This study consisted of a series of experiments designed to test the hypothesis that exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMF), similar to those generated by power transmission lines, can modify the response to photoperiod in dairy cows. Thirty two Holstein cows, 16 pregnant and lactating and 16 non-pregnant and non-lactating, maintained under short photoperiod (8 h light, 16 h dark), were exposed to an electric field of 10 kV/m and a magnetic field of 30 muTesla for 16 h/d, using cross-over experimental designs with three-period sequences. These exposure conditions resembled those prevalent under a 735 kV line carrying an extreme current load. Feed consumption, milk yield and composition, body weight, circulating concentrations of melatonin, prolactin, IGF-1 and growth hormone were assessed, as well as estrous cycle traits. A positive association was found between EMF exposure and feed consumption, uncorrected milk yield at the end of the exposure period and blood concentration of IGF-1. EMF exposure was also associated with an increase in blood prolactin concentration and decreased melatonin levels during the photophase in lactating pregnant cows. Non-lactating cows exposed to EMF showed longer estrous cycles. It was concluded that exposure to ELF EMF similar to those found under power transmission lines under extreme conditions of load elicits a biological response in dairy cows. Some aspects of this response are consistent with the hypothesis of a modification of the response to photoperiod.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Globalisation has led to the use of English lingua franca (ELF) in many international classrooms and in the majority of the South African tertiary education institutions. The South African situation and use of ELF is grounded in the historic developments of the country and an understanding that it is an international requirement for individuals to have access to English language skills to enable them to realise their potential and participate fully within South African society (CHE, 2002:4). While the development of the previously neglected field of African languages as scientific and academic languages remains a priority, examining the use of ELF in the South African tertiary classroom is essential; therefore, this study explores the use of ELF in the South African tertiary education classroom to understand the role of linguistic diversity in the learning environment. Particular attention is directed to the linguistic repertoires of students, their codeswitching behaviour and instances of miscommunication. The study was conducted at a university of technology and participants were observed during group work sessions, which culminated in a formal assessment. Questionnaires were also utilised to gain further data for analysis. Findings indicate that the role of English as a global economic language should not be underestimated. However, the promotion of multilingualism is advocated and attention should be given to not only the promulgation of language policies, but also their implementation. Furthermore, flexibility in language should be encouraged, with a move away from the traditional use of one language for teaching and learning to a translanguaging classroom and an assessment environment, which brings to the forefront the benefits of translanguaging, where one language is used to reinforce and increase understanding in the other languages (Garcia & Wei, 2014:64). This will assist students to reach their full potential in the tertiary education environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Globalisasie het gelei tot die gebruik van Engelse lingua franca (ELF) in baie internasionale klaskamers, sowel as in die meerderheid van Suid-Afrika se tersiêre onderwysinsitute. Die Suid-Afrikaanse situasie en die gebruik van ELF is gegrond op die historiese ontwikkelings in die land. Elke student moet, om sy volle potensiaal te ontwikkel en volkome deel te wees van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, Engels taalvaardig wees, wat in elk geval 'n internasionale vereiste is (CHE, 2002:4). Terwyl die ontwikkeling van Afrika-tale (wat voorheen nie so baie aandag gekry het nie) as 'n wetenskap- en akademiese taal steeds die voorkeur geniet, moet die ondersoek in die gebruik van ELF in die Suid Afrikaanse klaskamers gesien word as ʼn uiters belangrike onderwerp. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die gebruik van ELF in die Suid-Afrikaanse tersiêre klaskamer. Die doel is dan om die rol van linguistieke diversiteit in die leeromgewing, naamlik die klaskamer, na te vors. Spesifieke aandag is gegee aan die studente se linguistieke vaardighede, kodewisseling en kommunikasiebreuke. Hierdie navorsing is gedoen by 'n universiteit van tegnologie en deelnemers is waargeneem tydens groepwerksessies. Die waarnemings is ten slotte saamgevat in 'n formele assessering. Vraelyste is ook gebruik om inligting te verkry vir verdere ontleding. Bevindings het bewys dat die rol van Engels as ʼn globale ekonomiese taal nie onderskat moet word nie. Alhoewel die bevordering van veeltaligheid bepleit word, moet aandag nie net gegee word aan die teorie van taalbeleide nie, maar ook aan die uitvoering hiervan. Buigsaamheid moet verder in taalonderrig aangemoedig word deur weg te beweeg van die tradisionele gebruik van slegs een taal vir onderrig en leer. Daar behoort dus meer as een taal in die klaskamer en op assesseringsgebiede gebruik te word; dit sal lei tot die versterking en beter verstandhouding tussen tale (Garcia & Wei, 2014:64). Dit sal leerders ondersteun om hulle volle potensiaal te bereik in ʼn tersiêre onderwys-omgewing.

This master’s thesis deals with the topic of program source code compilation for RISC-V processor architecture. The generated object files need to be compatible with GNU binutils open source tools which are already available for the architecture. The focus is on relocations which must be correctly detected in Codasip Studio tools and transformed into RISC-V platform specific relocation types.

No description available.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incorporação de fósforo (P) foi avaliada através da técnica de marcador enzimático fluorescente a fim de determinar a atividade da fosfatase alcalina (PA) em dois clones de Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin), Ub3 e Ub7, isolados de Ubatuba (SP), em Tetraselmis aff. chui (Butcher) e Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller, isoladas da Baía de Guanabara (RJ) e na Comunidade Natural da Baía de Guanabara (RJ). A fosfatase alcalina (PA) é uma enzima extracelular associada à membrana que catalisa a hidrólise de compostos orgânicos de fósforo em resposta à limitação de fosfato. Sua análise, a partir do marcador ELF-97, proporciona uma avaliação individual e, portanto, determina as condições nutricionais de fósforo inorgânico em células fitoplanctônicas. Os clones de P. tricornutum apresentaram diferenças no desenvolvimento quando incubados no tratamento P-repleto. O clone Ub7 de P. tricornutum apresentou a maior atividade enzimática quando comparado às demais espécies testadas, em condições P-repletas. Enquanto P. minimum apresentou a maior atividade da fosfatase alcalina em condições P-limitadas. Entre as espécies T. aff. chui e P. minimum, a maior atividade enzimática ocorreu durante a fase estacionária de desenvolvimento, entretanto diferenças foram observadas somente nas menores concentrações de fosfato. P. tricornutum, T. aff. chui e P. minimum, ao longo dos experimentos, utilizaram duas estratégias para incorporação de fosfato, aumentando a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, assim como alterando o biovolume ou a máxima dimensão linear para manter a relação S/V estável. Em P. tricornutum os sítios da atividade enzimática ocorreram na membrana celular, em T. aff. chui encontrados intracelularmente, enquanto em P. minimum observados tanto nas membranas, quanto no interior das células. No experimento realizado com a comunidade natural, houve predomínio das diatomáceas entre todos os grupos e tratamentos; as espécies foram agrupadas nas estratégias adaptativas C e R e classificadas principalmente como R-estrategistas. Os dinoflagelados da Ordem Prorocentrales utilizaram a incorporação do fósforo orgânico como estratégia para obtenção de fósforo em condições limitantes. Entretanto, as diatomáceas apresentaram tal estratégia de forma mais variável. Quanto às prasinofíceas, embora Tetraselmis sp. tenha apresentado baixa atividade enzimática nos experimentos unialgais, as concentrações de fosfato ao longo do experimento não resultaram na utilização de P orgânico para o grupo. Os resultados destacaram as diferenças intra e interespecíficas na atividade da fosfatase alcalina, e, consequentemente, na incorporação de fósforo orgânico, uma vez que as espécies testadas regularam a atividade enzimática de acordo com as diferentes concentrações externas de fosfato. / The incorporation of phosphorus (P) was evaluated by the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) as a marker, using a fluorescent probe technique, in order to ascertain the activity of this enzyme in two clones of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin), Ub3 and Ub7, isolated from Ubatuba (SP), as well as in Tetraselmis aff. chui (Butcher), Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller, originally isolated from the Guanabara Bay (RJ) and Natural community of Guanabara Bay (RJ). Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is an extracellular membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of organic phosphorus compounds in response to the phosphate limitation. Its analysis, from ELF-97 probe, provides an individual evaluation, and therefore determines the nutritional status of inorganic phosphorus in phytoplanktonic cells. Bioassays were performed in triplicate comparing the control treatment Guillard F/2 to both phosphate-enriched and phosphate-depleted conditions by varying only the phosphate concentration in the media for Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis aff. chui, Prorocentrum minimum and Natural community of Guanabara Bay. The P. tricornutum clones showed differences in its development when incubated in the phosphate-enriched media. In this condition, the Ub7 clone presented a different development. The alkaline phosphatase analysis indicated limitations of this clone under such conditions. T. aff. chui and P. minimum showed higher enzymatic activity during the stationary phase, although differences were observed only in the phosphate-depleted treatments. P. tricornutum Ub7 clone showed higher PA activity when compared to the other species, in P-enriched condition. While P. minimum showed higher enzimatic activity in P-depleted conditions. P. tricornutum, T. aff. chui and P. minimum, presented both increases in AP activity and low variation in the S/V ratio, by increasing biovolume and maximum linear dimension, as estrategies for phosphate incorporation. In P. tricornutum the AP sites were observed on the cell membrane, in T. aff. chui the sites were located within the cells, while in P. minimum were found both in membranes as inside the cells. In the experiment carried out with Natural community of Guanabara Bay, there was a predominance of diatoms among all groups and treatments; species were grouped into adaptive strategies C and R. The dinoflagellates of Prorocentrales Order uses the incorporation of organic phosphorus as strategy for obtaining phosphorus in P-depleted conditions. However, wen we consider the diatoms, this strategy is more inconstant. Regarding the Prasinophyceae, the phosphate concentrations throughout the experiment did not result in the use of organic phosphorus in this group. Our results highlighted the differences intra and interspecific in alkaline phosphatase activity and hence in the incorporation of organic phosphorus as the tested species regulated the enzymatic activity under different external phosphate concentrations.

Fondée en 1924, la Compagnie Française des Pétroles n’est encore qu’une société pétrolière de taille modeste au sortir de la deuxième guerre mondiale. En 2003, après avoir racheté Fina puis Elf, la désormais nommée Total SA rassemble près de 100 000 salariés, est présente dans toutes les grandes régions pétrolières mondiales et se considère comme une entreprise qui fournit de l’énergie et non plus seulement du pétrole. La thèse étudie cette identité de groupe, à travers les patrons, les salariés et les clients de Total. Comment les patrons successifs ont-ils conduit leur entreprise, quelle culture ont-ils voulu forger ? Quelle politique salariale est menée, dans le domaine de la formation, de la participation et de la subsidiarité ? Comment les clients sont-ils attachés à la marque Total et fidélisés ? Cette dernière question permet d’aborder le rapport de la société française au pétrole et à la voiture. Total groupe mondial n’est pas seulement un fournisseur d’énergie. L’entreprise pense et conceptualise sa responsabilité sociale et environnementale. En miroir de cette implication sociale, Total est aussi attaquée, voire décriée, pour un laxisme environnemental et pour des bénéfices mal redistribués. L’entreprise réagit de façon chaotique à ces accusations. La thèse s’interroge à ce titre sur le rapport affectif que les Français entretiennent avec le fleuron industriel de leur pays, et sur la façon dont ce fleuron essaye de valoriser son image de marque. C’est cette histoire d’hommes, de pétrole, d’identité et de culture, qui est le fil directeur de notre recherche. À travers le cas de Total, la thèse conduit donc une réflexion sur le capitalisme industriel comme acteur économique et social dans notre pays. / Founded in 1924, Compagnie Française des Pétroles is still only a small oil company after the Second World War. In 2003, after buying Fina and then Elf, the company now known as Total SA has nearly 100,000 employees, is present in all the major oil regions of the world and considers itself a company that supplies energy; and not just oil. In about sixty years, it was a global industrial group that was built as much as a human group, endowed with a very strong internal culture.The thesis studies this group identity, through the bosses, employees and customers of Total. How did successive bosses conduct their business, what culture did they want to forge ? What wage policy is being pursued in the field of training, participation and subsidiarity ? How are customers tied to Total and loyalty ? This last question allows us to discuss the French society's relationship with oil and the car. Total global group is not just an energy supplier. The company thinks and conceptualizes its social and environmental responsibility. It conducts a cultural and patronage policy, it encourages its employees to engage in NGOs.In mirroring this social implication, Total is also attacked, even criticized, for environmental laxity and for badly redistributed profits. The company is reacting chaotically to these accusations. The thesis asks about the emotional relationship that the French have with the industrial flourish of their country, and how this jewel tries to enhance its image. It is this history of men, of oil, of identity and of culture, which is the main thread of our research. Through the case of Total, the thesis therefore leads to a reflection on industrial capitalism as an economic and social actor in France.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incorporação de fósforo (P) foi avaliada através da técnica de marcador enzimático fluorescente a fim de determinar a atividade da fosfatase alcalina (PA) em dois clones de Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin), Ub3 e Ub7, isolados de Ubatuba (SP), em Tetraselmis aff. chui (Butcher) e Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller, isoladas da Baía de Guanabara (RJ) e na Comunidade Natural da Baía de Guanabara (RJ). A fosfatase alcalina (PA) é uma enzima extracelular associada à membrana que catalisa a hidrólise de compostos orgânicos de fósforo em resposta à limitação de fosfato. Sua análise, a partir do marcador ELF-97, proporciona uma avaliação individual e, portanto, determina as condições nutricionais de fósforo inorgânico em células fitoplanctônicas. Os clones de P. tricornutum apresentaram diferenças no desenvolvimento quando incubados no tratamento P-repleto. O clone Ub7 de P. tricornutum apresentou a maior atividade enzimática quando comparado às demais espécies testadas, em condições P-repletas. Enquanto P. minimum apresentou a maior atividade da fosfatase alcalina em condições P-limitadas. Entre as espécies T. aff. chui e P. minimum, a maior atividade enzimática ocorreu durante a fase estacionária de desenvolvimento, entretanto diferenças foram observadas somente nas menores concentrações de fosfato. P. tricornutum, T. aff. chui e P. minimum, ao longo dos experimentos, utilizaram duas estratégias para incorporação de fosfato, aumentando a atividade da fosfatase alcalina, assim como alterando o biovolume ou a máxima dimensão linear para manter a relação S/V estável. Em P. tricornutum os sítios da atividade enzimática ocorreram na membrana celular, em T. aff. chui encontrados intracelularmente, enquanto em P. minimum observados tanto nas membranas, quanto no interior das células. No experimento realizado com a comunidade natural, houve predomínio das diatomáceas entre todos os grupos e tratamentos; as espécies foram agrupadas nas estratégias adaptativas C e R e classificadas principalmente como R-estrategistas. Os dinoflagelados da Ordem Prorocentrales utilizaram a incorporação do fósforo orgânico como estratégia para obtenção de fósforo em condições limitantes. Entretanto, as diatomáceas apresentaram tal estratégia de forma mais variável. Quanto às prasinofíceas, embora Tetraselmis sp. tenha apresentado baixa atividade enzimática nos experimentos unialgais, as concentrações de fosfato ao longo do experimento não resultaram na utilização de P orgânico para o grupo. Os resultados destacaram as diferenças intra e interespecíficas na atividade da fosfatase alcalina, e, consequentemente, na incorporação de fósforo orgânico, uma vez que as espécies testadas regularam a atividade enzimática de acordo com as diferentes concentrações externas de fosfato. / The incorporation of phosphorus (P) was evaluated by the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) as a marker, using a fluorescent probe technique, in order to ascertain the activity of this enzyme in two clones of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin), Ub3 and Ub7, isolated from Ubatuba (SP), as well as in Tetraselmis aff. chui (Butcher), Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) J. Schiller, originally isolated from the Guanabara Bay (RJ) and Natural community of Guanabara Bay (RJ). Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is an extracellular membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of organic phosphorus compounds in response to the phosphate limitation. Its analysis, from ELF-97 probe, provides an individual evaluation, and therefore determines the nutritional status of inorganic phosphorus in phytoplanktonic cells. Bioassays were performed in triplicate comparing the control treatment Guillard F/2 to both phosphate-enriched and phosphate-depleted conditions by varying only the phosphate concentration in the media for Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tetraselmis aff. chui, Prorocentrum minimum and Natural community of Guanabara Bay. The P. tricornutum clones showed differences in its development when incubated in the phosphate-enriched media. In this condition, the Ub7 clone presented a different development. The alkaline phosphatase analysis indicated limitations of this clone under such conditions. T. aff. chui and P. minimum showed higher enzymatic activity during the stationary phase, although differences were observed only in the phosphate-depleted treatments. P. tricornutum Ub7 clone showed higher PA activity when compared to the other species, in P-enriched condition. While P. minimum showed higher enzimatic activity in P-depleted conditions. P. tricornutum, T. aff. chui and P. minimum, presented both increases in AP activity and low variation in the S/V ratio, by increasing biovolume and maximum linear dimension, as estrategies for phosphate incorporation. In P. tricornutum the AP sites were observed on the cell membrane, in T. aff. chui the sites were located within the cells, while in P. minimum were found both in membranes as inside the cells. In the experiment carried out with Natural community of Guanabara Bay, there was a predominance of diatoms among all groups and treatments; species were grouped into adaptive strategies C and R. The dinoflagellates of Prorocentrales Order uses the incorporation of organic phosphorus as strategy for obtaining phosphorus in P-depleted conditions. However, wen we consider the diatoms, this strategy is more inconstant. Regarding the Prasinophyceae, the phosphate concentrations throughout the experiment did not result in the use of organic phosphorus in this group. Our results highlighted the differences intra and interspecific in alkaline phosphatase activity and hence in the incorporation of organic phosphorus as the tested species regulated the enzymatic activity under different external phosphate concentrations.

Le concept d'aide au développement a fait son intrusion dans l'histoire au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le titre XIII de la constitution du 4 octobre 1958 ébaucha la politique de coopération. Le général De Gaulle entendait résoudre le dilemme : replier le drapeau tricolore sans rompre les liens historiques. Or, si la légitimité française dans le nouveau partenariat trouvait des arguties juridiques, les ambitions qu'il concentrait comportaient des faiblesses. L'engagement pour le développement peut durer « ad vitam aeternam ». La diversité d'instruments administratifs et financiers, ainsi que la multitude d'acteurs ajoutent à la confusion. Les réformes du dispositif de la coopération n'ont pas encore gommé l'idée des « mutations impromptues ». L' «Esquisse théorique de la coopération franco-gabonaise de 1960 à nos jours : une aide publique au sous-développement ? » révèle l'ambiguïté, la dichotomie entre coopération et développement. En dépit des énormes potentialités d'un pays d'environ 1,5 million d'habitants, la coopération peine à sortir les Gabonais de la pauvreté. Ils sont aussi pauvres plus d'un demi-siècle après les indépendances, qu'ils l'étaient au moment où l'administration coloniale passait la main. Si l'assistance technique française a certes permis une certaine relève de celle-ci, dite « gabonisation », l'essentiel de l'économie de ce pays reste concentré dans les mains des Français où passe une part non négligeable des investissements publics français. L'importance du Gabon pour la France a suscité une coopération de l'ombre où transpire toutes sortes de dérives antinomiques au progrès : gabegie, favoritisme, concussion, sectarisme... monolithisme. / The concept of development aid made its intrusion in history shortly after the Second World War. Title XIII of the constitution of October 4, 1958 outlined the policy of co-operation. The General De Gaulle intended to solve the dilemma : to fold up the Tricolour without breaking the historical bonds. However, if French legitimacy in the new partnership found legal quibbles, the ambitions which it concentrated comprised of the weakness. Engagement for the development can last « Ad vitam aeternam ». The diversity of administrative and financial instruments, as well as the multitude of actors add to confusion. The reforms of the mechanism of the co-operation did not gum yet the idea of the « changes impromptues ». The « theoretical draft of the French Gabonese co-operation since 1960 until nowadays : a public aid for the underdevelopment ? » reveals ambiguity, the dichotomy between co-operation and development. In spite of the enormous potentialities of a country from approximately 1,5 million inhabitants, the co-operation pains to bring out the Gabonese of the poverty line. They are as poor, 50 years after the independences, as they were at the time when the colonial administration passed the hand over. If the French technical aid allowed certainly a certain changing of this one, called « gabonisation », the essential of the economy in this country remains concentrated in the hands of the French where a considerable share of the French public investments passes. The importance of Gabon for France caused a co-operation of the shade where all kind of paradoxical drifts to progress perspires : underhand dealings, favoritism, misappropriation, sectarianism... monolithism.

This thesis aims to develop a calculation method to determine themagnetic field magnitudes in the vicinity of power lines, i.e. bothburied cables and overhead lines. This is done through the numericaluse of Biot Savart's law where the conductors are approximated by aseries of straight segment elements that each contribute to the overallfield strength at the field point. The method is compared to two realcases and to the exact integral solution. Also, a review of some of theresearch material regarding electromagnetic fields from power lines andclaims of adverse health effects due to these fields is conducted.Results show that the numerical error is dependent on the segmentationdegree of the conductors and the mathematical model is inaccurate closeto the conductor. The calculations show slightly higher fieldmagnitudes than the previous survey done by WSP (Williams SalePartnership) far away from the source and slightly lower at the centerconductor. This may be due to the excluded induction in the shieldwires and differences in actual conductor coordinates.