Incoherent scatter radar (ISR) systems allow researchers to peer into the ionosphere via remote sensing of intrinsic plasma parameters. ISR sensors have been used since the 1950s and until the past decade were mainly equipped with a single mechanically steerable antenna. As such, the ability to develop a two or three dimensional picture of the plasma parameters in the ionosphere has been constrained by the relatively slow mechanical steering of the antennas. A newer class of systems using electronically steerable array (ESA) antennas have broken the chains of this constraint, allowing researchers to create 3-D reconstructions of plasma parameters. There have been many studies associated with reconstructing 3-D fields of plasma parameters, but there has not been a systematic analysis into the sampling issues that arise. Also, there has not been a systematic study as to how to reconstruct these plasma parameters in an optimum sense as opposed to just using different forms of interpolation. The research presented here forms a framework that scientists and engineers can use to plan experiments with ESA ISR capabilities and to better analyze the resulting data. This framework attacks the problem of space-time sampling by ESA ISR systems from the point of view of signal processing, simulation and inverse theoretic image reconstruction. We first describe a physics based model of incoherent scatter from the ionospheric plasma, along with processing methods needed to create the plasma parameter measurements. Our approach leads to development of the space-time ambiguity function, forming a theoretical foundation of the forward model for ISR. This forward model is novel in that it takes into account the shape of the antenna beam and scanning method along with integration time to develop the proper statistics for a desired measurement precision. Once the forward model is developed, we present the simulation method behind the Simulator for ISR (SimISR). SimISR uses input plasma parameters over space and time and creates complex voltage samples in a form similar to that produced by a real ISR system. SimISR allows researchers to evaluate different experiment configurations in order to efficiently and accurately sample specific phenomena. We present example simulations using input conditions derived from a multi-fluid ionosphere model and reconstructions using standard interpolation techniques. Lastly, methods are presented to invert the space-time ambiguity function using techniques from image reconstruction literature. These methods are tested using SimISR to quantify accurate plasma parameter reconstruction over a simulated ionospheric region.

Peroxidase de rábano (\"horseradish peroxidase - HRP), atuando como uma oxidase frente a substratos apropriados, catalisa a formação de espécies eletronicamente excitadas triplete. Os produtos obtidos são os esperados da clivagem de um intermediário 1,2-dioxetânico hipotético. Espécies tripletes geradas enzimaticamente são capazes de transferir energia a vários aceptores incluindo macromoléculas tais como: fitocromo, RNA, DNA e proteínas, além de organelas como cloroplastos. Acompanhamos a oxidação aeróbica de aldeídos alifáticos lineares (C2-C6) catalisada pela HRP; esta reação gera o aldeído inferior (Cn-1) no estado excitado triplete e ácido fórmico. Dois aspectos principais são abordados neste trabalho: (i) análise dos resultados em base ao comprimento da cadeia carbônica do substrato (C2 → C6) e (ii) a procura de emissões sensitizadas em estruturas biológicas (cloroplastos e microsomas). - Oxidação aeróbica dos aldeídos alifáticos lineares C2-C6 catalisada pela HRP. Corantes xantênicos e clorofila a solubilizada em micelas foram utilizados para monitorar estados eletronicamente excitadas geradas pela oxidação aeróbica dos aldeídos alifáticos lineares catalisada pela HRP. Quando eosina é o aceptor fluorescente, máxima emissão ocorre com butanal. Este resultado é discutido em conecçao com o fato de que uma série de efeitos biológicos de ácidos alifáticos lineares são máximos com o ácido butírico. A possível paticipação de estados excitados no processo que desencadeia as atividades biológicas deste ácido é sugerida. - TransferêncIa de energia para cloroplastos. Aldeídos alifáticos lineares (C2-C6) promovem emissão em cloroplastos na região de fluorescência de clorofila. Esta habilidade deve provavelmente constituir um caso de \"luminescência escura\" (\"dark luminescence\") . Se HRP estiver presente o aldeído (Cn) é oxidado ao homólogo inferior (Cn-1) no estado triplete, o qual sensitiza direta e/ou indiretamente a fluorescência de clorofila. Clorofila excitada por este processo é incapaz de reduzir um aceptor de Hill. - Quimioluminescência de microsomas expostos à oxidação aeróbica de aldeídos lineares catalisada pela HRP. Microsomas expostos ao sistema propanal/HRP/O2 desenvolvem luminescência de baixa intensidade. Este processo emissivo é distinto daquele originário durante a peroxidação de lipídeos uma vez que: (i ) a emissão se situa próxima a 560 nm e não na região espectral do vermelho (como esperado para a emissão bimol de oxigênio singlete) e (ii) não há formação de malonaldeído. Acetaldeído triplete parecer ser a espécie responsável pela indução deste processo através da excitação de algum componente microsomal, possivelmente uma flavoproteína. / Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), acting as anoxidase upon appropriate substrates, promotes the formation of electronically excite triplet species. The products obtained are those which would be expected from the cleavage of a hypothetical 1,2 dioxetane intermediate. Enzyme-generated triplet species are able to transfer energy to several acceptors, including macromolecules such as phytochrome, RNA, DNA and proteins, as well as to organeles such as chloroplasts. In the present study, we investigated the HRP-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of linear aliphatic aldehydes (C2 to C6), a reaction which generates the next lower aldehyde in the triplet state and formic acid. Two main aspects were emphasized in this work: (i ) the dependence of the results of the length of the carbonic chain of the substrate (C2 to C6) and (ii) the possibility of inducing sensitized emission from biological structures (chloroplasts and microsomes). HRP-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes. Xanthene dyes and micelle-solubilized chlorophyll-a were used to monitor the electronically excited species generated by the peroxidase-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of C2-C6 linear aldehydes. Maximal emission occurs with butanal as substrate and eosine as the fluorescent acceptor. This result is discussed in connection with the fact that the multiple biological effects of short chain aliphatic acids are maximal for butyric acid. Our observations strengthen the case for a possible role of excited state formation in the biological activity butyrate. Energy transfer to chloroplasts Linear aldehydes trigger red emission from chloroplasts. If horseradish peroxidase is also present, the aldehyde is oxidized to the next lower homolog in the triplet state, which in turn sensitizes (directly or indirectly) chlorophyll fluorescence. This phenomenon probably is a case of \"dark luminescence\"; the chlorophyll excited by this process is unable to reduce a Hill acceptor. MIicrosomal luminescence elicited by enzymatic systems that generate triplet species. Microsomes exposed to the propanal/HRP/02 system develop a weak luminescence. The underlying process is distinct from that occuring during lipid peroxidation because the emission intensity peaks at around 560 nm rather than in the red (as would be expected for bimol singlet oxygen emission) and no malonaldehyde is formed. Triplet acetaldehyde appears to be responsible for initiating the process, which in turn leads to excitation of a component of microsomes, possibly a flavoprotein.

We propose a new method of calculating electronically excited states that combines a density functional theory based ground state calculation with a linear response treatment that employs approximations used in the time-dependent density functional based tight binding (TD-DFTB) approach. The new method termed time-dependent density functional theory TD-DFT+TB does not rely on the DFTB parametrization and is therefore applicable to systems involving all combinations of elements. We show that the new method yields UV/Vis absorption spectra that are in excellent agreement with computationally much more expensive TD-DFT calculations. Errors in vertical excitation energies are reduced by a factor of two compared to TD-DFTB.

As the need for more bandwidth increases, satellite communication (SatCom) terminals are forced to climb higher in frequency. Higher frequency means greater propagation losses, and so antenna gain and sensitivity have to increase. The higher the gain, the more difficult it is to point the antenna. To make matters even more challenging, consumers are requesting satellite links in harsher environments and on moving vehicle and planes. In order to meet today's challenges and improve on dish feeds, research is ongoing to replace fixed-beam feedhorns with smaller, cheaper, and lighter PCB based antennas and to develop low-cost electronically steered array feeds (ESAF). ESAFs will not only improve the signal link, but they will also aid in pointing the antenna and then tracking the satellite independent of movement. Here is presented some of the first planar antenna dish feeds developed by the Brigham Young University's SatCom Group. Included are the simulation and test procedures to determine if they are viable for SatCom use. The results show that these antennas make significant advancements in efficiencies and prove a path forward to a feedhorn replacement. Several planar designs are presented, each with a unique solution to meet all the requirements for a dish feed. Also presented is the first low-cost ESAFs developed to give commercial SatCom an electronically steerable dish. None of the designed hardware requires a redesign of current modems and receiver boxes. The research looks at keeping costs low by minimizing the required electronics. This further led to researching the limits on how simple the electronics could be. The ESAF doubled the visible area of the dish and successfully acquired and tracked a satellite as the dish moved. The ESAF also demonstrates a path forward to increase the steerable range and improve pointing and tracking.

The Electronically Steered Phased Array is one of the most versatile antennas used in radars applications. Some of the advantages of electronic steering are faster scan, no moving parts and higher reliability. However, the cost of phased arrays has always been prohibitive - in the order of $1M per square meter. The cost of a phased array is largely impacted by the cost of the high frequency electronics at each element and the cost of packaging. Advances in IC integration will allow incorporating multiple elements such as low noise amplifier, power amplifier, phase shifters and up/down-conversion into one or two ICs. Even though the cost for large quantities of ICs (both Silicon and GaAs) has lowered, the high cost of IC packaging and the array backplane still make the use of phase arrays for radar applications costly. The focus of this research is on techniques that reduce the packaging and the backplane cost of large electronically steered arrays. These techniques are based on simplified signal distributions schemes, reduction of layers in the backplane and use of inexpensive materials. Two architectures designed based on these techniques, as well as a novel BGA active antenna package for dual polarized phased arrays are presented. The first architecture, called the series fed row-column architecture, focuses on the reduction of phase shifters and control signals used in the backplane of the array. The second architecture, called the parallel plate feed architecture, is based on a simplified scheme for distribution of the local oscillator signal. A prototype making use of each one of these architectures is presented. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of each of these architectures is described. The necessity of cost reduction is a factor that can possibly impact the polarization performance of the antenna. This factor is a motivation to study and develop calibration techniques that reduce the cross-polarization of electronically steered phased arrays. Advances on Interleaving Sparse Arrays, a beam forming technique for polarization improvement/correction in phased arrays, are also presented.

No description available.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents the study, analysis and design of electronically tunable filters, that can be tuned over a wide frequency range (20-500MHz), for use in a direct sampling receiver. The final design does not have to be a single filter, but may be comprised of a filter bank which enables switching between the filters. The band of interest is too low to use normal transmission lines and lumped elements have to be used. Different topologies that can implement Coupled Resonator filters with lumped elements are investigated. Devices that can be used for tuning are also investigated and varactor diodes are found to be the most suitable tuning devices currently available. Two filters, one at the high-end and one at the low-end of the band, were designed and built, both using varactor diodes. These filters perform well in terms of tuning range, but achieving low losses with current technologies in this band remains difficult. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis meld die studie, analise en ontwerp van elektronies verstelbare filters, wat verstelbaar is oor ’n wye band (20-500MHz), vir gebruik in ’n direk-monster-ontvanger. Die finale ontwerp hoef nie ’n enkele filter te wees nie, maar kan bestaan uit ’n filterbank wat skakeling tussen die filters toelaat. Die betrokke band is te laag vir die gebruik van normale transmissielyne en diskrete komponente moet gebruik word. Verskillende topologieë wat gekoppelde resoneerder filters implementeer met diskrete komponente is ondersoek. Verstelbare komponente word ook ondersoek en varaktor diodes blyk die mees geskikte verstelbare komponent wat huidig beskikbaar is in hierdie band. Twee filters, een aan die hoë kant en een aan die lae kant van die band, is ontwerp en gebou, beide met varaktor diodes. Hierdie filters het wye verstelbare bereik, maar dit is steeds moeilik om verliese te beperk met die huidige tegnologie.

Following changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 2006 dealing with the role of Electronically Stored Information, digital forensics is becoming necessary to the discovery process in civil litigation. The development of case law interpreting the rule changes since their enactment defines how digital forensics can be applied to the discovery process, the scope of discovery, and the duties imposed on parties. Herein, pertinent cases are examined to determine what trends exist and how they effect the field. These observations buttress case studies involving discovery failures in large corporate contexts along with insights on the technical reasons those discovery failures occurred and continue to occur. The state of the art in the legal industry for handling Electronically Stored Information is slow, inefficient, and extremely expensive. These failings exacerbate discovery failures by making the discovery process more burdensome than necessary. In addressing this problem, weaknesses of existing approaches are identified, and new tools are presented which cure these defects. By drawing on open source libraries, components, and other support the presented tools exceed the performance of existing solutions by between one and two orders of magnitude. The transparent standards embodied in the open source movement allow for clearer defensibility of discovery practice sufficiency whereas existing approaches entail difficult to verify closed source solutions. Legacy industry practices in numbering documents based on Bates numbers inhibit efficient parallel and distributed processing of electronic data into paginated forms. The failures inherent in legacy numbering systems is identified, and a new system is provided which eliminates these inhibiters while simultaneously better modeling the nature of electronic data which does not lend itself to pagination; such non-paginated data includes databases and other file types which are machine readable, but not human readable in format. In toto, this dissertation provides a broad treatment of digital forensics applied to electronic discovery, an analysis of current failures in the industry, and a suite of tools which address the weaknesses, problems, and failures identified.

Drug delivery technology is currently advancing faster than at any time in biotechnology history. The challenge of drug delivery is to achieve a controlled release of therapeutic agents over an extended period. Controlled release potentially offers significant advantages over conventional dosage forms, by eliminating both under- and overdosing while maintaining a desired range of drug concentrations. An existing drug regimen for induced calving produces a declining blood profile that does not mimic the naturally occurring, gradually increasing, cortisol blood level around parturition effectively, causing animal health issues. Likewise, while the existing progesterone controlled release systems for oestrous control successfully synchronise oestrus, it is however, associated with reduced fertility and as such other drugs have to be administered to improve the fertility during oestrus. Therefore, there is a need for a drug delivery system that is capable of delivering multiple drugs at various times and patterns. This research aimed to investigate, characterize, identify steroids with high absorption rates through vaginal mucosa and evaluate the potential of an electronic drug delivery system for the delivery of steroids for either the control of the bovine oestrous cycle or induced calving. In order to identify steroids with high absorption rates across the vaginal mucosa, an in vitro permeation method was developed to screen selected steroids for their ability to permeate artificial and biological membranes. The steroids were pre-formulated to enhance their solubility and permeation through these membranes. Analytical UV and HPLC assays to characterise the pure and formulated steroidal compounds were also developed and validated. An assessment of an intravaginal Electronically Modulated Intravaginal Device (EMID) for the control of the bovine oestrous cycle or induced calving was carried out. Five different release assessment methods were investigated and critically evaluated in order to identify the most appropriate release assessment method for the EMID. These were: 1) the Drug Dissolution Test, 2) a weight loss method, 3) the dispensed weight method, 4) the determination of piston travel distance method, and 5) the rod expulsion from the EMID method. The methods investigated were critically evaluated in terms of ease of use and automation, reproducibility and cost/time savings. Optimisation of various components and construction materials of the EMID were also investigated. Animal trials were carried out using the original EMID (manufactured from polypropylene polymer) and modified inserts (manufactured from high density polyethylene polymer) to determine their retention rate in the animals. Accelerated stability testing of progesterone in suspension, oestradiol-17 tablets, cloprostenol as a powder blend and the driving mechanism of the EMID were examined. The flux of the steroids was evaluated through poly-&-caprolactone and excised cow mucosa membranes using side-by-side permeation cells. Results indicated that progesterone followed by dexamethasone acetate and dexamethasone valerate showed higher permeability values through vaginal mucosa compared to dexamethasone or its other analogues. The weight loss method of the EMID proved to be an easy and appropriate method to measure the release rate from the EMID. A high density polyethylene polymer was identified as the most ideal body material for the insert compared to polypropylene body. Also double O-ring silicone, Elastollan WYO 1388-5 and solid silicone pistons were found to be amongst the best pistons tested and all performed well compared to other piston materials. There was a low retention rate with either the original EMID or the modified inserts. Further modification of retention wings of the EMID did not improve the retention rate, but a good blood profile response was obtained from cows treated with the complete EMID containing formulated progesterone. The formulations and driving mechanism were found to be stable under the tested conditions. Therefore, the EMID has potential for commercial application of induced calving or oestrous control per vaginum administration, reliant on improvement of its retention mechanism.

Ces travaux de recherches s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une amélioration du bilan de liaison des données de télémesures sur les lanceurs spatiaux. Pour cela, un dispositif d’antenne à pointage électronique a été choisi. Celui-ci utilise un réseau de quatre antennes patchs alimentés par un prototype composé d’un diviseur de puissance 1 vers 4 et de quatre déphaseurs. Les états de phases choisis pour chacun des déphaseurs sont 0°, 90° et 180°. Après une étude bibliographique, les meilleurs déphaseurs pouvant assurer cette fonction sont les déphaseurs à base de coupleur hybride. Grâce à l’utilisation de MEMS-RF dans ces circuits, il est n’est pas nécessaire de rajouter des amplificateurs de puissance, car ces composants sont faibles pertes RF et linéaires. Plusieurs topologies de déphaseurs à base de coupleur hybride utilisant ces commutateurs ont été étudiés. D’après cette étude, il a été possible de réduire la taille des circuits sans détériorer les performances RF, ce qui nous a permis d’en choisir deux d’entre eux. Un commande à distance est nécessaire pour ces dispositifs alors une boîte à relais a été choisie pour assurer ce rôle. Le premier prototype est composé d’un diviseur de puissance qui a été commandé et de quatre déphaseurs fabriqués. Le deuxième prototype est entièrement intégré sur puce, ce qui a permis de réduire la surface du dispositif ainsi que d’améliorer les pertes RF. Ces travaux ont donc pu montrer la faisabilité de fabriquer un prototype simple, faible pertes, et linéaire. / These research works is within the context of an improved link budget telemetry data on space launchers. For this device, an electronically steerable antenna was chosen. It uses an array of four patch antennas supplied by a prototype composed of a power splitter 1 to 4 and four phase shifters. For each selected phase shifters, the phase states are 0 °, 90 ° and 180 °.After a bibliographical study, the best phase shifters that can perform this function are the shifters based on hybrid coupler. Thanks to the use of RF-MEMS in these circuits, it is not necessary to add power amplifiers because these components are linear and present low RF losses. Several topologies of phase shifters based on hybrid coupler using RF-MEMS were studied. According to this study, it was possible to reduce the size of circuits without damaging the RF performance, which allowed us to choose two of them. A remote control is needed for these devices to relay box then was chosen for this role. The first prototype consists of a power divider which was commissioned and produced phase shifters. The second prototype is fully integrated on-chip, which has reduced the device surface and improves the RF losses.These studies were able to demonstrate the feasibility to produce a simple linear prototype with low RF losses.