Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 405-411). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xviii, 212 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-212). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by David Matthew DeLonga; Ensign, USN. / M.S.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and, (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 1978. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / B.S.

Scandate cathodes, where scandia is added to the tungsten cathode pellets, have recently received substantial and renewed research interest owing to significantly improved electron emission capabilities at lower temperatures, as compared with conventional dispenser cathodes. However, there are several persistent issues including non-uniform electron emission, lack of understanding regarding scandium’s role in the emission mechanism, and unreliable reproducibility in terms of scandate cathode fabrication. As a result, scandate cathodes have not yet been widely implemented in actual vacuum electron devices (VEDs). The surface structure and chemical composition of multiple scandate cathodes – prepared with the powder using the liquid-solid (L-S) technique – and exhibiting excellent emission behavior were characterized to give insight into the fundamental mechanism(s) of operation. This was achieved with high-resolution electron microscopy techniques that include high-precision specimen lift-out. These studies showed that the micron-sized tungsten particles that compose the largest fraction of the cathode body are highly faceted and decorated with nanoscale Ba/BaO (~10 nm), as well as larger (~150 nm) Sc2O3 and BaAl2O4 particles. The experimentally identified facets were confirmed through Wulff analysis of the tungsten crystal shape and were determined to consist of {110}, {100}, and {112} facets, in increasing order of surface area prevalence. Furthermore, it is estimated that Ba atoms decorating the tungsten crystal surfaces are present in quantities such that monolayer coverage is possible at elevated temperatures. The high-resolution electron microscopy techniques used to investigate the cross section (near-surface) of the L-S scandate cathodes also revealed that the BaAl2O4 particles (100-500 nm) that attach to the larger tungsten particles are either adjacent to the smaller Sc2O3 nanoparticles or encompass them. Furthermore, high-resolution chemical analysis and 3D elemental tomography show that the two oxides always appear to be physically distinct from each other, despite their close proximity. 3D elemental tomography also showed that the Sc2O3 particles can sometimes appear inside the larger tungsten particles, but are inhomogeneously distributed. Nanobeam electron diffraction confirmed that the crystal structure of the tungsten particles are body-centered cubic, and imply that the structure remains unchanged despite the numerous complex chemical reactions that take place throughout the impregnation and activation procedures. The role of Sc and the emission mechanism for scandate cathodes are discussed. Based on characterization results and materials computation, the role of Sc in scandate cathodes is possibly related to tuning the partial pressure of oxygen in order to establish an oxygen-poor atmosphere around the cathode surface, which is a necessary condition for the formation of the (near) equilibrium tungsten shape. A thin Ba-Sc-O surface layer (~8 nm) was detected near the surface of tungsten particles, using electron energy loss spectroscopy in the scanning transmission electron microscope. This stands in stark contrast to models invoking a ~100 nm Ba-Sc-O semiconducting surface layer, which are broadly discussed in the literature. These results provide new insights into understanding the emission mechanism of scandate cathodes.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 61 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-209).

Drying is one of the most critical process steps in converting trees to a marketable material for use in high value wood products. The primary reasons for drying wood are to prevent biological deterioration and to improve mechanical strength and dimensional stability. The purpose of this research study was to develop an approach to the control of drying red oak lumber that monitors acoustic emission as the basis for setting environmental conditions throughout the drying process. Northern red oak (Quercus sp.) was chosen for this study because it is one of the more difficult woods grown in the United States to dry without inducing defects. This study was limited to end drying of short lengths of full sized red oak lumber. / Ph. D.

As a nondestructive examination, the acoustic emission technique is used to detect the presence of discontinuities inside of pressurized components. However, doubts still exist concerning the loading procedure to accomplish the acoustic emission testing, especially, in a pressure vessel where a uniform pressure can produce a nonuniform stress distribution due to the presence of the singularities such as the nozzles and supports. The combined loading of vapor and hydrostatic pressure can also generate a nonuniform stress distribution throughout the pressure vessel. According to the Kaiser effect, a structure with a nonuniform stress distribution should have a different acoustic emission testing result when compared to a structure with a uniform stress distribution. In this present study, the necessity to perform a stress analysis prior to the acoustic emission testing is examined. Furthermore, for the purpose of the stress analysis, two approaches are discussed, the membrane stress analysis and the finite element approach. By means of the membrane stress analysis, it is shown that the combined loading of the hydrostatic and vapor pressure does not produce a significant variation of stress throughout the spherical vessel. Actually, a computer program based on the membrane stress analysis is written to determine the stress distribution due to the combined loading. The limitation of the membrane stress analysis to handle problem with the presence of bending stress is also indicated. The finite element approach is used to perform the stress analysis of the singularities where the bending stress is important. The finite element computer program ABAQUS is used to perform the finite element stress analysis, and the mechanical computer-aided engineering program PATRAN is also used to construct the finite element model and to interpret the stress analysis results. The convenience and the success of these computer programs to handle this kind of problem are confirmed. The application of different types of finite elements to perform the stress analysis is also discussed. Results from the experiments performed by Gill, Catching and Paine [9] to measure the stress distribution of a pad reinforced nozzle is used as a benchmark to determine the performance of these finite elements. As a consequence, concrete recommendations concerning the selections of the finite elements and the stress analysis procedure are given. Finally, the influence of the stress distribution throughout the spherical pressure vessel on the acoustic emission is discussed, and the actual interpretation of the acoustic emission testing results based on the level of activity of acoustic emission without considering the nonuniform stress distribution throughout the structure is questioned. / Master of Science