The present thesis considers the topic of English as a Lingua Franca as it is perceived and experienced by three groups: the ELF research community, ELT professionals, and ELF users themselves. This thesis first presents an overview of the theoretical foundations of ELF research, identifying key topics with which the ELF research community has grappled in recent decades. In order to determine how much closer the ELT community has gotten to aligning teaching policy, practices, and goals to students' specific needs and expectations, sociolinguistic research in the form of seven semi-structured interviews was conducted with L2 English speakers who use ELF to live, work, and study in their daily lives, and the ELT professionals tasked with developing their English skills in the classroom. The content of these interviews is then analyzed with regard to the specific needs and expectations of ELF users and the concerns of ELT professionals, followed by a discussion of the key issues uncovered in these interviews in light of the theoretical background of ELF research. The author provides suggestions for further research aimed at improving the ELT community's role in developing ELF proficiency in the expanding circle. Keywords: English as a Lingua Franca, English Language Teaching, Expanding Circle, ELF...

Non-standard features such as copula deletion have long been dismissed as learner errors or were interpreted as results of simplification processes in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and only recent publications tend to acknowledge the influence of language contact in ELF settings (cf. Schneider 2012). The present paper analyses tokens of copula deletion in the Asian Corpus of English (ACE 2014) with respect to speaker L1s, situational context and syntactic environment, with our results suggesting a correlation between copula usage patterns in the speakers’ L1s and constructions involving copula deletion found in ACE. Thus, opening up the field to ELF settings, our data confirm findings of previous studies such as Sharma (2009) that point to contact-induced copula usage in non-standard English(es).

Abstract : In the contemporary world, English has become the international language in which most intercultural communication is conducted (Seidlhofer, 2011). The number of speakers using English as a foreign or second language (L2) outnumbers the number of native speakers of the language six times (Crystal, 2003) and, accordingly, English is used more commonly as a Lingua Franca in the international context than to communicate with its native speakers (Jenkins, 2007). Because of the global spread of English, there are more people who speak English with a non-native accent. Such accents often trigger a set of stereotypes insofar as it could have negative consequences for the speaker in terms of academic success and employability (Lippi-Green, 1994). From decades of research in social psychology and sociolinguistics, it has been established that accent plays a significant role in how native speakers perceive non-native speakers of English (Garrett, 2010). However, little has been done in exploring how non-native speakers of English view their own accent and judge acceptability of other non-native English accents. Therefore, this study addressed the need for further research focusing on non-native students’ attitudes towards Arabic- and Chinese-accented English in an English Intensive Program at an English-speaking university in Montreal. This study employed the verbal guise technique from the field of social psychology to elicit spontaneous reactions to L2 accented speech with two levels of first language (L1) influence. Unlike other verbal guise studies, this study did not include a native speaker sample for comparison. We believed our participants’ potential negative attitudes to L2-accented speech would be attenuated by the reference frame effect. To explain and clarify verbal guise test results, we also conducted semi-structured interviews. The results show that the respondents displayed a relatively low level of solidarity with Chinese and Arabic accents in English. Notwithstanding relatively low solidarity ratings given to the accented voices, they were still higher than the evaluations documented in the literature. In addition, high status ratings were found for non-native speakers despite the fact that they were recognized as such. This suggests that in addition to the positive effect triggered by the lack of inclusion of native speaker accents, there might be some contextual factors at play. We found that the participants were harsher in their ratings when the voices represented the more formal domain of higher education but more lenient when they referred to informal settings. From our data, it is also evident that non-segmentals play an important role in language attitudes. The female speakers who approximated their rhythm patterns and intonation contours to those of a native speaker received higher ratings on all the traits in our data. We believe that, if we want them to serve the needs of international students, these often ambivalent attitudes should be considered in the choice of a classroom pronunciation model, and in the development of pronunciation materials. / Résumé : Dans le monde contemporain, l’anglais est devenu la langue internationale utilisée pour la plupart des communications interculturelles (Seidlhofer, 2011). Le nombre de locuteurs utilisant l’anglais comme langue étrangère ou langue seconde est six fois plus important que le nombre de locuteurs natifs (Crystal, 2003). L’anglais est plus souvent utilisé comme Lingua Franca dans un contexte international que pour communiquer avec des locuteurs natifs (Jenkins, 2007). A cause de cette diffusion globale de l’anglais, la plupart des gens qui parlent anglais ont un accent non-natif. Ces accents déclenchent souvent une panoplie de stéréotypes qui peuvent avoir des conséquences négatives sur l’employabilité ou la réussite professionnelle des locuteurs (Lippi-Green, 1994). Des décennies de recherche en psychologie sociale et sociolinguistique ont reconnu que l’accent joue un rôle significatif sur la perception des locuteurs non-natifs par les locuteurs natifs (Garrett, 2010). Cependant, peu d’études se sont penchées sur la façon dont les locuteurs non-natifs perçoivent leur propre accent et jugent l’acceptabilité des autres accents non-natifs. Par conséquent, la présente étude se concentre sur les attitudes des étudiants internationaux du programme d’anglais intensif d’une université anglophone montréalaise envers les accents arabes et chinois en anglais. Cette étude utilise la technique de locuteur masqué employée dans le domaine de la psychologie sociale pour déclencher des réactions spontanées à un discours de langue seconde accentué par deux niveaux d’influence de la langue maternelle. Contrairement aux autres études utilisant la technique de locuteur masqué, cette étude n’inclus pas de discours de locuteurs natifs à des fins de comparaison. Nous pensons que les attitudes négatives potentielles pourraient être atténuées par l’effet de cadre de référence. Pour expliquer et clarifier les résultats de la technique de locuteur masqué, nous avons également mené des entrevues semi-dirigées. Les résultats montrent que les participants expriment un niveau de solidarité relativement faible envers les accents arabes et chinois en anglais. Pourtant, ce niveau de solidarité est tout de même plus haut que les études reportées dans la littérature. D’autre part, le statut social des locuteurs non-natifs a été évalué positivement malgré que les locuteurs aient été reconnus comme non-natifs. Ceci suggère qu’en plus d’un effet positif déclenché par l’exclusion des accents natifs, certains facteurs contextuels peuvent avoir influencé les résultats. Nous avons trouvé que les personnes interrogées notaient plus sévèrement les voix suggérant un niveau d’éducation élevé, mais étaient plus clémentes envers les voix faisant référence à un contexte informel. De l’analyse des données, il apparait que les non-segmentals jouent un rôle important dans les attitudes langagières. De plus, les locutrices se rapprochant du rythme et de l’intonation des natifs ont reçu des évaluations supérieures sur tous les traits. Nous pensons que ces attitudes souvent ambivalentes devraient être considérées dans le choix du modèle d’enseignement et dans le développement de nouveaux supports d’apprentissage de la prononciation pour les étudiants internationaux.

The status of English as the language of international communication is by now well-established. However, in the past 16 years, research has tried to emphasize the fact that the English spoken in international contact situations and between people with other first languages than English has different needs than the English spoken locally amongst native speakers, resulting in the emergence of English as a lingua franca (ELF) as a scholarly field. However, the impact of findings in ELF has so far only led to a moderate shift in English language teaching. Especially in expanding circle countries, where ELF should have the biggest impact, change is only gradually becoming palpable. Accent and pronunciation, as one of the biggest factors on both identity and mutual intelligibility (Jenkins 2000; 2007) are at the root of discussion. The scope of this study is therefore to examine accent choices and the extent to which native speaker ideology informs the preferences of ten speakers of ELF and 27 German natives with experience in international communication. Both ethnographical and sociolinguistic methods, as well as auditory analysis have been applied and conducted. The auditory analysis of six variables in the recorded speech production of the ten speakers suggests that there is no significant preference of one norm-giving variety over the other. Rather, speakers tend to mix-and-match General American- and Standard Southern British English-like features in their pronunciation. When reporting their accent ideals, the idea of a ‘neutral’ English accent is mentioned by four participants. Neutral accents seem to have been understood as ‘unmarked accents’. Expressed beliefs on their own English pronunciation show a comparatively high level of reflection on and confidence in their own production. Results from a rating task and a survey given to 27 German participants reveal attitudes that are more negatively stacked. While Germans reported openness towards NNS (non-native speaker) accents and showed awareness of the priority of intelligibility over accent choice in both their own and others’ pronunciation, they still largely reported NS accent preference. The ratings of the production from ten ELF speakers confirmed this and showed that ‘neutral’ is equated with native-like. In the light of these findings, issues are discussed that ultimately relate to the influence of NS Englishes, identity and the development of English as an international language.

The present research focuses on students' attitudes and preferences towards English language learning at Czech private language schools. In essence, the thesis focuses on unearthing the relationship and attitudes of students towards language mistakes, goals, and creativity. The study approaches language learning from more and less norm-bound perspectives and the English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) paradigm is introduced. In connection with the main focus of the research the intention is also to detect tendencies that could hint at the suitability of integrating knowledge about ELF into English Language Teaching (ELT). To obtain original data from the selected target group I conducted a mixed-method research (a questionnaire survey and in-class observations). The key concepts discussed are: mistakes, learner goals, learner needs, accuracy and language creativity (or 'languaging'). Key words: EFL, ELF, learner goals, accuracy, language creativity, languaging.

In this paper, we present a working research prototype codeid-elf for ELF binaries based on its Windows counterpart codeid, which can identify kernels through relocation entries extracted from the binaries. We show that relocation-based signatures are unique and distinct and thus, can be used to accurately determine Linux kernel versions and derandomize the base address of the kernel in memory (when kernel Address Space Layout Randomization is enabled). We evaluate the effectiveness of codeid-elf on a subset of Linux kernels and find that the relocations in kernel code have nearly 100\% code coverage and low similarity (uniqueness) across various kernels. Finally, we show that codeid-elf, which leverages relocations in kernel code, can detect all kernel versions in the test set with almost 100% page hit rate and nearly zero false negatives.

Cette thèse propose une stratégie de calcul pour étudier les oxydes des métaux de transition de la première série à l'aide de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. Elle consiste en la validation d'une méthode de calcul sur un système donné en reproduisant au mieux les observations expérimentales, puis son utilisation pour compléter nos connaissances des propriétés spectroscopiques et de la réactivité de ces systèmes. A partir de l'étude en matrice de gaz rare des produits de la réaction de Ni, Ni2+O2 par spectroscopie d'absorption, nous avons rassemblé un ensemble de données expérimentales pertinentes sur les oxydes NiO2 et Ni2O2. Pour le premier, dont l'état fondamental du complexe eta-2 faisait l'objet de publications contradictoires, nous avons fourni une description générale de la réactivité en accord avec celle de l'expérience. Nous avons notamment mis en évidence les deux chemins réactionnels possibles, thermique (à partir des réactifs dans leurs états fondamentaux) et photochimique, de la formation du composé final, le produit de l'insertion ONiO. Le cas de Ni2O2 nous a poussés à développer une méthode particulière. Ce composé est caractérisé par un couplage antiferromagnétique avec de la densité de spin non nulle portée par les deux centres métalliques. Pour traiter ce cas avec une méthode monoréférence, nous avons conçu une procédure dans laquelle un calcul "Broken Symmetry", suivi de l'analyse de la fonction d'onde contaminée ainsi obtenue et de la valeur moyenne , ont permis d'ajuster la fraction d'échange HF dans la fonctionnelle hybride utilisée pour décrire des observables expérimentaux. Cette procédure a été employée pour traiter les dioxydes de type M2O2 (avec M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) et observer l'évolution de leurs propriétés en fonction du centre métallique. L'état singulet antiferromagnétique a été trouvé comme état fondamental pour tous ces oxydes, excepté dans le cas de Cu2O2. L'interaction antiferromagnétique entre les deux atomes de cuivre n'est pas suffisamment élevée pour favoriser la structure rhombique antiferromagnétique que l'on observe pour les autres métaux. Nous avons montré que la stabilité de ces oxydes est essentiellement due à l'interaction de superéchange entre les centres métalliques et le ligand diamagnétique (O2−). En accord avec ce schéma, nous avons établi, par une étude topologique des fonctions locales rho(r) et ELF, que les dioxydes bimétalliques doivent être considérés comme (M2+)2(O2−)2.

This report first reviews issues emerging from English usage as a lingua franca, including distinctions among errors and variations in L2 English, attitudes toward L2-accented English, and communication strategies among non-native English speakers. Informed by the English learning as a second language literature, this report provides some suggestions for English teachers in Taiwan to help their students improve interactions with English speakers around the world. These suggestions involve promoting students’ respect for errors and accents in different varieties of English, which is expected to help students improve their own learning habits in order to lower their concerns about their “Taiwanese English.” The suggestions also encourage teachers to integrate issues regarding communication among non-native English speakers into English classes since these issues are often not the focus of traditional English classes in Taiwan. / text

Mémoire (M.Ed.)--Universite du Quebec a Chicoutimi, 1989. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-20T14:41:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4206052 bytes, checksum: 763f7d238671bd04ad2fa14a2f8e48c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-20T14:41:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4206052 bytes, checksum: 763f7d238671bd04ad2fa14a2f8e48c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The mesoionic compounds comprise a class of heterocycles with wide range of biological and technological applications. Despite many theoretical and experimental studies, some of their properties are still controversial or poorly understood; in particular: charge distribution, the nature of the chemical bonds in the mesoionic ring and the noncovalent interactions in mesoionic complexes. In this work, we sought to clarify these issues through the theoreticalcomputational study of 54 mesoionic compounds and 12 combinations of dimers. Compounds belonging to the 1,3-oxazol-5-one; 1,3-diazole-4-thione and 1,3-thiazole-5-thione rings have been evaluated by a combination of topological methods and charge models. Atomic, bond and ring properties and interactions in mesoionic dimers have been assessed. Results showed that the ring electron density and ring Laplacian were restricted to characteristic range of values for each group studied, which allows us the ring identification using those properties. The bond properties confirmed a prevalance of shared interactions in the mesoionic ring bonds, but with important charge transfers and significant and heterogeous π contribution. When individual atoms were considered, the different charge models exhibited similar qualitative results, but none of them agreed with existing mesoionic definitions. On the other hand, when net charges were considered in rings and fragments, the different models showed large differences and only one of them (QTAIM) agreed with one of the mesoionic definitions. Hence, it is unclear which of the charge models is the most suitable for these compounds. The assessment of mesoionic complexes revealed that interactions in dimers are favored at antiparallel orientations and in the presence of aromatic substituents, that suggests that charge separation and the groups bonded to the ring are paramount in those interactions. Finally, it is concluded that classical mesoionic models do not satisfactorily describe either the charge distribution or the π character of bonds in mesoionic rings. / Os compostos mesoiônicos constituem uma classe de heterociclos com ampla variedade de aplicações biológicas e tecnológicas. Apesar dos vários estudos teóricos e experimentais, algumas de suas propriedades são controversas ou mal compreendidas; em particular: a distribuição de carga, a natureza das ligações químicas no anel mesoiônico e as interações não covalentes em complexos de mesoiônicos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se elucidar esses pontos através do estudo teórico-computacional de 54 compostos mesoiônicos e 12 combinações de dímeros. Compostos das classes 1,3-oxazólio-5-ona; 1,3-diazólio-4-tiona e 1,3-tiazólio-5- tiona foram avaliados através de uma combinação de métodos topológicos e modelos de carga. Propriedades atômicas, de ligação, de anel e interações em dímeros de mesoiônicos foram avaliadas. Os resultados mostraram que a densidade eletrônica e o laplaciano de anel restringiram-se a faixas de valores características para cada grupo estudado, permitindo a identificação do tipo de anel através dessas propriedades. As propriedades de ligação apontaram uma prevalência de interações compartilhadas nas ligações do anel mesoiônico, mas com importante transferência de carga e uma contribuição significativa e heterogênea de caráter π. Considerando átomos individuais, os diferentes modelos de carga apresentaram resultados qualitativos similares, mas nenhum dos modelos corroborou as definições existentes de mesoiônicos quanto à carga. Por outro lado, quando cargas líquidas de anel e de fragmentos foram consideradas, os diferentes modelos apresentaram grandes discrepâncias e apenas um deles (QTAIM) mostrou-se de acordo com uma das definições de mesoiônicos. A avaliação dos complexos de mesoiônicos revelou que as interações em dímeros são favorecidas em orientações antiparalelas e na presença de substituintes aromáticos, sugerindo que a separação de cargas e os grupos ligados ao anel são fundamentais nessas interações. Por fim, conclui-se que os modelos clássicos de mesoiônico não descrevem de forma satisfatória nem a distribuição de carga nem o caráter π das ligações dos anéis mesoiônicos.