação dos sistemas e, principalmente, a deficiência na integração entre medidores e os sistemas SCADA. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta um estudo de diferentes metodologias de relés de distância para a localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. As técnicas estudadas foram selecionadas considerando o desempenho relatado na literatura e o tratamento dado às cargas. As técnicas selecionadas utilizam aproximações para as cargas, calculadas a partir das medidas realizadas na subestação ou desprezam completamente as cargas. Esta escolha se justifica, pois as cargas geralmente não estão disponíveis com precisão aceitável. Nos testes serão considerados os seguintes aspectos: (a) posição da falta, (b) resistência de falta, (c) carregamento da rede, (d) tipo da falta e (e) a presença de geradores distribuídos. Além disso, serão realizados testes nas redes de 21 e 134 barras do IEEE, originalmente apresentadas nas referências [1] e [2]. A rede de 21 barras foi utilizada, pois é a mais adotada na literatura para avaliar relés de distância e a rede de 134 foi utilizada, pois apresenta características como número de ramais e impedâncias das cargas e dos ramos muito diferentes das observadas na rede de 21 barras. Assim, o principal objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar os relés de distância em condições mais realistas do que aquelas apresentadas na literatura / Abstract: The use of techniques of fault location in electric power systems allows to improve power quality delivered by utilities and at the same time increase the reliability of power systems. Currently, distance relays are among the simplest automatic techniques for fault location in electric power systems. These relays are capable of estimating the distance between its installation site and fault. The first distance relays have been developed for fault location in transmission lines, however, in the literature it is possible find a great number of these methodologies for distribution networks. Distance relays generally require only the phasor voltage and current measured by the relay in the substation and typical parameters of the networks, such as cable types, configurations, lengths of lines and eventually loads. What differentiate the distance relays is the mechanism for calculating the position of the fault, data set required and consequently the accuracy of localization. In Brazil, most of the energy distribution concessionaires uses only screening phone calls from consumers to make the location of faults. This solution is due to low automation systems, and especially the deficient integration between meters and SCADA systems. In this context, this paper presents a study of different methods of distance relays for fault location in power distribution systems. The techniques were selected considering the performance reported in the literature and the treatment of loads. The selected techniques use approximations to the loads, calculated from measurements performed in the substation or completely despise loads. This choice is justified because the loads are generally not available with acceptable accuracy. The tests will be considered the following aspects: (a) position of the fault, (b) fault resistance, (c) the network load, (d) type of fault and (e) the presence of distributed generators. In addition, tests will be performed on the networks of 21 and 134 bars of IEEE, originally presented in references [1] and [2]. A network of 21 bars was used because it is the most widely adopted in the literature to evaluate the distance relays and the network of 134 was used , because it has features like number of branches and impedance loads and branches very different from those observed in the network of 21 bars . Thus, the main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the distance relays under more realistic conditions than those presented in the literature / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SallesCorrea_Diogo_D.pdf: 3415156 bytes, checksum: 7835be5cca9af3b1ec11e37200c2f1d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A penetração em massa de equipamentos eletrônicos de maior eficiência energética em residências está resultando em distorções significativas das formas de onda de tensão e corrente dos modernos sistemas de distribuição. Há uma necessidade crescente de técnicas que permitam determinar o impacto coletivo destas cargas residenciais nos níveis de distorção harmônica. Tais técnicas podem ser usadas, por exemplo, para prever os impactos da adoção em massa de lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas. Nesse contexto, esta tese de doutorado propõe uma técnica probabilística para avaliação do impacto dessas cargas residenciais na qualidade de energia tanto no primário como no secundário dos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. O método modela individualmente e de forma estocástica as injeções harmônicas dos típicos eletrodomésticos a partir da distribuição da probabilidade de que cada aparelho seja ligado, a qual foi obtida a partir da pesquisa de dados de comportamento de carga. O resultado é um circuito elétrico equivalente harmônico variável no tempo representando uma casa residencial. Além disso, um modelo probabilístico para transformadores de distribuição foi desenvolvido através da combinação do transformador e das casas conectadas. Resultados de medições de campo confirmaram a validade da modelagem proposta. Em seguida, a metodologia proposta foi aplicada para investigar o impacto de tais cargas residenciais sobre a qualidade de energia dos sistemas de distribuição, tanto no primário como no secundário. Impactos como distorção harmônica na tensão e corrente; carregamento do transformador; elevação da tensão e corrente do neutro; interferência telefônica foram avaliados. A evolução dos impactos ao longo dos próximos anos, a partir de dados de tendências de mercado, também foi determinada. Adicionalmente, realizaram-se estudos para verificar a eficácia de duas soluções possíveis para mitigar distorção harmônica, sendo que a primeira consistiu em adotar os limites de emissão harmônica definidos pelo guia técnico IEC; e a segunda consistiu na instalação de filtros harmônicos no primário do sistema de distribuição / Abstract: The proliferation of electronic-based residential loads has resulted in significant harmonic distortion in the voltages and currents of distribution power systems. There is an urgent need for techniques that can determine the collective harmonic impact of these modern residential loads. Such techniques can be used, for example, to predict the harmonic effects of widespread adoption of compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). In response to this need, this PhD thesis proposes a versatile Monte Carlo simulation method for evaluating the potential impact of such residential loads on the harmonic levels of power distribution systems. The method models the random harmonic current injections of residential loads by simulating their operating states. This is done by determining the switch-on probability of a residential load based on load research results. The result is a time-varying harmonic equivalent circuit representing a residential house. By combining multiple residential houses supplied from a service transformer, a probabilistic model for service transformers is also derived. Field measurement results confirmed the validity of the proposed technique. The proposed methodology is applied to a typical distribution system for evaluating the impact of residential loads on several power quality aspects. The results of different case studies proved to be valuable in answering the following questions: (1) What are the potential power quality impacts of distributed nonlinear residential loads on primary and secondary power distribution systems? The example impacts include voltage distortion, zero sequence harmonics, neutral voltage/current rise, telephone interference, metering error, increased losses, overloading of distribution transformers. (2) How serious the impacts will become when more and more energy efficient appliances and consumer electronics penetrates into the residential loads? (3) If the consequence is of concern, what are the strategies and options available for utilities to manage the problem? / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

M.Tech. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) / With the increasing use of nonlinear loads in power systems, harmonic pollution becomes more frequent with disastrous consequences on the electrical network and other loads. Harmonic currents cause problems such as system resonance, protective relays and switchgear malfunction, communication interference, incorrect meter, equipment and process failure, over heating of transmission and distribution systems, insulation degradation and power transformer failure. It appears therefore absolutely essential to determine the current profile of the loads connected to the same Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This study aims to assess a distorted power system in order to determine the characteristics components of distorted waveforms (DC components, fundamental and harmonics components), and to quantify the respective distortion contributions in the power network. The numerical method is applied to analyse the current waveforms captured with the aid of the digital scope meter (DSO) 1200 series at different sections of the network. The power network under study is designed, constructed and analysed with the MatLab/Simulink 7.0 package. In both methods, the Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) and the current total harmonic distortion (ITHD) for the line, the non-linear and linear loads are computed for the harmonic components 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th. The results showed that for the analysis of the power system, numerical analysis based on the resultant harmonic curve method and the MatLab/Simulink as applied to the network all converged to highlight that harmonic components appear both on the line, the PCC and the linear load. This is due to the fact that the converter characteristic harmonics (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th…) are found in the network components (line, PCC, linear load…). The resultant harmonic curve method indicated a randomly distributed percentage IHD in different sections of the network for harmonic orders higher than 7th, whereas the Matlab/Simulink results normally show a non-uniform decay pattern of the IHD as the harmonic order increases within the respective section of the network.

Electricity is a perishable commodity; once it is generated it needs to be consumed or stored. Electric energy storage provides both power and energy capacity. Power capacity applications reduce the need for generation, while energy capacity allows for energy consumption to be decoupled from generation. Previous research was done to develop an algorithm for determining the power (MW) and energy (MWh) capacities of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to mitigate the adverse impacts of high levels of photovoltaic (PV) generation. The algorithm used a flat feeder profile, and its performance was demonstrated on the equinoxes and solstices. Managing feeder power leads to fewer voltage fluctuations along the length of the feeder, potentially mitigating load management issues caused by variability of renewable generation and load profile. These issues include lighting flicker, compressor seizing, equipment shut-off, loss of motor torque, frequent transformer tap changes and even voltage collapse due to loss of reactive power support. The research described in this thesis builds on this algorithm by incorporating a smoothed feeder profile and testing it over an entire year. Incorporating a smoothing function reduces the requisite BESS energy capacity necessary to provide firming and shaping to accommodate the stochastic nature of PV. Specifically, this method is used to conduct a year-long study on a per second basis, as well as a one-minute basis, for a distribution feeder. Statistical analytical methods were performed to develop recommendations for appropriately sizing the BESS. This method may be used to determine the amount of PV generation that could be installed on a distribution feeder with a minimal investment in the BESS power and energy capacities that would be required to manage the distribution feeder power. Results are presented for PV penetration levels of 10%-50% of the distribution feeder capacity and show that the use of a smooth feeder profile reduces the required energy capacity by a minimum factor of 10 when compared to a flat feeder profile. Results indicated that it is sufficient to have a one-minute sampling rate, as it provides the necessary granularity to model cloud-induced fluctuations. This method can be applied to any distribution feeder where a load profile and a PV profile are available.

Efficiency analysis in the public sector assesses the performance of municipal and government entities in their provision of services to the public. South Africa, in particular, has experienced a large degree of negative feedback with respect to the ability of the government and its municipal departments to provide basic services to citizens. This has led to a number of service delivery protests throughout the country. To remedy this, the ability of the municipality to provide basic services needs to be assessed in order for improvements to be made. A first step in this process would be to determine the efficiency with which municipalities are providing these services. This study focuses on a particular municipal service, namely electricity distribution. Primarily, the efficiency with which municipalities provide electricity to consumers is determined. This is achieved using the parametric cost frontier approach, which is appropriate since municipalities aim to reduce the costs incurred in distributing electricity. The municipalities are compared to a frontier (theoretical best practice) from which inferences on their performances can be made. Those municipalities whose performances are not optimal, deviate from the frontier. The deviations (errors) are then assumed to be caused by two factors, namely stochastic random noise and inefficiency. This composition accounts for effects for which municipalities cannot control (stochastic random noise) and those for which it can (inefficiency). The parametric nature of the cost frontier approach allows for distributional assumptions to be made on these factors. Stochastic random noise is always assumed to be normally distributed, while inefficiency is assumed to be one-sided and positively skewed.

There is growing interest in research and development activities on biomass gasification technologies as an alternative to fossil fuels technologies. However not much has been done in terms of technology transfer, particularly in under-developed and developing countries such as South Africa. This is mainly because of the lack of resources such as funding. Most parts of the under-developed and developing countries fall within rural areas and semi-urban centers, which are endowed with biomass resources. South Africa has a number of sawmill operators who generate tons of biomass waste during processing of timber; the large proportion of this is burned in furnaces as a means for waste management while a very small proportion is collected and used by people in rural areas for cooking their food. The majority of people in rural areas of South Africa are either unemployed or cannot afford the current energy services. The main aim of this research was to establish the viability of electricity generation for community economic development through biomass gasification, specifically using the locally designed System Johansson Biomass Gasifier™ (SJBG), and to establish the efficiency of the gasifier and associated components with a view of developing strategies to enhance it. The study established the technical and economic feasibility of using the SJBG to generate low-cost electricity for community empowerment. The study also developed strategies to improve the particle collection efficiency of the cyclone. In addition to this, a low-cost gas and temperature monitoring system capable of monitoring gas and temperature at various points of the gasifier was developed. The system was built from three Non- Dispersive Infrared gas sensors, one Palladium/Nickel gas sensor and four type K thermocouples. The study also investigated the impact of fuel compartment condensates on gasifier conversion efficiency. This is an area that has not yet been well researched since much has been done on energy recovery using combined heat and power applications that do not utilize the energy in condensates because these are produced in the gasifier and drained with chemical energy stored in them. The study established that the condensates do not have a significant impact on efficiency.

D.Phil / The prediction of the expected transmission network loads as required for transmission network power flow studies, has become very important and much more complex than ten to twenty years ago. Therefore a single forecast is no longer the answer to the problem. The modelling of different long-term electrical forecasts makes it possible to compare a number of different forecasts. The modelling provides the further option that each expected load can be entered as a range and then the developed balancing algorithm checks for consensus (feasibility). If feasibility exists, then the different forecasts are reconciled (a feasible solution is determined). Factors such as international and national market trends, economical cycles, different weather patterns, climate cycles and demographic changes are studied. The factors that have significant impact on the transmission electrical loads are integrated in ten different forecasts. It thus gives more insight into the electrical industry and makes the forecast results more informative and therefore reduces the uncertainty in the future expected loads.

Orientador: Sinclair Mallet-Guy Guerra / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T20:32:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraJunior_AntomarViegasdeCarvalhoe_M.pdf: 10159272 bytes, checksum: 55aaa1b3047a2f48a89d4c3bdf4e7668 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: A atuação efetiva sobre a arborização urbana constitui importante elemento para a imagem e eficiência empresarial das companhias de distribuição de energia, não só pelos índices expressos na atualidade, mas principalmente pela sua significativa taxa de crescimento. Por sua vez, as atividades de poda, isoladamente, além de constituírem-se em gastos periódicos e que não guardam qualquer relação com investimentos para melhoria de redes, não possibilitam o completo equacionamento da questão. Além disso, acarretam desgastes com Prefeituras e comunidades e tem sido pautadas pela ausência de técnicas adequadas, potencializando o problema. O presente trabalho pretende determinar a importância dos efeitos provocados pelo contato da arborização sobre a rede elétrica e estabelecer alternativas visando melhorar a performance do sistema elétrico de distribuição e proporcionar uma arborização urbana harmoniosa de forma a reduzir-se sensivelmente à necessidade de podas e, naquelas onde esta atividade seja indispensável, executá-Ias de forma tecnicamente correta, garantindo o equilíbrio, saúde e estética das espécies vegetais / Abstract: The effective performance on the urban tree planting issue is a important element for the energy distribution company's image and efficiency, not only because of the indices presently shown, but also mainly of their significant increase rate. Besides presenting periodic expenses and not having any relation with investments to improve networks, the sole pruning activities do not provide the total solution to the matter. Moreover, such activities cause problems to the City Governments and communities and are mentioned due to the lack of proper techniques making the problem worse. This work intends, therefore, to determine the importance of effects caused by the contact of vegetation with the power system and to stablish alternative to trying provide a harmonious urban tree planting, so as to greatly reduce the needs of pruning, and where such an activity is indispensable to find ways to do it in a technically correct way, assuring the balance, health and aesthetic of the vegetation species / Mestrado / Energia, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos