Research effort was directed towards developing a near real-time, acousto-ultrasonic (AU), nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tool to study the failure mechanisms of ceramic composites. Progression of damage is monitored in real-time by observing the changes in the received AU signal during the actual test. During the real-time AU test, the AU signals are generated and received by the AU transducers attached to the specimen while it is being subjected to increasing quasi-static loads or cyclic loads (10 Hz, R = 0.1). The received AU signals for 64 successive pulses were gated in the time domain (T = 40.96 µsec) and then averaged every second over ten load cycles and stored in a computer file during fatigue tests. These averaged gated signals are representative of the damage state of the specimen at that point of its fatigue life. This is also the first major attempt in the development and application of real-time AU for continuously monitoring damage accumulation during fatigue without interrupting the test. The present work has verified the capability of the AU technique to assess the damage state in silicon carbide/calcium aluminosilicate (SiC/CAS) and silicon carbide/magnesium aluminosilicate (SiC/MAS) ceramic composites. Continuous monitoring of damage initiation and progression under quasi-static ramp loading in tension to failure of unidirectional and cross-ply SiC/CAS and quasi-isotropic SiC/MAS ceramic composite specimens at room temperature was accomplished using near real-time AU parameters. The AU technique was shown to be able to detect the stress levels for the onset and saturation of matrix cracks, respectively. The critical cracking stress level is used as a design stress for brittle matrix composites operating at elevated temperatures. The AU technique has found that the critical cracking stress level is 10-15 % below the level presently obtained for design purposes from analytical models. An acousto-ultrasonic stress-strain response (AUSSR) model for unidirectional and cross-ply ceramic composites was formulated. The AUSSR model predicts the strain response to increasing stress levels using real-time AU data and classical laminated plate theory. The Weibull parameters of the AUSSR model are used to calculate the design stress for thermo-structural applications. Real-time AU together with the AUSSR model was used to study the failure mechanisms of SiC/CAS ceramic composites under static and fatigue loading. An S-N curve was generated for a cross-ply SiC/CAS ceramic composite material. The AU results are corroborated and complemented by other NDE techniques, namely, in-situ optical microscope video recordings and edge replication. / Ph. D.

[Truncated abstract] Centrifugal pumps are the most prevalent, electrically powered rotating machines used today. Each pump is designed to deliver fluid of a given flow rate at a certain pressure. The point at which electrical energy is converted most efficiently into increased pressure is known as the Best Efficiency Point. For a variety of reasons, pumps often operate away from this point (intentionally or otherwise), which not only reduces efficiency, but also increases the likelihood of premature component failure. Acoustic emissions (AE) are high frequency elastic waves, in the range of 20-2000kHz, released when a material undergoes localised plastic deformation. Acoustic emission testing is the process of measuring and analysing these stress waves in an attempt to diagnose the nature and severity of the underlying fault. AE sensors mounted on the surface of a machine or structure also detect any stress waves generated within the fluid being transmitted through to the structure. Unfortunately, attempts to detect incipient component faults in centrifugal pumps using acoustic emission analysis have been complicated by the sensitivity of AE to a pump?s operating state. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to determine how acoustic emission monitoring could be used to identify the hydraulic conditions within a pump. Data was collected during performance tests from a variety of small end-suction pumps and from one much larger double-suction pump. A system was developed to collect, process and analyse any number of AE features (be they related to discrete AE events, or due to the continuous background AE level) from continuously operating equipment. ... Unfortunately, results from smaller pumps were less conclusive, particularly at low flows, probably due to the relatively small changes in hydraulic energy across the range of flows, and consequent sensitivity to the testing process. However, even in these pumps consistent patterns in hit energies were observed resulting in the conclusion that low to medium flows in centrifugal pumps are typified by a very large number of very low energy (VLE) events. These decrease in number and increase in energy as flow approaches BEP and/or is reduced to very low flows. High flows above BEP are marked by an absence of these VLE events, with bursts having significantly higher energies and spread over a much greater range. Unfortunately, these VLE events are too small to affect averaged trends, indicating that further work on a suitable filter is required. vi

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 189 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 157-160).

Un suivi des processus microstructuraux prenant place au cours de la fatigue oligocyclique de l’aluminium pur est assuré par la technique d’émission acoustique EA par ces deux types: émission continue et discrète. Cette technique est intéressante car elle permet de suivre l’évolution dynamique de la structure tout le long de l’essai. Les différents stades du comportement macroscopique du matériau au cours des sollicitations cycliques sont clairement différenciés par l’activité acoustique. Nous distinguons cinq stades : écrouissage primaire, adoucissement primaire, écrouissage secondaire, adoucissement secondaire et rupture. Les trois premiers stades mettent en jeu des phénomènes microstructuraux liés à la plasticité du matériau tandis que des phénomènes relatifs à l’endommagement (micro et macro-fissuration) dominent les derniers stades. L’EA continue résulte de l’effet cumulatif de nombreux mouvements de dislocations de faible amplitude et décorrélés entre eux. Cette plasticité continue diminue au cours du 1er stade mais copie l’évolution de la réponse macroscopique de l’échantillon au cours des stades suivants. Ce comportement est lié aux structures de dislocations établies à travers les différents stades de fatigue. En revanche, l’EA de type discret enregistrée lors des trois premiers stades est associée à un autre type de plasticité : la plasticité intermittente, se manifestant à travers des mouvements coopératifs de grande ampleur, les avalanches de dislocations. Ces avalanches de dislocations génèrent des signaux acoustiques de tailles variables, distribuées en loi de puissance. La plasticité intermittente est alors invariante d’échelle tandis que la plasticité continue met en jeu des mouvements ayant une taille caractéristique. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence pour la première fois la coexistence de ces deux types de plasticité dans un matériau cubique à faces centrées CFC, qui ne sont donc pas incompatibles. Au cours des deux derniers stades de fatigue, les signaux acoustiques enregistrés se catégorisent également en deux groupes: l’un est caractérisé par des invariances d’échelle, l’autre associé à une taille caractéristique. La première catégorie comprend des signaux acoustiques indépendants, apparaissant aléatoirement au cours des cycles. Ces signaux sont générés par des phénomènes de microfissuration au sein du volume de l’échantillon (nucléation, percolation…). Le second groupe, réunit des signaux acoustiques générés quasiment au même niveau de contrainte sur plusieurs cycles successifs et ayant une signature acoustique quasi identique. Nous nommons ces signaux multiplets en référence à la sismologie. Nous émettons l'hypothèse que de tels multiplets d’EA sont la signature de la propagation, cycle après cycle, d'une fissure de fatigue dont la trace peut être vu post-mortem avec les stries de fatigue sur une surface de fracture, ou encore la signature de frottements entre les aspérités présentes de part et d’autre des lèvres de fissures. / An analysis of microstructural processes taking place during low-cycle fatigue of pure aluminum is performed by the Acoustic Emission technique (AE) with its two types: continuous and discrete. The main interest of this technique is that it enables the following of the dynamic evolution of the microstructure during the fatigue test. We distinguished five fatigue stages: primary hardening, primary softening, secondary hardening, secondary softening and failure. The various stages of the material’s macroscopic behavior during cyclic loading are clearly differentiated by the acoustic activity. During the first three stages, mainly microstructural phenomena related to plasticity of material are taking place, whereas damage (micro and macro-cracking) dominate the last two stages. The continuous AE results from the cumulative effect of many uncorrelated dislocations’ movements of low amplitude. This continuous plasticity decreases during the 1st stage but reproduces the evolution of the macroscopic behavior of the sample during following stages. This behavior is related to the dislocation structure established during the various fatigue stages. On the other hand, the discrete AE recorded at the time of the first three stages is associated to another type of plasticity: intermittent plasticity. This plasticity is associated to co-operative dislocation movements of great amplitude; dislocation avalanches. These dislocation avalanches generate acoustic signals power law distributed in amplitude and energies. Intermittent plasticity is then scale invariant while continuous plasticity is associated to dislocation movements with a characteristic size. We highlight for the first time the coexistence of these two types of plasticity in FCC materials, which are therefore not incompatible. During the last two stages of fatigue, the recorded acoustic signals are categorized in two groups: the first one is characterized by scale invariance whereas the other is associated to a characteristic size. The first category comprises independent acoustic signals, appearing randomly during cycles. These signals are generated by micro-cracking events within the volume of the sample (nucleation, percolation…). The second group contains acoustic signals generated almost at the same stress level during several successive cycles and having a nearly identical acoustic signature. We name these signals multiplets in reference to seismology. We put forth the hypothesis that such AE multiplets are the signature of fatigue crack propagation, one cycle after the other, whose trace can be observed post-mortem with fatigue striations on fracture surface, or a signature of frictions between the asperities present on both sides of the crack.

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T23:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_Christiandos_M.pdf: 3511506 bytes, checksum: d365f6dc71d5566b93533834923018e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A existência de fenômenos acústicos depende de três fatores: a fonte, o meio e o receptor. Para a prevenção de condições ruidosas em certos ambientes, é necessário o conhecimento de uma característica própria da fonte que não sofre interferência do meio na propagação da energia sonora, como é o caso da potência sonora. O IBAMA em conjunto com o INMETRO iniciou um programa que visa informar e minimizar o ruído (nível de potência sonora) produzido por aparelhos elétricos etiquetando-os. Este programa se chama Selo Ruído. Existe uma previsão de inclusão de ferramentas elétricas neste programa de etiquetagem. A furadeira elétrica é uma destas ferramentas que tem inclusão prevista. Com o intuito de investigar os métodos de ensaio para determinação de potência sonora, este trabalho propõe a realização de ensaios de diversos métodos normalizados de determinação de nível de potencia sonora aplicando-os para furadeiras elétricas. Os métodos escolhidos para os ensaios foram os que utilizam salas reverberantes especiais (ISO 3743 ¿ Engineering Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms e ISO 3741 ¿ Precision Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms). Estes métodos são referenciados na norma nacional NBR 13910:1997-Parte 1- Diretrizes de ensaios para a determinação de ruído acústico de aparelhos eletrodomésticos e similares. Com os resultados obtidos dos ensaios realizados, foi feita uma análise de qualificação das metodologias empregadas. A partir de cada item destas metodologias foi analisada a aplicabilidade destes itens a ser empregado no método de ensaio proposto. A construção das etapas do método foi obtida a partir dos itens qualificados e aplicáveis ao programa de etiquetagem Selo Ruído / Abstract: In the acoustic phenomena there are three main variables: the source, the medium and the receptor. For the prevention of noise conditions in certain places, it is necessary to know a source characteristic that does not change with medium variations. This characteristic is the sound power radiated by the source. To consider this prevention, IBAMA and INMETRO started a program that labels the household appliances according to the noise level emitted by them. This program is called ¿Selo Ruído¿. There is a prevision to include the electric tools in this label program. The drill is one of these electric tools that will be included. To investigate the methods for determination of the sound power levels, this work proposes some tests of drills in several standarded methods. The methods used for the tests were the ones that use reverberation rooms (ISO 3743 ¿ Engineering Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms and ISO 3741 ¿ Precision Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms). These methods are referenced at the Brazilian standard NBR 13910:1997 ¿ Part 1 ¿ ¿Diretrizes de ensaios para a determinação de ruído acústico de aparelhos eletrodomésticos e similares¿. A qualification analysis of the methodologies applied was done, based on the tests results. An application of these items was done from each item of these methodologies in the test method proposed. The construction of the steps in the proposed method was made from the items qualified and applied to the ¿Selo Ruído¿ program / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

L’Emission Acoustique (EA) est une technique de contrôle non-destructif consistant en la mesure et l’interprétation de la signature acoustique de mécanismes d’endommagement. Dans l’approche conventionnelle (approche phénoménologique), l’interprétation des données issues des mesures par EA s’appuie sur des corrélations empiriques entre des caractéristiques de la source (le mécanisme d’endommagement) et le signal mesuré. Les modifications dues à la chaine d’acquisition de l’EA sont donc ignorées. Or, la propagation dans le matériau, la mesure par le capteur et le traitement par le système d’acquisition modifient la forme du signal et l’information qu’il transporte. Cela rend difficile l’identification de la source, et la comparaison des résultats issus d’essais effectués dans des conditions différentes. Une partie de la réponse à ces problèmes réside dans la prise en compte des étapes de transformation du signal d’EA. C’est l’objectif de l’approche quantitative de l’EA. Cette approche repose sur l’utilisation de techniques de modélisation pour évaluer l’impact de chaque étape de transformation sur le signal. Le premier volet de cette étude porte sur la validation des techniques utilisées pour simuler les étapes de transformation du signal d’EA. La méthode des éléments finis (MEF) est utilisée pour simuler la propagation du signal au sein du matériau. L’effet du capteur est quant à lui simulé par sa fonction de sensibilité, mesurée par la méthode de réciprocité, et utilisée comme fonction de transfert. Le second volet porte sur l’utilisation de ces techniques pour évaluer l’impact, sur le signal d’EA, des paramètres (position, temps de montée, amplitude) d’une source simple modélisée par des dipôles de force. Trois géométries d’éprouvette sont étudiées : une première éprouvette assimilable à une plaque, une seconde assimilable à une poutre de section rectangulaire et une dernière dont les dimensions sont intermédiaires entre une plaque et une poutre. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les signaux se propagent au sein des éprouvettes suivant des modes bien définis. Ces modes de propagation sont dépendants de la géométrie de l’éprouvette. Chaque source sollicite les modes différemment. Ainsi leur étude permet de réunir des informations sur la source afin de l’identifier. Par ailleurs, cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence des descripteurs pertinents pour l’identification des sources d’EA. Les descripteurs, corrélés entre eux, permettent une nette séparation des signaux en classes en fonction de la source. Ces résultats, obtenus en surface matériau, ne prennent pas en compte l’effet du capteur. Lorsque celui-ci est pris en compte, la signature modale des sources est modifiée ainsi que la valeur des descripteurs calculés. Cela conduit à un recouvrement des classes de signaux rendant plus difficile l’identification des sources. / Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive testing technique consisting in measuring and interpreting the acoustic signature of damage mechanisms. In a conventional treatment approach (phenomenological approach), the interpretation of data measured by AE is based on empirical correlations between the source (the damage mechanism) parameters and the measured signal. Therefore, the modifications due to the acquisition chain of acoustic emission are ignored. Yet, propagation of the waves in the material, measures made by the sensor and signal treatments made by the acquisition system modify the signal and the information it carries. As a consequence, identification of the source and comparison with results from other tests made in different conditions are difficult. To find a solution to these problems, one can take into account the different steps of the acquisition chain. This is the goal of Quantitative Acoustic Emission (QAE). This approach is based on modelling techniques to evaluate the impact of each step of the acquisition chain on the AE signal. The first part of this study concerns the experimental validation of the modelling techniques that were used in simulating the steps of the acquisition chain. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is used in simulating the signal propagation inside the material. The sensor effect on the signal is simulated by its sensitivity function, measured by the reciprocity method and used as a transfer function. The second part deals with using these techniques to evaluate the impact of simple AE sources on the AE signal. These simple sources are considered as a point source and modelled by dipole forces. Three tensile specimen geometries are studied: a first specimen that can be compared to a plate, a second specimen that can be compared to a beam and a third specimen of intermediate dimensions. The obtained results show the mechanical waves propagate inside the specimens as modes. These modes depend on the specimen geometry. Each source excites the wave propagation modes in a different manner. Consequently, studying the excited modes, one can gather useful information on the AE source to identify it. In addition, this study highlighted relevant signal parameters to identify AE sources. The correlation of these parameters allows segregating the signals as a function of the source. These results obtained at the material surface don’t take into account the sensor modifications on the signal. The sensor modifies the modal signature of the sources as well as the value of the calculated parameters. This leads to more difficulties in identifying the AE sources.

<p>This study is focused on the design, production, and operation of a controlled environmental olfaction chamber to evaluate human physiological and emotional response to volatile chemical emissions (VCPs) from scented household products in addition to careful characterization of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in these product emissions. Utilizing proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the chamber can collect VCP emissions and identify VOCs present to complete an accurate chemical profile of household and common product emissions not previously known. This instrument is one of the first of its kind and will serve as a key element in understanding the relationship between human physical and cognitive health and the built environment.</p>