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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Theoretical and Computational Studies on the Physics of Applied Magnetism : Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy of Transition Metal Magnets and Magnetic Effects in Elastic Electron Scattering

Edström, Alexander January 2016 (has links)
In this thesis, two selected topics in magnetism are studied using theoretical modelling and computational methods. The first of these is the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) of transition metal based magnets. In particular, ways of finding 3d transition metal based materials with large MAE are considered. This is motivated by the need for new permanent magnet materials, not containing rare-earth elements, but is also of interest for other technological applications, where the MAE is a key quantity. The mechanisms of the MAE in the relevant materials are reviewed and approaches to increasing this quantity are discussed. Computational methods, largely based on density functional theory (DFT), are applied to guide the search for relevant materials. The computational work suggests that the MAE of Fe1-xCox alloys can be significantly enhanced by introducing a tetragonality with interstitial B or C impurities. This is also experimentally corroborated. Alloying is considered as a method of tuning the electronic structure around the Fermi energy and thus also the MAE, for example in the tetragonal compound (Fe1-xCox)2B. Additionally, it is shown that small amounts (2.5-5 at.%) of various 5d dopants on the Fe/Co-site can enhance the MAE of this material with as much as 70%. The magnetic properties of several technologically interesting, chemically ordered, L10 structured binary compounds, tetragonal Fe5Si1-xPxB2 and Hexagonal Laves phase Fe2Ta1-xWx are also investigated. The second topic studied is that of magnetic effects on the elastic scattering of fast electrons, in the context of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A multislice solution is implemented for a paraxial version of the Pauli equation. Simulations require the magnetic fields in the sample as input. A realistic description of magnetism in a solid, for this purpose, is derived in a scheme starting from a DFT calculation of the spin density or density matrix. Calculations are performed for electron vortex beams passing through magnetic solids and a magnetic signal, defined as a difference in intensity for opposite orbital angular momentum beams, integrated over a disk in the diffraction plane, is observed. For nanometer sized electron vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum of a few tens of ħ, a relative magnetic signal of order 10-3 is found. This is considered realistic to be observed in experiments. In addition to electron vortex beams, spin polarised and phase aberrated electron beams are considered and also for these a magnetic signal, albeit weaker than that of the vortex beams, can be obtained. / <p>Felaktigt ISBN i den tryckta versionen: 9789155497149</p><p></p>
2

Structural basis of modulation by pH and calcium in a ligand-gated ion channel

Andén, Olivia January 2021 (has links)
Pentameriska ligandstyrda jonkanaler (pLGICs) är avgörande för omvandlingen av kemisk till elektrisk signalöverföring i djurs nervsystem. Dysfunktion i dessa kanaler har visat sig vara kopplad till flera sjukdomar inklusive epilepsi, schizofreni, Alzheimers och autism, vilket gör dem till en måltavla för en mängd olika läkemedel. Att studera eukaryota kanaler är dock mycket utmanande, så upptäckten av prokaryota homologer, som är mycket lättare att studera, har därmed bidragit mycket till förståelsen för struktur och funktion hos proteiner i denna familj. I detta projekt producerades och renades en prokaryotisk pLGIC kallad DeCLIC från Escherichia coli. Strukturell bestämning av kanalen genomfördes med användning av kryo-elektronmikroskopi vid lågt pH och i närvaro av kalcium. En elektrontäthet med 3.4 Å upplösning uppnåddes och jämfördes med tidigare bestämda strukturer vid olika förhållanden i ett försök att bestämma hur proteinets struktur moduleras av kalcium och pH. Resultaten visar flera skillnader i kanalens konformation i närvaro och frånvaro av kalcium såväl som vid olika pH-värden. Dessutom antyder analys av den bestämda elektrontätheten ett möjligt intermediärt tillstånd vid lågt pH i närvaro av kalcium. / Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are crucial for the conversion of chemical to electrical signaling in the nervous system of mammals. Dysfunction in these channels has been found to be connected to several diseases including epilepsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and autism, making them the target of a wide variety of therapeutic agents. However, studying eukaryotic channels is challenging so the discovery of prokaryotic homologs that are much easier to study has thus greatly helped in the understanding of the structure and function in this family of proteins. In this project, a prokaryotic pLGIC called DeCLIC was produced and purified from Escherichia coli. Structural determination of the channel was pursued using cryo-electron microscopy at a low pH and in the presence of calcium. An electron density at 3.4 Å resolution was achieved and compared to previously determined structures at different conditions in an attempt to determine the structural modulation of calcium and pH. Results show multiple differences in channel conformation in the presence and absence of calcium as well as in different pH conditions. Furthermore, analysis of the determined electron density suggests a possible intermediate state at low pH in the presence of calcium.
3

Microscopy techniques for studying polymer-polymer blends

Mattsson, Sandra January 2019 (has links)
Semiconductors are used in many electronic applications, for example diodes, solar cells and transistors. Typically, semiconductors are inorganic materials, such as silicon and gallium arsenide, but lately more research and development has been devoted to organic semiconductors, for example semiconducting polymers. One of the reasons is that polymers can be customized, to a greater extent than inorganic semiconductors, to create a material with desired properties. Often, two polymers are blended to obtain the desired function, but two polymers do not usually result in an even blend. Instead they tend to separate from each other to varying degrees. The morphology of the blend affects the material properties, for example how efficiently it can convert electricity to light. In this project, thin films consisting of polymer blends were examined using microscopy techniques for the purpose of increasing our understanding of the morphology of such blends. One goal was to investigate whether a technique called correlative light and electron microscopy can be useful for examining the morphology of these films. In correlative light and electron microscopy, a light microscope and an electron microscope are used in the same location in order to be able to correlate the information from the two microscopes. The second goal was to learn about the morphology of the thin films using various microscopy techniques. The polymers used were Super Yellow and poly(ethylene oxide) with large molecular weight. Super Yellow is a semiconducting and light-emitting polymer while poly(ethylene oxide) is an isolating and non-emitting polymer that can crystallize. In the blend films, large, seemingly crystalline structures appeared. The structures could be up to 1 mm in the lateral direction, while the films were only approximately 170 nm thick. These structures could grow after the films had dried and their shapes were similar to those of poly(ethylene oxide) crystals. Consequently, there is reason to believe that it is the poly(ethylene oxide) that makes up the seemingly crystalline structures, but the structures also emitted more light than the rest of the film, and Raman spectroscopy showed that there was Super Yellow in the same location as the crystals. Among the microscopy techniques used, phase contrast microscopy was particularly interesting. This method visualizes differences in optical path length and was useful for studying polymer blends when the polymers have different indices of refraction. Correlating light and electron microscopy showed that there was a pronounced topographical difference between the seemingly crystalline regions and the rest of the thin film. Light microscopy has a limited resolution due to diffraction, but as long as the resolution of the light microscope is sufficient for seeing phase separation, correlative light and electron microscopy turned out to be a good method for studying the morphology of thin films of polymer blends. / Halvledare är viktiga för många elektroniska ändamål eftersom de kan användas till exempelvis dioder, solceller och transistorer. Traditionellt används inorganiska halvledande material som kisel eller galliumarsenid, men på senare tid har allt mer forskning och utveckling inriktat sig mot organiska (kolbaserade) halvledare, såsom halvledande polymerer, bland annat eftersom det i högre utsträckning går att skräddarsy de organiska materialen så att de får önskvärda egenskaper. Ofta blandas två polymerer med varandra för att skapa ett material med nya egenskaper som är önskvärda, men två polymerer brukar inte blandas jämnt utan tenderar att separera från varandra i olika utsträckning. Hur blandningen ser ut (morfologin) påverkar materialets egenskaper, till exempel hur effektivt det omvandlar ström till ljus. Med syfte att öka förståelsen för hur morfologin ser ut hos en blandning av två polymerer, har detta projekt gått ut på att undersöka tunna filmer av polymer-blandningar med hjälp av mikroskopiska tekniker. Ett delmål var att ta reda på om en teknik som heter korrelativ ljus- och elektronmikroskopi är en bra metod för att undersöka morfologin hos dessa filmer. Vid korrelativ ljus- och elektronmikroskopi används både ett ljusmikroskop och ett elektronmikroskop på samma plats för att kunna korrelera informationen som de båda mikroskopen ger. Det andra delmålet var att undersöka vad de olika mikroskopi-teknikerna kan säga om morfologin hos de tunna filmerna. De polymerer som använts är Super Yellow och poly(etylenoxid) med hög molekylmassa. Super Yellow är en oordnad halvledande och ljusemitterande polymer medan poly(etylenoxid) är en isolerande och icke-emitterande polymer som kan kristallisera. I de blandade filmerna uppstod stora kristall-liknande strukturer som kunde vara upp emot 1 mm breda trots att filmerna bara var ungefär 170 nm tunna. Dessa strukturer kunde växa fram efter det att filmerna redan hade torkat och påminde i form om kristaller som kan bildas av poly(etylenoxid). Det finns alltså skäl att tro att det är poly(etylenoxid) som kristalliserats, men de kristall-liknande strukturerna visade sig emittera mer ljus än vad resten av filmen gjorde, och Raman-spektroskopi visade att det även fanns Super Yellow på samma plats som kristallerna. Bland de mikroskopitekniker som testades utmärker sig faskontrastmikroskopi, som visar skillnader i den optiska vägskillnaden (det vill säga faktisk vägskillnad multiplicerat med brytningsindex). Det visade sig vara en intressant teknik för att studera polymerblandningar när de båda polymererna har olika brytningsindex. Genom att korrelera ljus- och elektronmikroskopi visade det sig att det fanns en tydlig skillnad i struktur mellan de kristall-liknande områdena och resten av den tunna filmen. Ljusmikroskopi har begränsad upplösning på grund av ett fenomen som heter diffraktion, men så länge som ljusmikroskopets upplösning är tillräcklig för att se fasseparation visade det sig att korrelativ ljus- och elektronmikroskopi är en bra metod för att studera morfologin hos tunna filmer av polymerblandningar.

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