Industry-University Cooperation Systems are used by government, private enterprises and universities to adapt to a changing world environment spurred on by technological development. These systems can promote a nation¡¦s human resources as a result of research and development or the establishment of new ventures. They also complement knowledge and technology and promote the connection of academia and its application in order to push the nation¡¦s competitive power forward. Taiwan¡¦s Industry-University Cooperation system is similar, but younger than Japan¡¦s. Based on the Flying-Geese Model, a development of countries in Asia, Japan has always held the top ranking of technology management and innovation. Therefore it would be worthwhile for Taiwan to imitate Japan¡¦s Industry-University Cooperation system. The range of the Industry-University Cooperation system is fairly wide, therefore this research paper will study the effects of Japan¡¦s system and the development of the Electric Vehicle industry. The Electric Vehicle (EV) industry offers effective solutions to the problems of global warming and rapid energy depletion. Among advanced countries, Japan has been the most serious in developing an EV industry and has developed advanced technology. Japan¡¦s government has started to combine research and industry in recent years. It has also tried to make policy that is based on technological development and popularizes the EV and eco-friendly car. This research attempts to explain the main links between the Industry-University Cooperation system and the EV industry, including the extent of effectiveness and superiority. This thesis is an analysis of a case study of the cooperation between SIM-Drive Corporation and Keio University. By understanding Japan¡¦s Industry-University cooperation system, Taiwan¡¦s EV industry circles will be more able to connect with academic circles and gain EV development experience by learning from Japan.

With increasing interest in energy storage and conversion devices for automobile applications, the necessity to understand and predict life behavior of rechargeable batteries, PEM fuel cells and super capacitors is paramount. These electrochemical devices are most beneficial when used in hybrid configurations rather than as individual components because no single device can meet both range and power requirements to effectively replace internal combustion engines for automobile applications. A system model helps us to understand the interactions between components and enables us to determine the response of the system as a whole. However, system models that are available predict just the performance and neglect degradation. In the first part of the thesis, a framework is provided to account for the durability phenomena that are prevalent in fuel cells and batteries in a hybrid system. Toward this end, the methodology for development of surrogate models is provided, and Pt catalyst dissolution in PEMFCs is used as an example to demonstrate the approach. Surrogate models are more easily integrated into higher level system models than the detailed physics-based models. As an illustration, the effects of changes in control strategies and power management approaches in mitigating platinum instability in fuel cells are reported. A system model that includes a fuel cell stack, a storage battery, power-sharing algorithm, and dc/dc converter has been developed; and preliminary results have been presented. These results show that platinum stability can be improved with only a small impact on system efficiency. Thus, this research will elucidate the importance of degradation issues in system design and optimization as opposed to just initial performance metrics. In the second part of the thesis, modeling of silicon negative electrodes for lithium ion batteries is done at both particle level and cell level. The dependence of the open-circuit potential curve on the state of charge in lithium insertion electrodes is usually measured at equilibrium conditions. Firstly, for modeling of lithium-silicon electrodes at room temperature, the use of a pseudo-thermodynamic potential vs. composition curve based on metastable amorphous phase transitions with path dependence is proposed. Volume changes during lithium insertion/de-insertion in single silicon electrode particle under potentiodynamic control are modeled and compared with experimental data to provide justification for the same. This work stresses the need for experiments for accurate determination of transfer coefficients and the exchange current density before reasoning kinetic hysteresis for the potential gap in Li-Si system. The silicon electrode particle model enables one to analyze the influence of diffusion in the solid phase, particle size, and kinetic parameters without interference from other components in a practical porous electrode. Concentration profiles within the silicon electrode particle under galvanostatic control are investigated. Sluggish kinetics is established from cyclic voltammograms at different scan rates. Need for accurate determination of exchange current density for lithium insertion in silicon nanoparticles is discussed. This model and knowledge thereof can be used in cell-sandwich model for the design of practical lithium ion cells with composite silicon negative electrodes. Secondly, galvanostatic charge and discharge of a silicon composite electrode/separator/ lithium foil is modeled using porous electrode theory and concentrated solution theory. Porosity changes arising due to large volume changes in the silicon electrode with lithium insertion and de-insertion are included and analyzed. The concept of reservoir is introduced for lithium ion cells to accommodate the displaced electrolyte. Influence of initial porosity and thickness of the electrode on utilization at different rates is quantitatively discussed. Knowledge from these studies will guide design of better silicon negative electrodes to be used in dual lithium insertion cells for practical applications.

This dissertation identifies the average treatment effect of state level incentives for hybrid vehicles, identifies individual-level predictors of early adopters, and attempts to understand why states adopt these incentives. These questions are estimated using traditional parametric techniques, logistic regression, difference-in-difference regression, and fixed effects. In particular, this dissertation looks at changes in aggregate demand on two comparison groups: (1) the natural control group, states that did not adopt subsidies, and (2) a constructed control group, states that proposed subsidies during this same time period but did not adopt them. In addition to these parametric models, propensity score matching was used to construct a third comparison group using the models that identified determinants of the policy adoption. These findings were supplemented by exploratory analyses using the individual-level National Household Travel Survey. This multitude of evaluative analyses shows that HOV lane exemptions, if implemented in places with high traffic congestion, were found to impact aggregate demand and an individual's propensity to adopt a hybrid, while traditional incentives had limited impact. These analyses provide insight into why states adopt certain policies and the circumstances in which these incentives are effective. Since people may be motivated by factors other than economic factors, creating effective incentives for energy efficiency technologies may be more challenging than just offsetting the price differential. Instead, customization to the local community's characteristics could help increase the efficacy of such policies.

Energy-storing electrochemical batteries are the most critical components of high energy density storage systems for stationary and mobile applications. Lithium-ion batteries have received considerable interest for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) because of their high specific energy, but face inherent thermal management challenges that have not been adequately addressed. In the present investigation, a fully coupled electrochemical and thermal model for lithium-ion batteries is developed to investigate the impact of different thermal management strategies on battery performance. This work represents the first ever study of these coupled electrochemical-thermal phenomena in batteries from the electrochemical heat generation all the way to the dynamic heat removal in actual HEV drive cycles. In contrast to previous modeling efforts focused either exclusively on particle electrochemistry on the one hand or overall vehicle simulations on the other, the present work predicts local electrochemical reaction rates using temperature-dependent data on commercially available batteries designed for high rates (C/LiFePO4) in a computationally efficient manner. Simulation results show that conventional external cooling systems for these batteries, which have a low composite thermal conductivity (~1 W/m-K), cause either large temperature rises or internal temperature gradients. Thus, a novel, passive internal cooling system that uses heat removal through liquid-vapor phase change is developed. Although there have been prior investigations of phase change at the microscales, fluid flow at the conditions expected here is not well understood. A first-principles based cooling system performance model is developed and validated experimentally, and is integrated into the coupled electrochemical-thermal model for assessment of performance improvement relative to conventional thermal management strategies. The proposed cooling system passively removes heat almost isothermally with negligible thermal resistances between the heat source and cooling fluid. Thus, the minimization of peak temperatures and gradients within batteries allow increased power and energy densities unencumbered by thermal limitations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 107 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-107).

Nowadays, the increasing amount of greenhouse gases and diminishing of the existing petroleum minerals for future generations, has led the automotive companies to think of producing vehicles with less emissions and fuel consumption. For this purpose, Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have emerged in the recent decades. HEVs with different configurations have been introduced by engineers.The simulation platform aim for a parallel HEV, where the intention is to reduce the emissions and fuel consumption. The simulation platform includes an Electric Motor (EM) in addition to an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). A new transmission system is modeled which is compatible with parallel configuration for the HEV, where the inertial effects of the gearbox, clutch and driveline is formulated. The transmission system includes a gearbox which is equipped with synchronizers for smooth change of gears. The HEV is controlled by a rule based controller together with an optimization algorithm as power management strategy in order to have optimal fuel consumption. Using the rule based controller, the HEV is planned to be launched by EM in order to have a downsized clutch and ICE. The clutch modeling is the main focus of this study, where the slipping mechanism is considered in the simulation. In the driveline model, the flexibility effects of the propeller shaft and drive shaft is simulated, so that the model can capture the torsional vibrations of the driveline. The objective of modeling such a system is to reduce emissions and fuel consumption with the same performance of the conventional vehicle. To achieve this goal first a conventional vehicle is modeled and subsequently, a hybrid vehicle is modeled and finally the characteristics of the two simulated models are studied and compared with each other. Using the simulation platform, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, oscillations of propeller shaft and drive shaft, clutch actuations and couplings, energy dissipated by the clutch, torques provided by EM and ICE, fuel consumptions, emissions and calculation time are calculated and investigated. The hybridization results in a reduction in fuel consumption and emissions, moreover, the energy dissipated by the clutch and clutch couplings are decreased.

The challenges facing low voltage grids are rising as an increasing number of domestic houses transition from fossil fueled heating to electricity based heating. Several environmental goals and visions have the same transition from fossil based power to electricity based power in mind for the transportation sector. One of the most important tools for this transformation is widely regarded to be the electric vehicle. With the demands of the electric vehicle pressuring the power grid, several questions arise regarding the growth of the electric vehicle market and what repercussions it may have on the grid. This paper focuses on a typical low voltage grid in southern Sweden and what effects a growing electric vehicle market may have on it. Through computer-assisted simulations based on several future scenarios regarding the EV market, this paper finds that few modifications and reinforcements are needed on this particular grid within the next 10 to 15 years. After this timeframe the voltage drop becomes a serious concern and should be addressed. / Utmaningarna som lågspänningsnät står inför växer i takt med att fler bostäder övergår från fossilbaserad till elbaserad värme. Flera miljösatsningar och visioner ämnar pådriva samma förändring inom transportsektorn och eldrivna fordon anses som ett av de viktigaste verktygen för att genomföra detta. Med ytterligare potentiella påfrestningar på lågspänningsnäten från de elektriska fordonens behov ställs frågan hur utbredd den elektriska fordonsmarknaden kommer att bli och vilken påverkan den kommer ha på elnäten. I detta arbete belyses ett typiskt lågspänningsnät i södra Sverige och vilka effekter elfordonens utbredning kan tänkas ha på den. Genom datorstödda simuleringar enligt flera olika prognosscenarion finner arbetet att relativt få förändringar och förstärkningar behöver göras på det analyserade nätområdet inom ett tidsspann på ca 10 till 15 år. Efter detta tidsspann orsaker lasterna ett högt spänningsfall i det aktuella nätet som bör åtgärdas.

The research presented in this thesis examines the use of electric vehicles and renewable energy to reduce emissions of CO₂, SO₂ and NO[subscript x], and within the state of Texas. The analysis examines the impact of increased renewable energy output and electric vehicle charging on the emissions of fossil fuel electric generators used to serve the bulk power system within Texas. The analysis then compares those impacts to alternative scenarios in which fossil fuel generation replaces some renewable energy generation, and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles of varying efficiency are used instead of electric vehicles. This research uses temporally-resolved regression analysis combined with a unit commitment and dispatch model that incorporates several different scenarios for EV charging and fuel mixes to evaluate emissions outcomes based on a variety of conditions. Hourly historical generation and emission data for each fossil fuel generator, combined with hourly output data for non-fossil fuel units aggregated by fuel type (i.e. nuclear, wind, hydro-electric) within the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) footprint is regressed to assess the impact of wind generation output on fossil-fuel generation emissions. The regression analysis is used to assess potential increases in emissions resulting from the ramping of fossil-fuel Electric Generation Units (EGUs) to compensate for variability in wind generation output due to changing weather conditions. The unit commitment dispatch model is used to evaluate the impact of changes in customer demand due to increased usage and charging of electric vehicles on the ERCOT system and any resulting increase in emissions from generation used to meet this new demand. The model uses detailed cost, performance and emissions data for EGUs in the ERCOT footprint to simulate the impact of a variety of charging scenarios and fuel mixes on EGU dispatch patterns and any resulting change in system-wide emissions. The results of this model are combined with the results of the regression analysis to present a more complete analysis of the combined impacts of increase EV and renewable energy usage on the emissions of CO₂, SO₂ and NO[subscript x] within the ERCOT footprint. Based on these analyses the increases in renewable energy generation demonstrate clear benefits in terms of emission reductions when the impacts of increased emissions due to more frequent ramping of fossil-fuel units are taken into account. This analysis also finds that EV charging generally has emissions benefits across a range of charging patterns and bulk power system fuel mixes, although in certain circumstances EV charging might result in higher emissions than the use of ICE vehicles. This research finds when future ICE vehicles with reduced emissions are taken into account, approximately half of the modeled scenarios show net emissions benefits from EV charging, while half show net emissions costs when emissions impacts across pollutants are taken into account. / text

The air quality of Hong Kong (HK), especially at the street level, has been a matter of grave public concern. In 2007, road transport was reportedly the major source for emission of carbon monoxide (CO) and respirable suspended particulates (RSP), as well as the second largest source for emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). The Government has taken various measures to curb roadside pollution. Recent technological breakthroughs in electric vehicles (EVs) have regenerated the Government's interest in promoting the wider use ofEVs. The main objectives ofthis paper are to examine whether road transport-related measures adopted by the Government have been effective in coping with the air pollution problem and whether the EV policy would improve the air quality ofHK. The Government has taken a more proactive approach, since 1999, in dealing with roadside pollution problems. The emission of all major air pollutants from road transport against the continuous growth in the numbers of vehicles and vehicle kilometers travelled reduced significantly between 1994 and 2007. The reduction of S02, RSP and CO in this time period was 95%, 70% and 59% respectively. Nonetheless, air pollution in HK remams an unresolved problem as reflected by continuous rising trends in the hours with poor visibility, days with roadside Air Pollution Index exceeding 100, and concentration of some air pollutants exceeding the Air Quality Objectives. EVs have zero tailpipe emission but its potential in improving the air quality has been skeptical because part of the emission may be transferred to the power plants. Through quantitative analysis, it was found that if all vehicles in HK were converted to EVs, the overall emission of NOx, RSP, CO and VOC would reduce by 77.3%, 89.9%, 99.4% and 99.4% respectively but that of S02 would suffer a regrettable 13.5-fold increase. It was concluded that the wider use of EVs should be beneficial to the air quality of HK but the potential benefits would depend on the number of vehicles to be converted and simultaneous measures to cut S02 emission at the power sources. A qualitative analysis was made on factors affecting the change of vehicles to EVs. It was found that consumer decisions on EV purchases are likely influenced by availability, choice of models, driving range, reliability, whole life costing, and adequacy of infra structural support. The use of greener fuel and surplus electricity generation capacity as a means to reduce emissions from power plants were also explored. The paper concludes by making recommendations to encourage use of EVs and to maximize its potential benefits. It is expected that the Goverrunent will play an important role in implementing EV-related policies and prioritizing measures to reap immediate benefits. / published_or_final_version / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning