Both Sweden and the European Union have set numerous goals to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses. At the same time, regional growth is desired in most, if not all of Sweden’s counties. With economic- and population growth being essential for reaching this desire, there is a potential conflict brewing. Is it feasible to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses while at the same time actively working on growing the economy and the population?This paper has explored this idea in Sweden largest counties Stockholm, Skåne and Västra Götaland. The development in these counties over the last decade or so show that reduced emissions and regional growth in fact have been compatible. Not only that, the county with the largest population, population growth and largest gross regional product, Stockholm, has also had the largest decrease in greenhouse gas emission over the period. The trend of the emission reductions in these three counties are also compatible with the Swedish and European emission targets. However, the trend does indicate the actual development of greenhouse gas emission over a longer period. The findings indicate that reduced greenhouse gas emission can and have coexisted with regional growth.

O novo cenário da macroeconomia e os freqüentes alertas daqueles que estudam o meio ambiente trazem a luz outros fatores que devem ser respeitados num processo de tomada de decisão para qualquer investimento a ser realizado. Neste sentido vem se consolidando o Mercado de Crédito de Carbono no mundo, que se por um lado viabiliza a implantação de um empreendimento por admitir a compensação ambiental, por outro pode viabilizá-lo disponibilizando recursos para a sua instalação e operação. A geração de Crédito de Carbono, isto é, Redução Certificada de Emissões (RCE) e o aporte de recursos no sistema empreendimento em função da negociação dos créditos no Mercado de Carbono, pode se caracterizar em fonte de funding de empreendimentos de geração de energia elétrica no Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é a montagem de um protótipo de Pequena Central Hidrelétrica - PCH, tendo por base o project finance, enquanto estratégia de investimento e estrutura de negócio e adequado aos padrões do MDL no Brasil visando verificar a viabilidade de utilização das RCEs para compor o funding desses empreendimentos e, consequentemente, a validação de investimentos em geração de energia. Dessa forma, fornecerá as referências necessárias para a análise econômica e financeira do investimento em empreendimentos dessa tipologia. Após a análise dos indicadores da qualidade do protótipo é possível afirmar que com a criação do MDL e outros mecanismos promovidos por ele, os empreendimentos de geração de energia o tipo PCH tornaram-se atrativos para investidores típicos que buscam renda estável e de longo prazo, e o setor elétrico brasileiro sofreu mudanças em sua matriz, onde o crescimento de investimentos em fontes alternativas de energia é uma realidade. / The new scenery of macroeconomics and the alerts frequents of those that study the environment brought up other factories that must be respected in a decision process in any investment to be carried through. In this direction it is coming to consolidate the Market of Carbon Credit in the world, that if on the other hand makes possible the implantation of an venture for admitting the environmental compensation, for another one it can make possible have the resources available for its installation and operation. The generation of Carbon Emission Reduction (CERs) and input of resources in the enterprise system according to the trading of credits at the Carbon Market can be characterized source of funding for projects to generate electricity in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this research is the assembly of a prototype of small hydroelectric - PCH, based on project finance, as investment strategy and business structure and appropriate standards of the CDM in Brazil to check the feasibility of using CERs to compose the funding of these projects and hence the validation of investment in power generation. Thus, it will provide the necessary references to the economic and financial analysis of investment in projects of this type. After analyzing the indicators of the quality of the prototype is possible to say that with the creation of the CDM and other mechanisms promoted by him, the development of power generation type SHP became attractive to the typical investors who seek steady income and long-term and the Brazilian electric sector has undergone changes in their type, where the growth of investments in alternative energy sources is apparent.

Environmentally friendly and efficiently produced energy from sustainable and renewable resources is of great importance. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxides (NOx) are the main emissions of air-breathing gas turbines in power plants. Gas turbines of the power generation industry are normally fueled with liquid fuels, natural gas or syngas in changing qualities. Syngas can be produced by gasification processes in IGCC power plants and consist of varying percentages of the main fractions hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO). CO2 emissions can be reduced by a decrease of the CO-share and an increase of the hydrogen-share in the syngas fuel, and by using pre-combustion carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology. For low NOx, current gas turbine combustion chamber technologies require diluents, a rather low H2 content and modifications of the combustor hardware. A feasible solution for low NOx hydrogen and syngas combustion in gas turbines is the Micromix principle developed at Aachen University of Applied Sciences. The goal of this doctoral thesis is the research on a Micromix combustor with increased power densities fueled with hydrogen-rich syngas with about 90% by volume hydrogen, and going up to 100% hydrogen in the fuel. Test burner experiments are used to characterize the combustion and emission properties of a multitude of key drivers. Based on this optimization with a variety of scaled model test burners, a prototype dual-fuel hydrogen/syngas Micromix combustor is designed and integrated into the annular combustion chamber of an industrial gas turbine. In the gas turbine, the performance characteristics of the prototype-combustor are investigated under real operational conditions with hydrogen-rich syngas and pure hydrogen. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

O novo cenário da macroeconomia e os freqüentes alertas daqueles que estudam o meio ambiente trazem a luz outros fatores que devem ser respeitados num processo de tomada de decisão para qualquer investimento a ser realizado. Neste sentido vem se consolidando o Mercado de Crédito de Carbono no mundo, que se por um lado viabiliza a implantação de um empreendimento por admitir a compensação ambiental, por outro pode viabilizá-lo disponibilizando recursos para a sua instalação e operação. A geração de Crédito de Carbono, isto é, Redução Certificada de Emissões (RCE) e o aporte de recursos no sistema empreendimento em função da negociação dos créditos no Mercado de Carbono, pode se caracterizar em fonte de funding de empreendimentos de geração de energia elétrica no Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é a montagem de um protótipo de Pequena Central Hidrelétrica - PCH, tendo por base o project finance, enquanto estratégia de investimento e estrutura de negócio e adequado aos padrões do MDL no Brasil visando verificar a viabilidade de utilização das RCEs para compor o funding desses empreendimentos e, consequentemente, a validação de investimentos em geração de energia. Dessa forma, fornecerá as referências necessárias para a análise econômica e financeira do investimento em empreendimentos dessa tipologia. Após a análise dos indicadores da qualidade do protótipo é possível afirmar que com a criação do MDL e outros mecanismos promovidos por ele, os empreendimentos de geração de energia o tipo PCH tornaram-se atrativos para investidores típicos que buscam renda estável e de longo prazo, e o setor elétrico brasileiro sofreu mudanças em sua matriz, onde o crescimento de investimentos em fontes alternativas de energia é uma realidade. / The new scenery of macroeconomics and the alerts frequents of those that study the environment brought up other factories that must be respected in a decision process in any investment to be carried through. In this direction it is coming to consolidate the Market of Carbon Credit in the world, that if on the other hand makes possible the implantation of an venture for admitting the environmental compensation, for another one it can make possible have the resources available for its installation and operation. The generation of Carbon Emission Reduction (CERs) and input of resources in the enterprise system according to the trading of credits at the Carbon Market can be characterized source of funding for projects to generate electricity in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this research is the assembly of a prototype of small hydroelectric - PCH, based on project finance, as investment strategy and business structure and appropriate standards of the CDM in Brazil to check the feasibility of using CERs to compose the funding of these projects and hence the validation of investment in power generation. Thus, it will provide the necessary references to the economic and financial analysis of investment in projects of this type. After analyzing the indicators of the quality of the prototype is possible to say that with the creation of the CDM and other mechanisms promoted by him, the development of power generation type SHP became attractive to the typical investors who seek steady income and long-term and the Brazilian electric sector has undergone changes in their type, where the growth of investments in alternative energy sources is apparent.

With the development of economy, human concern more and more about environment protection and sustainability, especially the automotive industry, all the enterprises have been aware of that they will have no future if they cannot improve the technology of emission reduction or solve it by developing alternative energy. China has attracted lots of attention due to the rapid economy development. However, automotive industry in China, in particular, Chinese private enterprises only has short history. At present, China has been the first vehicles production country, but just for manufacture. Chinese private auto enterprises are also playing an important role in this process. What will they do after being a "Manufacture King"? In this thesis, we take BYD as a case study, use PEST, Five-forces, SWOT to analyse the factors those can affect the development of Chinese private automotive industry, besides, we also give some possible suggestions for them according to the analysis.

Structural steel is one of the main building materials used commercial. Its strength is its formality and high yield strength which allows less material overall. Steel is often divided into steel grades such as S275, S355, S420 and so forth. The purpose of this thesis is to look at the strength and weaknesses of the different steel grades and how the area gets effected by higher steel grades. This is done by looking at a real life project where only S355 is used and optimizing for S355, S420 and S460. This is done to shred some light on how much of an improvement the upgrade of steel grade may allow. For each steel grade an optimized cross section is created with the goal of having the lowest area possible. The difference in area for the optimized beams will act as the benchmarking for projected reductions. This optimization is done with the help of Python and follows Eurocode. When looking at the case study, the projected weight reduction is 4,2% for S420 and 7,2% for S460 compared to S355. This reduction is higher on some beams and lower on others. The main driving force for the higher reduced beams is the possibility to utilize more than one type of load condition, example both momentand shear force. Out of the 12 beams, beam 10 have the highest reduction between S355 and S420 which land around 10%. Between S355 and S460 Beam 12 comesin at a area reduction of 14%. As the higher steel grades have a higher equivalent CO2 emission the reduction of equivalent CO2 is lower than the area reduction. The projected reduction of equivalent CO2 for a switch from S355 to S420 is 3,3% and the reduction between S355 and S460 are 5,0%

<p dir="ltr">An EGR Pump and High-Efficiency turbo were installed on a 13.6 L John Deere diesel engine. The main objective of this study was to examine how a high-efficiency turbocharger and an electric EGR pump can work together to improve fuel efficiency in engines without increasing the emission of NOx. The focus is on finding a balance, between enhancing efficiency and controlling emissions which will ultimately contribute to making vehicles eco-friendly and fuel-efficient.</p>

To reach the Swedish goal of reaching a completely fossil-free electricity sector by the year 2040, there is a need for an increased rate of installed renewable electricity sources. Companies have the opportunity to work towards this goal by investing in solar power technologies, which results in a lowered electricity bill, and an additional revenue when electricity is sold to the grid. As a result, the investment usually pays back within a reasonable timeframe. GEHAB is a company located that is located in Alvesta, Sweden, and they are interested in investing in rooftop solar power. This thesis investigates the potential and effects of such an investment at the company through energy simulations. This is done through four different scenarios, which aim at finding the largest possible installation, the most cost-optimal installation, according to the Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE), the impact of an added battery installation and finding the current issues with becoming a net-zero consumer of electricity. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was made to investigate how different factors impacted the LCOE. The results showed that the most cost-optimal size for the company to invest in was a 215 kWp installation, which is smaller than the maximum possible size of 335 kWp that can be installed on the rooftop. Such an installation would have an LCOE of -366 SEK/MWh when the avoided costs are included. The discounted payback time of that investment was 11.3 years. The involvement of batteries showed that they would lead to a higher LCOE and for the largest possible solar installation size, including a battery, means that it would not pay back within the lifetime of the PVs. Finally, the net-zero electricity consumption scenario found that currently, the largest issue to reach this scenario is that there is a regulation that limits solar installations to 500 kWp to avoid an energy tax.

Este trabalho analisa a possibilidade de plantio sustentável de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) e o uso de sua biomassa residual como combustível em uma usina termelétrica para o provimento de energia elétrica em parte do Sistema Isolado, ao sul do Estado de Roraima. Para isso são conjugadas: a análise financeira, os aspectos sociais e as questões ambientais. Parte-se da definição das áreas necessárias para o plantio do dendê e para a instalação da indústria de extração dos óleos de palma e palmiste, associada a uma usina termelétrica movida à biomassa residual de dendê. Em seguida, procede-se a análise financeira, na qual é considerada a venda dos óleos de palma e de palmiste para a indústria alimentícia e de cosméticos, enquanto a biomassa residual (cachos de frutas vazios, cascas e fibras) é utilizada como combustível um uma usina termelétrica de 10MW de potência. A análise conjunta destas atividades indica que é possível obter uma taxa interna de retorno próxima a 16,71% ao ano e um valor presente líquido de R$ 46,9 milhões quando utilizada uma taxa de desconto de 15% ao ano, para um investimento total de R$ 491,5 milhões. Pelo fato de a região analisada estar localizada no Sistema Isolado, foi incorporado ao fluxo de caixa a sub-rogação dos benefícios da Conta Consumo de Combustível. Além de provar-se economicamente viável, no quesito ambiental, o trabalho realiza uma análise quantitativa da redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa decorrente da substituição das termelétricas a óleo Diesel prevalentes na região pela biomassa residual do dendê. Tal plantio resulta em uma redução de aproximadamente 444 mil toneladas de CO2, assim como promove a recuperação de 28.888 mil hectares de terras degradadas. A análise social, por sua vez, indica que o plantio de dendê permite que cerca de 2.888 famílias permaneçam próximas às suas terras de origem, trabalhando em atividades apropriadas para o bioma amazônico e com uma geração de renda anual de R$ 5.800 somente com o plantio do dendê. / This study examines the viability of a sustainable project with the production of palm (Elaeis guineensis) to supply oil to food or cosmetic industries and the use of the residual biomass as a biofuel by a power plant. The biofuel side of the project aims the provision of electricity in part of the so called Isolated System, in southern Roraima. The analysis combines a financial approach, with social and environmental concerns. The starting point is the definition of the area size for planting the crop and fitting the assumptions of the industries (palm oil mill and biomass-fired power plant). In the procedures it is considered the palm oil and palm kernel oil sales for the food and cosmetics industries, while the residual biomass (empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber) is used as a fuel in a thermoelectric power plant. The analysis points to an internal rate of return close to 16,7% and a net present value of US$27.6 million, using a discount rate of 15% per year, for an investment of US$ 280 million. In environmental perspective, the quantitative analysis points to the reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases from the displacement of the Diesel powered plants, quite common in the region, by residual biomass powered one. Such displacement results in a reduction of approximately 444 thousand tons of CO2, as well as the recovery of 28,888 hectare of deforested areas. In social perspective, the project allows approximately 2,888 families to remain close to their homeland, working in appropriated activities for the local biome, obtaining US$3,400 per year only with palm plantation.

Este trabalho analisa a possibilidade de plantio sustentável de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) e o uso de sua biomassa residual como combustível em uma usina termelétrica para o provimento de energia elétrica em parte do Sistema Isolado, ao sul do Estado de Roraima. Para isso são conjugadas: a análise financeira, os aspectos sociais e as questões ambientais. Parte-se da definição das áreas necessárias para o plantio do dendê e para a instalação da indústria de extração dos óleos de palma e palmiste, associada a uma usina termelétrica movida à biomassa residual de dendê. Em seguida, procede-se a análise financeira, na qual é considerada a venda dos óleos de palma e de palmiste para a indústria alimentícia e de cosméticos, enquanto a biomassa residual (cachos de frutas vazios, cascas e fibras) é utilizada como combustível um uma usina termelétrica de 10MW de potência. A análise conjunta destas atividades indica que é possível obter uma taxa interna de retorno próxima a 16,71% ao ano e um valor presente líquido de R$ 46,9 milhões quando utilizada uma taxa de desconto de 15% ao ano, para um investimento total de R$ 491,5 milhões. Pelo fato de a região analisada estar localizada no Sistema Isolado, foi incorporado ao fluxo de caixa a sub-rogação dos benefícios da Conta Consumo de Combustível. Além de provar-se economicamente viável, no quesito ambiental, o trabalho realiza uma análise quantitativa da redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa decorrente da substituição das termelétricas a óleo Diesel prevalentes na região pela biomassa residual do dendê. Tal plantio resulta em uma redução de aproximadamente 444 mil toneladas de CO2, assim como promove a recuperação de 28.888 mil hectares de terras degradadas. A análise social, por sua vez, indica que o plantio de dendê permite que cerca de 2.888 famílias permaneçam próximas às suas terras de origem, trabalhando em atividades apropriadas para o bioma amazônico e com uma geração de renda anual de R$ 5.800 somente com o plantio do dendê. / This study examines the viability of a sustainable project with the production of palm (Elaeis guineensis) to supply oil to food or cosmetic industries and the use of the residual biomass as a biofuel by a power plant. The biofuel side of the project aims the provision of electricity in part of the so called Isolated System, in southern Roraima. The analysis combines a financial approach, with social and environmental concerns. The starting point is the definition of the area size for planting the crop and fitting the assumptions of the industries (palm oil mill and biomass-fired power plant). In the procedures it is considered the palm oil and palm kernel oil sales for the food and cosmetics industries, while the residual biomass (empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber) is used as a fuel in a thermoelectric power plant. The analysis points to an internal rate of return close to 16,7% and a net present value of US$27.6 million, using a discount rate of 15% per year, for an investment of US$ 280 million. In environmental perspective, the quantitative analysis points to the reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases from the displacement of the Diesel powered plants, quite common in the region, by residual biomass powered one. Such displacement results in a reduction of approximately 444 thousand tons of CO2, as well as the recovery of 28,888 hectare of deforested areas. In social perspective, the project allows approximately 2,888 families to remain close to their homeland, working in appropriated activities for the local biome, obtaining US$3,400 per year only with palm plantation.