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The goal of this master’s thesis was to design antenna working in frequency range from 30 MHz to 1 GHz. Designed biconical antenna requires balanced feed to work properly, therefore designing the balancing unit based on discrete components was necessary. Designed antenna was also constructed and its return loss, gain and radiation patterns were verified by measurement. This master’s thesis also introduces readers into principles of antenna measurements of disturbing signals in the area of EMC and compares different types of antennas for bands of meter and decimeter waves.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California / The UMR Solar Car uses a telemetry processor to collect, compute, and transmit data to the driver of the car and a nearby chase vehicle. The original processor had deteriorated from environmental extremes and vibration. There were also problems with electromagnetic interference from the high efficiency electric motor switching electronics, difficulties with the many unplanned additions made to the processor in the field, and the unstructured software that was becoming difficult to maintain. This project consists of creating a replacement telemetry system that is more robust mechanically, and electrically, substantially improving the EMI performance of the device, and reworking the hardware and software to make it easier to maintain and upgrade.

<p>Mobile communications are a changing and really competitive market. Companies try to release new products and upgrade the old ones as soon as possible. And in this context it is where Ericsson Test Environment makes available to its customer one of the most comprehensive GSM test environments in the world.</p><p>The test site at customer disposal provides a good environment for testing purpose and it allows them to improve and develop their products in really interesting time terms.</p><p>To make this possible, a huge GSM network is enclosed inside its facilities and this entails some problem, mainly in the radio environment.</p><p>The main aim of this thesis work is to study the radio network from an EMC point of view, how all this equipment interacts to each other and to propose possible improvements in order to make a test environment more competitive. Moreover, it will be valued electric magnetic field in the plant with the intention to find out if is possible to warrantee an operation free of disruption in the equipment.</p>

With the increasing demand of higher operating frequencies for electronic circuits, the printed circuit board designers face more electromagnetic radiation problems than ever. Some “rules-of-thumb” are employed to help the designers to reduce the radiation problems. The 20H rule is one of printed circuit design rules, which intends to minimize the electromagnetic radiation. This project focuses on analysis and simulation of 20H rule’s signal propagation mechanisms. The model used in the project is a 2D planar structure. The numerical electromagnetic method, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method, is used for the field computation and analysis. Simulation is based on various structures of model and different distributions of excitation sources. Analysis focuses on the signal propagation models. Field distributions and radiation patterns are visualized by mathematical software. Meanwhile, Poynting vectors are calculated to give quantitative expression. The simulation results indicate three factors, namely, operating frequency, size of PCB and separation distance that will affect the function of 20H rule. The effects of three factors are shown by comparison of specific cases in this thesis. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av Växjö Energi och Elnät AB och är en elkvalitetsanalys av Växjös lokala nät. Målet med analysen var att undersöka av VEAB utvalda objekt för att ge en nulägesbild av elkvaliteten i Växjö.  Elkvalitet blir en växande fråga i takt med utvecklingen av känslig och energisnål elutrustning. Eftersom utrustning av detta slag ökar i alla miljöer är det av intresse att utreda dess inverkan på elnätet. VEAB identifierade fem olika områden i Växjös elnät där störningar har påträffats eller eventuellt kan komma att innebära störningar i framtiden. Mätningar har påvisat att elleveransen är god i de mätpunkter som undersökts. Det framgår tydligt att ökad mängd olinjära enfasbelastningar ökar halten av tredjeövertonen. Detta blir framförallt påtagligt i offentliga miljöer och bostadsområden. Dessa övertoner ingår i det lågfrekventa området och anses inte utgöra ett större problem tack vare VEAB:s starka nät, där dimensioneringen är väl tilltagen för att klara denna mängd övertoner. Fenomenet behöver därför inte prioriteras i den närmaste framtiden. Rapporten har gett en bra kunskap om förekomsten av lågfrekventa övertoner och hur dessa åtgärdas. Rapporten har inte behandlat högfrekventa övertoner, men indikation på att fenomenet förekommer i anläggningar är tydlig. Behovet av att utreda dessa i framtiden kommer sannolikt att vara av stor vikt, då det i nuläget finns bristfällande kunskap om dess konsekvenser i elnät och anläggningar. Under mätningarna har det registrerats tolv transienter som alla är av typen impulstransienter, vilket innebär att de har låg energimängd och påverkar sannolikt endast närliggande utrustning. Huruvida störningarna leder till interferens är oklart, då apparater skall ha en viss immunitet mot störningar enligt gällande EG direktiv. Uppkomsten härleds, i detta fall, till aktuell anläggning eftersom omkopplingar i nätet oftast genererar högfrekventa transienter med högt energiinnehåll. Störkällan till impulstransienter är i många fall svår att utreda i en komplex anläggning. Det kan handla om till- och frånkoppling av induktiva belastningar som hissar, fläktsystem och mindre kopplingsutrustningar t.ex. strömbrytare och kontaktorer. / The project was commissioned by the Växjö Energy and Electricity Ltd and is a power quality analysis of Växjö's local network. The goal of the assay was to investigate the VEAB selected items to provide a current picture of the quality of electricity in Växjö.Power quality is a growing issue in accordance with the development of sensitive and energy efficient electrical equipment. Since equipment of this type is increasing in all environments, it is of interest to investigate its effect on the power grid. VEAB identified five regions of Växjö's electricity network where disturbances have been found, or possibly could lead to disruptions in the future. Measurements have shown that the electricity supply is good in the points examined. It is clear that the increased amount of nonlinear single-phase loads increases levels of the third harmonic. This becomes particularly evident in public places and residential areas. These harmonics are included in the low frequency range and is not considered a major problem due to VEAB's strong power lines, where the dimensioning is large enough to sustain this amount of harmonics. The phenomenon is therefore not a priority in the near future. The report has given a good knowledge of the existence of low-frequency harmonics and how they are dealt with. The report has not considered the high frequency harmonics, but the indication that the phenomenon occurs in facilities is clear. The need to investigate these in the future is likely to be of great importance, as there is currently a shortage of knowledge of its consequences in electricity networks and facilities During the measurements, it has recorded twelve transients that are all of type impulse transients, which means that they have a low amount of energy that probably only affects nearby equipment. Whether the disorders lead to interference is unclear since the equipment must have a certain immunity to interference, according to current EC Directives. The appearance is derived, in this case, to the current facility since switching’s in the network usually generates high-frequency transients with high energy content. The source of the disturbance impulse transients is often difficult to determine in a complex installation. This may include on-off switching of inductive loads like elevators, fan systems and smaller cabinets such as switches and contactors.

Mobile communications are a changing and really competitive market. Companies try to release new products and upgrade the old ones as soon as possible. And in this context it is where Ericsson Test Environment makes available to its customer one of the most comprehensive GSM test environments in the world. The test site at customer disposal provides a good environment for testing purpose and it allows them to improve and develop their products in really interesting time terms. To make this possible, a huge GSM network is enclosed inside its facilities and this entails some problem, mainly in the radio environment. The main aim of this thesis work is to study the radio network from an EMC point of view, how all this equipment interacts to each other and to propose possible improvements in order to make a test environment more competitive. Moreover, it will be valued electric magnetic field in the plant with the intention to find out if is possible to warrantee an operation free of disruption in the equipment.

Grain production in the Mid-South US has exceeded traditional grain bin storage capacity in recent years. Alternative grain storage methods were adopted. One method was grain bag storage. This system has been used for silage and high moisture corn storage for decades and has been employed for dry grain in other regions of the world, but little research was available to describe the internal environment of the grain bags and its effects on grain quality. Weather conditions, agricultural methods, and cultural practices vary; therefore further research was required to assess this storage practice and describe best management practices for the local region. The objectives of this study were to develop a system and method to monitor the grain bag internal environment, to determine the internal environment and quality of dried grains stored in grain bags, and to determine the internal environment and quality of harvest moisture and condition corn stored in grain bags. An instrumentation system of thermocouples and relative humidity sensors was successfully developed. Fourier analysis was applied and sampling interval less than 10 hours was required to fully describe the grain bag environment. Commercially conditioned (dried and blended) corn (14.1 % MCwb) and soybeans (10.4 %MCwb) were stored in grain bags for 20 and 16 weeks, respectively. Corn immediately after harvest (17.1 %MCwb) was stored for 12 weeks. There were significant differences between grain in the center of the bag and peripheral temperature, with the periphery closely tracking ambient conditions. Psychrometric calculations (humidity ratio and dew-point) indicated that moisture migrated to the bag edges. Temperature within the grain mass never fell below the temperature required for condensation, condensation at the bag internal surface was likely. Grab samples did not reflect significant differences in grain moisture content across the bag profile. Geostatistical methods were used to interpolate the thermal environment of the grain bags; ordinary kriging was the best method of interpolation. Commercially conditioned corn maintained its quality while in storage, while soybeans lost one US grade. Harvest condition corn deteriorated in quality to US Sample grade while in storage. Short storage periods for early harvest corn are recommended.

This thesis analyzes the procedural approach and benefits of applying optimization techniques to the design of a boost power factor correction (PFC) converter with an input electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter at the component level. The analysis is performed based on the particular minimum cost design study of a 1.15 kW unit satisfying a set of specifications. A traditional design methodology is initially analyzed and employed to obtain a first design. A continuous design optimization is then formulated and solved to gain insight into the converter design tradeoffs and particularities. Finally, a discrete optimization approach using a genetic algorithm is defined to develop a completely automated user-friendly software design tool able to provide in a short period of time globally optimum designs of the system for different sets of specifications. The software design tool is then employed to optimize the system design, and the savings with respect to the traditional design methodology are highlighted. The optimization problem formulation in both the continuous and discrete cases is presented in detail. The system design variables, objective function (system component cost) and constraints are identified. The objective function is expressed as a function of the design variables. A computationally efficient and experimentally validated model of the system, including second-order effects, allows the constraint values (also as a function of the design variables) to be obtained. / Master of Science