<p>Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a family (currently FGF-1 to FGF-23) of polypeptides that are essential in embryonal development and adult physiology, in animals from nematodes to humans. FGFs bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases, denoted FGFR-1 to FGFR-4. For proper function, the FGFs and their receptors depend on specific polysaccharide co-receptors, denoted heparan sulfate (HS). This thesis describes HS regulation of FGFR-1 signal transduction using blood vessel endothelial cells as a model.</p><p>We have determined HS structural features, necessary for FGF-2 induced FGFR-1 activation, using chemically modified heparin, which is structurally related to HS. Modified heparin, lacking sulfation at the 6-O position was inhibitory for FGFR-1 kinase activation and FGF-2 induced angiogenesis. Inhibition of blood vessel formation using modified heparin could be useful in treatment of diseases characterized by excess blood vessel formation. The critical role of HS sulfation for proper growth factor function was further underscored using an embryonal stem (ES) cell model. ES cells lacking expression of two isoforms of N-deacetyl N-sulfotransferase, NDST-1 and –2, failed to undergo embryonal development and to establish a vascular system. Exogenous heparin could not support development, but HS delivered from other ES cells allowed formation of primitive vessels and subsequent sprouting angiogenesis.</p><p>We have, furthermore, shown that the mechanism whereby HS supports FGF receptor activation is qualitative, as well as quantitative. Kinase activity could be induced by FGF-2 in the absence of HS, but this allowed only selected phosphorylation. In the presence of HS, the kinase activity was stabilized, allowing a broader spectrum of phosphorylation of sites on the FGF receptor itself as well as on cytoplasmic substrates. Finally, using selected microarrays, we have examined the potential regulation of enzymes in the HS biosynthesis pathway and of different proteoglycans to which HS is attached. Overall, we found no evidence for dramatic regulation on the transcriptional level, but could identify specific upregulation of HS proteoglycan syndecan-2, during blood vessel formation in vitro.</p><p>In conclusion, our studies demonstrate selective and complex regulation of HS synthesis and structure, essential in guiding growth factor function during health and disease.</p>

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) constitute a family (currently FGF-1 to FGF-23) of polypeptides that are essential in embryonal development and adult physiology, in animals from nematodes to humans. FGFs bind to four receptor tyrosine kinases, denoted FGFR-1 to FGFR-4. For proper function, the FGFs and their receptors depend on specific polysaccharide co-receptors, denoted heparan sulfate (HS). This thesis describes HS regulation of FGFR-1 signal transduction using blood vessel endothelial cells as a model. We have determined HS structural features, necessary for FGF-2 induced FGFR-1 activation, using chemically modified heparin, which is structurally related to HS. Modified heparin, lacking sulfation at the 6-O position was inhibitory for FGFR-1 kinase activation and FGF-2 induced angiogenesis. Inhibition of blood vessel formation using modified heparin could be useful in treatment of diseases characterized by excess blood vessel formation. The critical role of HS sulfation for proper growth factor function was further underscored using an embryonal stem (ES) cell model. ES cells lacking expression of two isoforms of N-deacetyl N-sulfotransferase, NDST-1 and –2, failed to undergo embryonal development and to establish a vascular system. Exogenous heparin could not support development, but HS delivered from other ES cells allowed formation of primitive vessels and subsequent sprouting angiogenesis. We have, furthermore, shown that the mechanism whereby HS supports FGF receptor activation is qualitative, as well as quantitative. Kinase activity could be induced by FGF-2 in the absence of HS, but this allowed only selected phosphorylation. In the presence of HS, the kinase activity was stabilized, allowing a broader spectrum of phosphorylation of sites on the FGF receptor itself as well as on cytoplasmic substrates. Finally, using selected microarrays, we have examined the potential regulation of enzymes in the HS biosynthesis pathway and of different proteoglycans to which HS is attached. Overall, we found no evidence for dramatic regulation on the transcriptional level, but could identify specific upregulation of HS proteoglycan syndecan-2, during blood vessel formation in vitro. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate selective and complex regulation of HS synthesis and structure, essential in guiding growth factor function during health and disease.

No description available.

1 Abstract Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the dysfunction and reduction of insulin-producing cells, resulting in hyperglycemia, which in long term harms the organism. For future therapy, it is crucial to understand the function of various factors participating in the differentiation and maturation of endocrine pancreatic cells. The aim of this study was to unravel the functional role of ISL1 during the development of the pancreas. ISL1 is expressed in all endocrine cells of the islets of Langerhansbut its function remains unclear, especially during early pancreatogenesis. As the global deletion of this gene is embryonically lethal, we used the tissue specific deletion of Isl1 in Neurod1 possitive cells using the Cre-loxP system. In this work we studied the effect of this deletion on the structure of islets of Langerhans, the formation of endocrine cell types and relative expression of genes during early pancreatic development. A defective achitecture of islets together with postnatal absence of α-cells was found in the Isl1 deletion mutant. Also, the expression of genes important for the specification of α-cell lineage and their subsequent function was decreased. The secondary outcome was the optimalization of a protocol for effective sorting of endocrine cells using fluorescent flow cytometry, which...

Os tumores malignos hepáticos são raros nas crianças, sendo o tumor embrionário hepatoblastoma a neoplasia hepática mais comum em crianças abaixo dos 5 anos e, ainda assim, responsável por apenas 1% dos tumores incidentes nessa faixa etária. Devido, entre outros fatores, à sua baixa incidência, o hepatoblastoma é um tumor ainda pouco caracterizado a nível molecular. O presente trabalho contemplou três frentes de análises moleculares em hepatoblastomas: análise de alterações em número de cópias (através da técnica array-CGH), investigação de mutações somáticas em regiões codificadoras (sequenciamento de exoma por next-generation) e delineamento de perfil global de metilação de DNA (beadarrays). Encontramos um baixo número de alterações em número de cópias, na maioria ganhos de grande extensão cromossômica, evidenciando uma baixa instabilidade cromossômica em comparação ao encontrado em outros tumores sólidos de adultos. Uma região em 2q24 previamente associada a um pior prognóstico em hepatoblastomas foi encontrada como ganho de alta amplitude (amplicon). A análise de expressão gênica na área destacou 5 dos 48 genes como super-expressos em nossas amostras de hepatoblastomas (DAPL1, ERMN, GALNT5, SCN1A e SCN3A). Foi observada também uma baixa ocorrência de mutações somáticas não-sinônimas, quando comparada à magnitude de variações encontradas em outros tumores sólidos de adultos. Descrevemos uma nova mutação não-sinônima danosa no exon 3 do gene CTNNB1 (beta-catenina), marcador molecular de destaque em hepatoblastomas, que provavelmente desenvolve um papel importante na tumorigênese deste tipo de neoplasia. Dentre a lista de alterações somáticas encontradas, cabe destacar o enriquecimento da via Wnt, via da beta-catenina, já bem estudada em hepatoblastomas e que apresenta correlação tanto com desenvolvimento embrionário como com o processo de carcinogênese. Destacamos uma lista de mutações somáticas não-sinônimas presentes com boa cobertura em nossos experimentos, e ausentes ou presentes em baixa frequência (< 1%) na população. O presente estudo é o pioneiro na análise de alterações globais no padrão de metilação de citosinas em hepatoblastomas, e revelou um padrão incomum de hipometilação global nos tumores, não associado à metilação de regiões repetitivas LINE-1; especificamente, hepatobastomas apresentam um nível intermediário entre o encontrado para os fígados maduros e aquele encontrado para os fígados fetais. Tal achado dá suporte ao modelo no qual a tumorigênese do hepatoblastoma recapitularia fases do desenvolvimento fetal do fígado. Foram destacados 11 genes que apresentaram padrão de metilação de DNA diferencial em seus promotores. Em suma, nossos achados revelam que o tumor embrionário hepatoblastoma apresenta relativa estabilidade genética, com uma frequência menor de alterações (alterações em número de cópias e mutações somáticas em regiões codificadoras) que tumores sólidos de adultos. Simultaneamente, foi detectado um padrão marcante de hipometilação global de DNA associado ao tumor, evidenciando a importância de aspectos epigenéticos em sua tumorigênese / Hepatic malignant tumors are rare in children, the embryonal tumor hepatoblastoma is the most common liver cancer in children under 5 years old but, in spite of that, accounts for only 1% of incident tumors in this age group. Due to its low incidence, among other factors, hepatoblastoma is a tumor poorly characterized at molecular level. This study included three approaches of molecular analyzes in hepatoblastomas: examination of copy number alterations (through array-CGH technique), investigation of somatic mutations in coding regions (next-generation exome sequencing) and determination of the global DNA methylation profile (bead arrays). We found a low frequency of copy number alterations, mostly consisting of large extent chromosomal gains, reflecting lower chromosomal instability than other solid adult tumors. A region at 2q24, previously associated with worse prognosis in hepatoblastomas, was found amplified in high amplitude (amplicon). Gene expression analysis of the 48 genes comprised in the amplicon segment highlighted five genes as overexpressed (DAPL1, ERMN, GALNT5, SCN1A and SCN3A). We also observed a low frequency of non-synonymous somatic mutations in our hepatoblastomas samples compared to the amount of variation found in other adult solid tumors. We described a predicted harmful non-synonymous mutation in exon 3 of CTNNB1 gene (beta-catenin), the best characterized molecular marker in hepatoblastomas. The list of somatic alterations points to a remarkable enrichment of genes from the Wnt pathway, which is well-studied in hepatoblastomas and is associated both with embryonic development and with the process of carcinogenesis. We highlighted a list of non-synonymous somatic mutations that presented high coverage in our experiments, and were absent or present at low frequency (<1%) in the general population. This study is the first to analyze global changes in cytosine methylation in hepatoblastomas, and revealed an unusual pattern of global hypomethylation in these tumors, not associated with LINE-1 repetitive regions; specifically, hepatobastomas exhibited an intermediate level of methylation, in between the patterns of mature and fetal livers. This finding supports the model in which the oncogenesis of hepatoblastoma recapitulates stages of fetal liver development. We highlighted 11 genes that showed differential pattern of DNA methylation in their promoters compared to differentiated liver. In summary, our findings show that the embryonal tumor hepatoblastoma are relatively genetically stable with lower frequency of alterations (changes in copy number and somatic mutations in coding regions) than most solid adult tumors. Simultaneously, a clear pattern of global hypomethylation of non-repetitive DNA was associated with the tumor, indicating the importance of epigenetic aspects in its tumorigenesis

Os microRNAs (miRs) desempenham um papel importante na biologia das células-tronco por meio da interação com seus mRNAs alvos, induzindo inibição da tradução e/ou degradação destes transcritos. Durante a diferenciação de células pluripotentes, os miRs podem ser induzidos ou reprimidos, no entanto, suas funções específicas são amplamente inexploradas. Nós investigamos os papéis funcionais de um conjunto selecionado de miRs na pluripotência e diferenciação celular, usando microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa (High Content Analysis). Para isso, foram empregadas a NTera-2 (células de carcinoma embrionário humano, CCE) e a H1 (células-tronco embrionárias humanas, CTEh) como modelos. Essas células foram transfectadas reversamente com trinta moléculas de miRs distintas (individualmente) ou moléculas controles. Após 3-4 dias de cultura, as células foram fixadas, permeabilizadas e coradas com Hoechst / CellMask Blue (núcleo/citoplasma), anti-OCT4, anti-Ciclina B1 e imageadas com um sistema ImageXpress Micro HCA. O CellProfiler foi utilizado para quantificar vários parâmetros morfométricos e medidas de intensidade de OCT4 e Ciclina B1 em compartimentos nucleares e citoplasmáticos. Esses dados foram usados para gerar perfis fenotípicos multiparamétricos específicos de cada miR (usando KNIME) e o agrupamento desses dados levou à identificação de vias e processos envolvidos na indução de características de pluripotência ou diferenciação celular causadas por miRs com efeitos fenotípicos similares. Como exemplo, as vias de PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? e DICER foram encontradas como moduladas por alguns clusters fenotípicos e os transcritos de alguns alvos foram avaliados por qPCR para validar os achados. Parte do trabalho foi focada na regulação da via Notch por miRNAs em células pluripotentes, o que levou à observação de que o miR- 363-3p inibe a sinalização de Notch e promove pluripotência nessas células. A transfecção de miR-363-3p não apenas elevou as características de pluripotência em NTera-2 e H1, mas também protegeu as CCE da diferenciação induzida por cocultivo com OP9 expressando DLL1 e causou a diminuição no nível de transcritos de PSEN1. Em conclusão, o ensaio desenvolvido aqui provou ser uma ferramenta robusta na detecção de mecanismos moleculares, baseando-se na combinação de análises fenotípicas funcionais e bioinformáticas. / microRNAs (miRs) play an important role in stem cell\'s biology by binding to target mRNAs transcripts, inducing translation blockage and/or transcripts degradation. Upon differentiation of pluripotent cells, miRNAs can be induced or repressed, however, their specific roles are largely unexplored. We investigated the functional roles of a selected set of miRs in pluripotency and differentiation, using quantitative automated fluorescence microscopy (High Content Analysis). For this, we used NTera-2 (human embryonal carcinoma cells, ECC) and H1 (embryonic stem cells; ESC) as models. These cells were reverse-transfected with thirty distinct miRs mimics (individually) or control molecules. Following 3-4 days of culture, cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with Hoechst/CellMask Blue (nucleus/cytoplasm), antiOCT4, anti-Cyclin B1 and imaged using an ImageXpress Micro HCA System. CellProfiler was used to quantify several morphometric parameters and intensity measurements of OCT4 and CYCB1 in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Quantified parameters were used to generate miR-specific multiparametric phenotypic profiles (using KNIME) and clustering these data led to identification of pathways and processes involved in the induction of pluripotency or cell diferention features caused by miRs with similar phenotypic effects. As an example, PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? and DICER pathways were found to be regulated by some phenotypic clusters and transcripts level of some of miR targets were evaluated by qPCR to validate de findings. Part of the work was focused in the regulation of Notch pathway by miRNAs in pluripotent cells, which led the observation that miR-363-3p inhibits Notch signaling and promotes pluripotency feature, as the transfection with miR-363-3p mimic not only enhanced pluripotent phenotype in NTera-2 and H1, but also protected de ECCs from differentiation induced by coculture with OP9 expressing DLL1 and decreased PSEN1 transcripts level.In conclusion, The assay developed here proved to be a robust tool in the detection of molecular mechanisms based on combined functional phenotypic and bioinformatic analyzes.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2005. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Os microRNAs (miRs) desempenham um papel importante na biologia das células-tronco por meio da interação com seus mRNAs alvos, induzindo inibição da tradução e/ou degradação destes transcritos. Durante a diferenciação de células pluripotentes, os miRs podem ser induzidos ou reprimidos, no entanto, suas funções específicas são amplamente inexploradas. Nós investigamos os papéis funcionais de um conjunto selecionado de miRs na pluripotência e diferenciação celular, usando microscopia de fluorescência quantitativa (High Content Analysis). Para isso, foram empregadas a NTera-2 (células de carcinoma embrionário humano, CCE) e a H1 (células-tronco embrionárias humanas, CTEh) como modelos. Essas células foram transfectadas reversamente com trinta moléculas de miRs distintas (individualmente) ou moléculas controles. Após 3-4 dias de cultura, as células foram fixadas, permeabilizadas e coradas com Hoechst / CellMask Blue (núcleo/citoplasma), anti-OCT4, anti-Ciclina B1 e imageadas com um sistema ImageXpress Micro HCA. O CellProfiler foi utilizado para quantificar vários parâmetros morfométricos e medidas de intensidade de OCT4 e Ciclina B1 em compartimentos nucleares e citoplasmáticos. Esses dados foram usados para gerar perfis fenotípicos multiparamétricos específicos de cada miR (usando KNIME) e o agrupamento desses dados levou à identificação de vias e processos envolvidos na indução de características de pluripotência ou diferenciação celular causadas por miRs com efeitos fenotípicos similares. Como exemplo, as vias de PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? e DICER foram encontradas como moduladas por alguns clusters fenotípicos e os transcritos de alguns alvos foram avaliados por qPCR para validar os achados. Parte do trabalho foi focada na regulação da via Notch por miRNAs em células pluripotentes, o que levou à observação de que o miR- 363-3p inibe a sinalização de Notch e promove pluripotência nessas células. A transfecção de miR-363-3p não apenas elevou as características de pluripotência em NTera-2 e H1, mas também protegeu as CCE da diferenciação induzida por cocultivo com OP9 expressando DLL1 e causou a diminuição no nível de transcritos de PSEN1. Em conclusão, o ensaio desenvolvido aqui provou ser uma ferramenta robusta na detecção de mecanismos moleculares, baseando-se na combinação de análises fenotípicas funcionais e bioinformáticas. / microRNAs (miRs) play an important role in stem cell\'s biology by binding to target mRNAs transcripts, inducing translation blockage and/or transcripts degradation. Upon differentiation of pluripotent cells, miRNAs can be induced or repressed, however, their specific roles are largely unexplored. We investigated the functional roles of a selected set of miRs in pluripotency and differentiation, using quantitative automated fluorescence microscopy (High Content Analysis). For this, we used NTera-2 (human embryonal carcinoma cells, ECC) and H1 (embryonic stem cells; ESC) as models. These cells were reverse-transfected with thirty distinct miRs mimics (individually) or control molecules. Following 3-4 days of culture, cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with Hoechst/CellMask Blue (nucleus/cytoplasm), antiOCT4, anti-Cyclin B1 and imaged using an ImageXpress Micro HCA System. CellProfiler was used to quantify several morphometric parameters and intensity measurements of OCT4 and CYCB1 in nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Quantified parameters were used to generate miR-specific multiparametric phenotypic profiles (using KNIME) and clustering these data led to identification of pathways and processes involved in the induction of pluripotency or cell diferention features caused by miRs with similar phenotypic effects. As an example, PI3K-AKT, WNT, TGF? and DICER pathways were found to be regulated by some phenotypic clusters and transcripts level of some of miR targets were evaluated by qPCR to validate de findings. Part of the work was focused in the regulation of Notch pathway by miRNAs in pluripotent cells, which led the observation that miR-363-3p inhibits Notch signaling and promotes pluripotency feature, as the transfection with miR-363-3p mimic not only enhanced pluripotent phenotype in NTera-2 and H1, but also protected de ECCs from differentiation induced by coculture with OP9 expressing DLL1 and decreased PSEN1 transcripts level.In conclusion, The assay developed here proved to be a robust tool in the detection of molecular mechanisms based on combined functional phenotypic and bioinformatic analyzes.

Os tumores malignos hepáticos são raros nas crianças, sendo o tumor embrionário hepatoblastoma a neoplasia hepática mais comum em crianças abaixo dos 5 anos e, ainda assim, responsável por apenas 1% dos tumores incidentes nessa faixa etária. Devido, entre outros fatores, à sua baixa incidência, o hepatoblastoma é um tumor ainda pouco caracterizado a nível molecular. O presente trabalho contemplou três frentes de análises moleculares em hepatoblastomas: análise de alterações em número de cópias (através da técnica array-CGH), investigação de mutações somáticas em regiões codificadoras (sequenciamento de exoma por next-generation) e delineamento de perfil global de metilação de DNA (beadarrays). Encontramos um baixo número de alterações em número de cópias, na maioria ganhos de grande extensão cromossômica, evidenciando uma baixa instabilidade cromossômica em comparação ao encontrado em outros tumores sólidos de adultos. Uma região em 2q24 previamente associada a um pior prognóstico em hepatoblastomas foi encontrada como ganho de alta amplitude (amplicon). A análise de expressão gênica na área destacou 5 dos 48 genes como super-expressos em nossas amostras de hepatoblastomas (DAPL1, ERMN, GALNT5, SCN1A e SCN3A). Foi observada também uma baixa ocorrência de mutações somáticas não-sinônimas, quando comparada à magnitude de variações encontradas em outros tumores sólidos de adultos. Descrevemos uma nova mutação não-sinônima danosa no exon 3 do gene CTNNB1 (beta-catenina), marcador molecular de destaque em hepatoblastomas, que provavelmente desenvolve um papel importante na tumorigênese deste tipo de neoplasia. Dentre a lista de alterações somáticas encontradas, cabe destacar o enriquecimento da via Wnt, via da beta-catenina, já bem estudada em hepatoblastomas e que apresenta correlação tanto com desenvolvimento embrionário como com o processo de carcinogênese. Destacamos uma lista de mutações somáticas não-sinônimas presentes com boa cobertura em nossos experimentos, e ausentes ou presentes em baixa frequência (< 1%) na população. O presente estudo é o pioneiro na análise de alterações globais no padrão de metilação de citosinas em hepatoblastomas, e revelou um padrão incomum de hipometilação global nos tumores, não associado à metilação de regiões repetitivas LINE-1; especificamente, hepatobastomas apresentam um nível intermediário entre o encontrado para os fígados maduros e aquele encontrado para os fígados fetais. Tal achado dá suporte ao modelo no qual a tumorigênese do hepatoblastoma recapitularia fases do desenvolvimento fetal do fígado. Foram destacados 11 genes que apresentaram padrão de metilação de DNA diferencial em seus promotores. Em suma, nossos achados revelam que o tumor embrionário hepatoblastoma apresenta relativa estabilidade genética, com uma frequência menor de alterações (alterações em número de cópias e mutações somáticas em regiões codificadoras) que tumores sólidos de adultos. Simultaneamente, foi detectado um padrão marcante de hipometilação global de DNA associado ao tumor, evidenciando a importância de aspectos epigenéticos em sua tumorigênese / Hepatic malignant tumors are rare in children, the embryonal tumor hepatoblastoma is the most common liver cancer in children under 5 years old but, in spite of that, accounts for only 1% of incident tumors in this age group. Due to its low incidence, among other factors, hepatoblastoma is a tumor poorly characterized at molecular level. This study included three approaches of molecular analyzes in hepatoblastomas: examination of copy number alterations (through array-CGH technique), investigation of somatic mutations in coding regions (next-generation exome sequencing) and determination of the global DNA methylation profile (bead arrays). We found a low frequency of copy number alterations, mostly consisting of large extent chromosomal gains, reflecting lower chromosomal instability than other solid adult tumors. A region at 2q24, previously associated with worse prognosis in hepatoblastomas, was found amplified in high amplitude (amplicon). Gene expression analysis of the 48 genes comprised in the amplicon segment highlighted five genes as overexpressed (DAPL1, ERMN, GALNT5, SCN1A and SCN3A). We also observed a low frequency of non-synonymous somatic mutations in our hepatoblastomas samples compared to the amount of variation found in other adult solid tumors. We described a predicted harmful non-synonymous mutation in exon 3 of CTNNB1 gene (beta-catenin), the best characterized molecular marker in hepatoblastomas. The list of somatic alterations points to a remarkable enrichment of genes from the Wnt pathway, which is well-studied in hepatoblastomas and is associated both with embryonic development and with the process of carcinogenesis. We highlighted a list of non-synonymous somatic mutations that presented high coverage in our experiments, and were absent or present at low frequency (<1%) in the general population. This study is the first to analyze global changes in cytosine methylation in hepatoblastomas, and revealed an unusual pattern of global hypomethylation in these tumors, not associated with LINE-1 repetitive regions; specifically, hepatobastomas exhibited an intermediate level of methylation, in between the patterns of mature and fetal livers. This finding supports the model in which the oncogenesis of hepatoblastoma recapitulates stages of fetal liver development. We highlighted 11 genes that showed differential pattern of DNA methylation in their promoters compared to differentiated liver. In summary, our findings show that the embryonal tumor hepatoblastoma are relatively genetically stable with lower frequency of alterations (changes in copy number and somatic mutations in coding regions) than most solid adult tumors. Simultaneously, a clear pattern of global hypomethylation of non-repetitive DNA was associated with the tumor, indicating the importance of epigenetic aspects in its tumorigenesis

The rubella virus (RV) was the first virus shown to be teratogenic in humans. The wealth of data on the clinical symptoms associated with congenital rubella syndrome is in stark contrast to an incomplete understanding of the forces leading to the teratogenic alterations in humans. This applies not only to RV, but also to congenital viral infections in general and includes (1) the mode of vertical transmission, even at early gestation, (2) the possible involvement of inflammation as a consequence of an activated innate immune response, and (3) the underlying molecular and cellular alterations. With the progress made in the development of pluripotent stem cell-based models including organoids and embryoids, it is now possible to assess congenital virus infections on a mechanistic level. Moreover, antiviral treatment options can be validated, and newly emerging viruses with a potential impact on human embryonal development, such as that recently reflected by the Zika virus (ZIKV), can be characterized. Here, we discuss human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and ZIKV in comparison to RV as viruses with well-known congenital pathologies and highlight their analysis on current models for the early phase of human development. This includes the implications of their genetic variability and, as such, virus strain-specific properties for their use as archetype models for congenital virus infections. In this review, we will discuss the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and derived organoid systems for the study of congenital virus infections with a focus on their prominent aetiologies, HCMV, ZIKV, and RV. Their assessment on these models will provide valuable information on how human development is impaired by virus infections; it will also add new insights into the normal progression of human development through the analysis of developmental pathways in the context of virus-induced alterations. These are exciting perspectives for both developmental biology and congenital virology.