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Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker gymnasielärares inställning till begriplighet i engelskundervisning och bedömning utifrån styrdokumentens skrivning om uttal. Förhållningssätt till standarder och styrdokumentens framhållande av engelskämnets kommunikativa funktion diskuteras dels i ljuset av att engelskan har blivit ett kontaktspråk mellan talare vars modersmål inte är engelska, dels genom att fokusera på uttal generellt och på frågeintonation specifikt. Eftersom antalet icke infödda engelsktalande är vida fler än infödda och det är mycket svårt att nå upp till idealet att tala som en infödd, problematiserar forskare detta ideal, och framhåller strategier som effektiviserar kommunikation. Skolans styrdokument föreskriver en varierad internationell input och tydlig, ledig output. Därmed kan lärarens preferenser inverka på bedömningen av begriplighet så, att inföddlikt uttal ges högre betyg än uttal som färgats av elevens förstaspråk. Studien antyder att gymnasielärare som intervjuats föredrar ett inföddlikt uttal och att talängslan är ett problem. En mer pluralistisk syn på uttal skulle dels kunna sänka garden hos inlärare, dels förbereda dem på faktiska språksituationer och realistiska mål.

Many researchers agree that multicultural teams are a "double-edged sword" with the potential for high levels of creativity and production, but also conflict. This paper argues that effective communication is vital for developing "virtuous", rather than vicious, circles and that research into (B)ELF offers an insight into what effective communication in multicultural and multilingual teams can look like. The conceptual frame develops research into ELF and BELF by also drawing on organisational and management research to examine team processes and the role of language within them. The second part of the paper presents illustrative examples from data collected in an ethnographic study from an English-medium marketing master's programme at WU Vienna. The students' teamwork project comprises an international market entry simulation and can be seen as a training ground for managing both business content and team processes. The findings indicate that both the ELF context and the ELF talk furthered the development of rapport, and that the students' "casual talk" supported "their work talk". The paper finishes with a call for more empirical research into language use among recent business graduates and how to prepare students better for a globalised workplace.

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This thesis presents the studies of aurora using three observation instruments; the SAPPHIRE SOUTH VHF radar system, the ASC (All-Sky Camera) system at Rabbit Lake, Saskatchewan, and the 50-MHz CW (Continuous Wave) bistatic Doppler radars in the 1981 campaign. The SAPPHIRE SOUTH radar system, which has a high temporal and frequency resolution, is a multi-beam CW bistatic VHF Doppler radar system. Two transmitters, located at La Crete (Alberta), and Gillam (Manitoba), transmitted on four transmitter beams for each transmitter and intersected with four receiver beams from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan to form 32 radar target regions in the lower E-region of the ionosphere. The ASC system at Rabbit Lake provides digitized high resolution optical auroral images at several wavelengths (557.7 nm, 630.0 nm) and for the whole visible spectrum. The observing region of the ASC system covered all the radar target regions of the SAPPHIRE SOUTH radar system. The 50 MHz CW bistatic Doppler radars in the 1981 campaign had a special radar setup with three transmitters and two receivers to provide multiple radar beams with different aspect and flow angles. The AE index and Kp index data have been compared with the radar Doppler spectral characteristics extracted by using software designed for peak-finding and curve-fitting. The radar data received by the SAPPHIRE SOUTH radar system have been compared with the optical data obtained by the ASC: system in Rabbit Lake. The results showed that strong Type 1 and Type 3 radar auroral echoes were received along the auroral arc alignment while weak Type 2 echoes were observed in the direction perpendicular to the auroral arc alignment. The power of radar auroral echoes received along the auroral arc alignment was well correlated with the standard deviation of the optical auroral emission inside the radar target region. The non-linear theory of the Type 3 radar auroral echoes has also been examined. A fading analysis has been applied to the SAPPHIRE SOUTH radar data to examine whether the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave caused the fading of VHF radar auroral signals. The results showed that fading frequency ranges of Type 3 and Type 4 echoes were consistent with electric field oscillation and primary particle modulation arising from EMIC waves. The results of statistical studies on the data obtained from the radars in the 1981 campaign showed that the power of radar auroral backscatter echoes received by the radar link with a large aspect angle (4.08°) and a small assumed flow angle (6.17°) correlated well with the AE index. Regardless of the AE index, strong radar auroral backscatter echoes were observed by the radar link with smallest aspect angle (1.57°). Type 1 and Type 5 radar auroral backscatter mostly occurred for large values of the AE index, while Type 2 and Type 3 radar auroral backscatter echoes were mostly observed for small values of the AE index.

Researchers are becoming increasingly interested in responding to the effects of the English language’s viability as a Lingua Franca. English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is being used predominantly in communication from one non-native speaker to another, and descriptive studies are just beginning to emerge (Dewey 2007; Jenkins, 2000; Seidlhofer, 2004). This report offers a theoretical overview showing ELF’s increasing relevance, and reviews empirical studies that have investigated how ELF is manifesting in the field of language education. These empirical studies are gaining significant traction, specifically in relation to descriptive linguistics, sociolinguistics, and applied linguistics (House, 2003; Mauranen, 2003). In order to investigate a formal description of ELF, recent empirical work is reviewed after two seminal articles were published that helped gain viability into ELF as a distinct research area (i.e. Seidlhofer, 2001; Mauranen, 2003). Such reviews of empirical studies through the use of corpora are not meant to distinguish ELF as a distinct variety of English, but to simply allow for a deep description of how ELF is being used currently. Also discussed are the developments to English language pedagogy and directions for future research as ELF scholars begin to re-conceptualize what is meant by language context and communication in ELF. / text

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This study was designed to determine the potential biological effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMF), generated by 735 kV alternating current (AC) high tension lines upon the hormonal profile, some health-related parameters, stress response and productivity in dairy cattle. An EMF exposure chamber to house eight animals at one time was constructed. Forty-nine cows were divided according to their production stage; 8 pregnant non-lactating cows, 16 pregnant lactating cows, 16 non-pregnant lactating cows and 9 non-lactating non-pregnant heifers. They were exposed to an EMF of 10 kilovolts per meter (kV/m) and 30 micro-Tesla $( mu T)$ in two different fashions: (a) for three consecutive periods of 28 days in two sequences either with the EMF on/off/on or off/on/off, in a switch back design; (b) for three consecutive periods with the sequence OFF (5 days), ON (30 days) and OFF (5-12 days). The intensity of the EMF chosen for the experiments resembled a situation in which the cattle are standing continuously under a 735 kV AC high tension line when the line has a maximum load of current. In reality, these conditions are found only for a few days during the winter in the Province of Quebec. / Milk production and composition, feed consumption, blood hormonal profiles and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) components were assessed during the different periods of exposure. Most of the variables assessed were not affected by EMF. However, there was a positive association between EMF and feed consumption, milk fat content, blood plasma progesterone during pregnancy and estrous cycle length. Also, there were changes in the mineral and neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations in the CSF that showed a relationship to the EMF. / In conclusion, it could be stated that EMF caused a biological response in dairy cattle. It is speculated that these changes do not represent a health hazard for exposed cattle, although they warrant further research.