Electrical energy supply in South Africa, provided by ESKOM, has become more expensive with regular price increases in the past seven years. Increases on an annual basis have seen the Mega flex tariffs quadruple in the years from 2007 to 2014. ESKOM is the sole supplier of electricity to Safripol, a polymer producer of which the manufacturing facility is located in Sasolburg, South Africa. This study will provide contextual information on what impact the escalation in cost of this utility has on the financial returns of the business. Independent power generation within the boundaries of the manufacturing site has become essential in order to alleviate the impact of inflated electricity costs, by at least 10% of the current total demand from ESKOM. Primary research includes different types of alternative electricity generation techniques that will be able to deliver a practical solution to the business. The means of operation, required resources and cost to produce are set out to provide input into concrete models that are scaled to the potentials applicable to the production facility. Total alternative electricity generation added up to almost half of the current total site electricity demand from ESKOM. This finding was truly beyond the expectations of the case study and clearly set out how understated the potential to generate electricity is within the industrial sector. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Electrical energy supply in South Africa, provided by ESKOM, has become more expensive with regular price increases in the past seven years. Increases on an annual basis have seen the Mega flex tariffs quadruple in the years from 2007 to 2014. ESKOM is the sole supplier of electricity to Safripol, a polymer producer of which the manufacturing facility is located in Sasolburg, South Africa. This study will provide contextual information on what impact the escalation in cost of this utility has on the financial returns of the business. Independent power generation within the boundaries of the manufacturing site has become essential in order to alleviate the impact of inflated electricity costs, by at least 10% of the current total demand from ESKOM. Primary research includes different types of alternative electricity generation techniques that will be able to deliver a practical solution to the business. The means of operation, required resources and cost to produce are set out to provide input into concrete models that are scaled to the potentials applicable to the production facility. Total alternative electricity generation added up to almost half of the current total site electricity demand from ESKOM. This finding was truly beyond the expectations of the case study and clearly set out how understated the potential to generate electricity is within the industrial sector. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-05T15:02:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2263650 bytes, checksum: 4d60464c07f78fb9c03a13252617e730 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-05T15:02:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2263650 bytes, checksum: 4d60464c07f78fb9c03a13252617e730 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work to characterize a thermoelectric device as a electrical power generator. For this propose, a thermoelectric cell was submit to different temperature profiles on his faces. The application of heat on the device was made through a feeded back controled structure with cascade Peltier cells, temperature sensors and current circuit drivers. The execution and the monitoring of this was made by an interface of acquisition and data control connected to the computer and managed by a software dedicated to this application. With this experiments was observed the electrical voltage response from the thermoelectric device in relation to temperatures applied to his faces. Also was inserted a resistive charge for behavior analysis of the electrical power provided by the device. Among the obtained results, stand out the variation of the Seebeck coefficient when the average of work’s temperature changes. The power provided by the thermoelectric device setted as generator comes to 95 mW when submitted to a temperature difference ((ΔT) in 40 ºC. The power and current curves are showed in relation to the voltage generated by the device. / Este trabalho caracteriza um dispositivo termoelétrico como gerador de energia elétrica. Para tal propósito, uma célula termoelétrica foi submetida a diferentes perfis de temperatura em suas faces.A aplicação de calor no dispositivo foi feita através de uma estrutura de controle retroalimentada composta por células de Peltier em cascata,sensores de temperatura e circuitos condicionadores de corrente. A execução e o monitoramento do sistema foram feitos através de uma interface de aquisição e controle de dados, conectada a um computador e gerenciada por um software dedicado a aplicação. Com estes experimentos foi observada a resposta da tensão elétrica do dispositivo termoelétrico em relação às temperaturas aplicadas em suas faces. Também foi inserida uma carga resistiva para analise do comportamento da potência elétrica fornecida pelo dispositivo. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se a variação do coeficiente de Seebeck quando é variada a temperatura média de trabalho. A potência fornecida pelo dispositivo termoelétrico configurado como gerador chega a 95 mW quando submetido a uma diferença de temperatura (ΔT) de 40 ºC.A curva de potência e corrente elétrica são apresentadas em relação à tensão gerada pelo dispositivo.

No description available.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

Este trabalho apresenta a avaliação das externalidades relativas ao ciclo produtivo da cana de açúcar, dando um enfoque para a questão da geração de energia elétrica. Os objetivos principais do estudo são realizar um levantamento uma análise das externalidades sociais, ambientais e econômicas do ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar desde sua fase inicial (período agrícola) até a conversão energética da biomassa em energia elétrica (objeto de ênfase nesse projeto). Repartindo os impactos, quando possível nos subsistemas elaborados a partir da análise do ciclo produtivo do setor, cujos resultados de uma forma geral eram até então conhecidos, mas nunca segregados e tratados de forma integrada sob a ótica de avaliação das externalidades relacionadas à atividade de produção. A geração de eletricidade excedente traz consigo externalidades positivas e negativas. Elas envolvem aspectos prejudiciais sob a ótica das emissões atmosféricas sobre a saúde humana e o meio biótico; positivo, mediante a utilização de fontes renováveis para geração de eletricidade provendo o deslocamento de derivados do petróleo tanto para geração de energia térmica quanto de elétrica, reduzindo assim o consumo de combustíveis fósseis que são os principais componentes fomentadores da acentuação do efeito estufa; além dos benefícios associados à geração distribuída, discutidos neste trabalho. Ambas qualificam esta forma de geração dentro dos requisitos do mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo, que será avaliado com a visão de ser um instrumento para internalizar o benefício de gerar energia com recursos renováveis. Dos impactos avaliados correspondentes ao ciclo produtivo da cana-de-açúcar, 32,68 % estão associados com a etapa de geração de eletricidade. Os principais impactos e efeitos avaliados na etapa qualitativa e quantitativa deste trabalho nas externalidades de produção foram ratificadas como efeitos predominantes também nas externalidades avaliadas via simulação computacional (ECOSENSE LE) do projeto ExternE. / This work presents the evaluation of externalidades in production from sugarcane life cycle, with emphasis at electric power generation. The main objective of this study is to assess the health, social, environmental and economical externalities related with the production process of sugarcane industry from the start point of the productive chain (agricultural period) until the energy conversion of the biomass in electric power (main emphasis). Distributing the impacts, when possible, in subsystems that main productive cycle were divided, whose results, in general, were known but never segregated and treated by an integrated view under the optics of externalities evaluation at the production activity chain at sugarcane sector. The surplus generation of electricity brings with itself positive and negative externalities. The negative ones involve harmful aspects under the atmospheric emissions and human health and the biotic environment; as positive ones, are the use of renewable sources for electricity generation providing displacement of fossil fuels and indirectly thermal and electrical energy, reducing the consumption of this kind of fuels that are the main promoting components from the accentuation of the greenhouse effect and the benefits associated to the distributed generation, also discussed in this work. Both of these positive aspects, qualify this form of generation to participate at the clean development mechanism, that it will be treated as an instrument for incorporate the benefit of generating energy with renewable resources. From the main productive chain impacts related to the life cycle of the sugarcane, 32,68 % are associated with the stage of electricity generation. The main impacts assessed in the qualitative and quantitative way as production externalities were confirm as predominant effects also using the computational simulation tool (ECOSENSE LE) from the ExternE project.

Submitted by Luiz Savio Siqueira (luiz-savio.siqueira@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-21T14:27:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Aplicado - Luiz Savio Siqueira - RevFinal.pdf: 2181302 bytes, checksum: fd1161c3f38a5543c9ade45fe6c486f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Simone de Andrade Lopes Pires (simone.lopes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-23T16:10:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Aplicado - Luiz Savio Siqueira - RevFinal.pdf: 2181302 bytes, checksum: fd1161c3f38a5543c9ade45fe6c486f7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-24T12:34:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Aplicado - Luiz Savio Siqueira - RevFinal.pdf: 2181302 bytes, checksum: fd1161c3f38a5543c9ade45fe6c486f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T12:34:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Aplicado - Luiz Savio Siqueira - RevFinal.pdf: 2181302 bytes, checksum: fd1161c3f38a5543c9ade45fe6c486f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-21 / Com o objetivo de reduzir os riscos socioambientais, os bancos de desenvolvimento multilaterais e nacionais estabelecem padrões de sustentabilidade que devem ser aplicados aos projetos que financiam. Se o risco é reduzido, o atendimento aos requisitos desses padrões traz custos e necessidades de recursos adicionais para os investidores, impactando direta e indiretamente na sua competitividade. Esse trabalho apresenta os principais padrões de sustentabilidade adotados pelos bancos de desenvolvimento e faz uma análise do impacto na competitividade dos projetos de geração de energia elétrica, comparando as fontes renováveis e não renováveis. Procuramos mostrar que as fontes renováveis de geração de energia elétrica, quando comparadas às fontes convencionais, se beneficiam duplamente da adoção dos padrões: menores custos para atendimento de todos os requisitos exigidos e como possuem riscos socioambientais associados menores, permitem às instituições financeiras adotarem condições de financiamento mais favoráveis. / Aiming reduce the social and environmental risks, multilateral and regional development banks have established sustainability standards that shall be applied to the projects they provide resources. If it reduces risk, the accomplishment of standards requirements increase investor’s project costs and resources needs, impacting its competitivity. This study presents the main sustainability standards established by the development banks and analyzes the competitiveness impact in electrical power generation projects, comparing renewable and nonrenewable sources. It shows that renewable sources, when compared to conventional ones, have a double benefit when sustainable standards are adopted: lower costs to accomplish with the standards requirements and as are subject to lower social and environmental risks, allow more favorable financial conditions to finance contracts.

Wind power presently plays a minor role in Western Canada as compared to hydroelectric power in British Columbia and coal and natural gas thermal power generation in Alberta. However, ongoing reductions in the cost of wind power generation facilities and the increasing costs of conventional power generation, particularly if the cost to the environment is included, suggest that assessment of the present and future wind field in Western Canada is of some importance. To assess present wind power, raw hourly wind speeds and homogenized monthly mean wind speeds from 30 stations in Western Canada were analyzed over the period 1971-2000 (past). The hourly data were adjusted using the homogenized monthly means to attempt to compensate for differences in anemometer height from the standard height of 10m and changes in observing equipment at stations. A regional reanalysis product, the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and simulations conducted with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) driven with global reanalysis boundary forcing, were compared to the adjusted station wind-speed time-series and probability distributions. The NARR had a better temporal correlation with the observations, than the CRCM. We posit this is due to the NARR assimilating regional observations, whereas the CRCM did not. The NARR was generally worse than the CRCM in reproducing the observed speed distribution, possibly due to the crude representation of the regional topography in NARR. While the CRCM was run at both standard (45 km) and fine (15 km) resolution, the fine grid spacing does not always provide better results: the character of the surrounding topography appears to be an important factor for determining the level of agreement. Multiple simulations of the CRCM at the 45 km resolution were also driven by two global climate models (GCMs) over the periods 1971-2000 (using only historic emissions) and 2031-2060 (using the A2 emissions scenario). In light of the CRCM biases relative to the observations, these simulations were calibrated using quantile-quantile matching to the adjusted station observations to obtain ensembles of 9 and 25 projected wind speed distributions for the 2031-2060 period (future) at the station locations. Both bias correction and change factor techniques were used for calibration. At most station locations modest increases in mean wind speed were found for most of the projected distributions, but with a large variance. Estimates of wind power density for the projected speed distributions were made using a relationship between wind speed and power from a CRCM simulation for both time periods using the 15km grid. As would be expected from the wind speed results and the proportionality of wind power to the cube of wind speed, wind power at the station locations is more likely than not to increase in the 2031-2060 period from the 1971-2000 period. Relative changes in mean wind speeds at station locations were found to be insensitive to the station observations and choice of calibration technique, suggesting that we estimate relative change at all 45km grid points using all pairs of past/future mean wind speeds from the CRCM simulations. Overall, our results suggest that wind energy resources in Western Canada are reasonably likely to increase at least modestly in the future. / Graduate / 0725 / 0608 / jtdaines@uvic.ca