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I yrket som terapeut är ämnet suicid ständigt närvarande. När professionella terapeuter hamnar i kris blir reaktionen lika stark som hos andra människor. Vår utgångspunkt var att patientsuicid är en händelse som inte hanteras optimalt i arbetsorganisationen, vilket leder till psykiska, fysiska och sociala konsekvenser för terapeuten, både på arbetsplatsen och i privatlivet. Syftet med studien är att öka kunskapen inom psykoterapiområdet om vad som händer vid ett patientsuicid, bli medveten som terapeut, enskild individ och organisation hur ett patientsuicid påverkar ur ett systemiskt perspektiv. Organisationens förbättrade förmåga att hantera ett patientsuicid bör kunna få positiv betydelse för terapeuten då kunskapen ökar om hur terapeut och system samverkar. Studien grundar sig på sex terapeuters upplevelser av patientsuicid. I resultatet framkommer vad dessa terapeuter upplevt, samt deras synpunkter på vad som skulle kunna förbättras vid framtida patientsuicid. Ett fynd vi gjort är att det bör finnas en flexibilitet i organisationen för individuella bedömningar vad gäller behov av stöd till drabbade terapeuter. Sättet på vilket terapeuter meddelas om patientsuicid, samt av vem, får olika effekter på terapeuten. Organisationen kan utvecklas vad gäller bemötandet av den terapeut som drabbas av patientsuicid. Ytterligare ett viktigt fynd och förbättringsområde är rutiner kring hantering av kontakt med anhöriga.

Master of Science / Department of Psychological Sciences / Mark A. Barnett / The present study is an extension of our prior work (Jones et al., 2016) and explored two specific goals. The primary goal examined the predictive ability of target-specific, rejection-relevant individual difference measures on participants’ anticipated emotional and behavioral responses to ambiguous social situations involving specific potential rejectors (i.e., significant others, friends, acquaintances). The secondary goal explored differences in participants’ anticipated emotional and behavioral responses to perceived rejection by the same potential rejectors. Concerning the primary goal, correlations revealed that previous experience with and/or sensitivity to being rejected by any individual is associated with heightened anticipated emotional responses which, in turn, is associated with different anticipated behavioral responses. However, path analyses revealed that the target-specific, rejection-relevant individual difference variables used in the current study were uniquely predictive of participants’ anticipated responses to ambiguous social situations involving similar potential rejectors, but only for those who read about potentially being rejected by a friend (results of the path analyses for those who read about potential rejection by significant others or acquaintances were uninterpretable). Concerning the secondary goal, analyses revealed that the intensity of the emotional responses as well as the type of behavioral response were dependent on the role of the potential rejector. Taken together, the present findings provide insight into the individual differences associated with our tendency to feel and behave as if we have been rejected within ambiguous social situations and help to shed additional light on the dyadic nature of interpersonal rejection.

Mobile service operators are struggling to build strong relationship with their customers. The Saudi Market is described as a highly regulated and competitive sector. Consequently, it is essential that mobile service operators re-evaluate the level of their service quality and understand its critical factors that influence customer eWOM and switching intention through emotional and cognitive responses. According to the literature review, there is a need for studies on customer behaviour to demonstrate whether customer responses are prominent indicators of how customers feel. In addition, there is a lack of empirical study and theoretical modelling of the relationships between customers' emotional response and constructs based on other service experience. The main aim in this research is the investigating customer intentions influenced by service quality using the mediation of emotional and cognitive responses in Saudi Arabia. This research develops a theoretical framework that integrates a set of cognitive and emotional response (pleasure and arousal) to examine the influence of service quality on customer intention by using theory of reasoned action (TRA) and stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R), merged into one framework. Therefore, hypotheses are developed to test the relationship between the framework variables. This research adapts a quantitative methodology along with the positivist philosophical approach to investigate hypothetical relationships within the conceptual framework. This research used online surveys completed by mobile and social media users, including a survey with 601 responses out of 621. To analyse and validate the data, this study applies the structure equation model by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) AMOS V. 23. The result indicates that there are significant relationships between service quality dimensions and emotional response (pleasure and arousal). Moreover, subjective norms have a significant relationship with customer intention and emotional response. In addition, emotional response has, both directly and indirectly, a significant relationship with customer intention. The overall results of this research indicate that both the effect of service quality on eWOM and switching intention were mediated by customer attitude and by the pleasure and arousal emotional responses. These research outcomes yield several theoretical and practical implications. A key limitation of this research is its data collection by using a quantitative research approach and cross-sectional methodology; consequently, the data collection was done solely in the KSA.

<p>One major focus of anxiety research in recent years has been the identification of cognitive factors that promote increased vulnerability to anxiety. Cognitive formulations propose that anxiety is characterised by an increased tendency to attend to negatively valenced emotional information, and that this bias may play a causal role in the development and maintenance of clinical anxiety. Evidence suggests that this anxiety-linked processing bias occurs even in conditions in which the stimuli are masked in order to prevent awareness of the content (i.e., <i>preattentive bias</i>). The present thesis focused principally on the preferential processing of threat-related information that occurs outside awareness. Two different outcome measures were used to index preferential preattentive processing of threat-related information in non-clinical populations: The emotional Stroop task was used to index <i>selective attention</i> to masked presentation of threatening word stimuli, whereas skin conductance responses were used to index <i>selective autonomic responses</i> to masked presentation of threatening pictorial stimuli. The empirical studies in the present thesis showed that elevated levels of trait anxiety promote preferential preattentive processing of negatively valenced information, whereas elevated levels of social desirability (interpreted as defensiveness) generally prevent preferential preattentive processing of negatively valenced information, especially among those at higher levels of trait anxiety, irrespective of outcome measure used. Moreover, previous research has demonstrated that a person’s most common emotional reaction when encountering a stressful event is causally influenced by that person’s habitual tendency to selectively encode the most threatening aspects of all available information. Thus, preattentive bias (as measured with the emotional Stroop task) was used to predict the emotional responses (as seen on self-reported emotional distress and autonomic reactivity) following exposure to a laboratory stressor. This study showed that preattentive bias to negative information had significant effects on both self-reported and physiological measures in response to a laboratory stressor, but in diametrically opposite directions. Specifically, whereas preattentive bias was positively associated with self-reported negative emotional response, it was negatively associated with a physiological indicator of emotional response. The results were discussed in terms of an inability to automatically inhibit the processing of threatening cues, which seems to be a vulnerability marker for anxiety. Whether this bias is ultimately sufficient for the development of clinical anxiety remains to be examined in future research. Additionally, more information is needed before it can be established that the emotional Stroop task can be viewed as a reliable diagnostic tool for determining an individual’s anxiety status.</p>

One major focus of anxiety research in recent years has been the identification of cognitive factors that promote increased vulnerability to anxiety. Cognitive formulations propose that anxiety is characterised by an increased tendency to attend to negatively valenced emotional information, and that this bias may play a causal role in the development and maintenance of clinical anxiety. Evidence suggests that this anxiety-linked processing bias occurs even in conditions in which the stimuli are masked in order to prevent awareness of the content (i.e., preattentive bias). The present thesis focused principally on the preferential processing of threat-related information that occurs outside awareness. Two different outcome measures were used to index preferential preattentive processing of threat-related information in non-clinical populations: The emotional Stroop task was used to index selective attention to masked presentation of threatening word stimuli, whereas skin conductance responses were used to index selective autonomic responses to masked presentation of threatening pictorial stimuli. The empirical studies in the present thesis showed that elevated levels of trait anxiety promote preferential preattentive processing of negatively valenced information, whereas elevated levels of social desirability (interpreted as defensiveness) generally prevent preferential preattentive processing of negatively valenced information, especially among those at higher levels of trait anxiety, irrespective of outcome measure used. Moreover, previous research has demonstrated that a person’s most common emotional reaction when encountering a stressful event is causally influenced by that person’s habitual tendency to selectively encode the most threatening aspects of all available information. Thus, preattentive bias (as measured with the emotional Stroop task) was used to predict the emotional responses (as seen on self-reported emotional distress and autonomic reactivity) following exposure to a laboratory stressor. This study showed that preattentive bias to negative information had significant effects on both self-reported and physiological measures in response to a laboratory stressor, but in diametrically opposite directions. Specifically, whereas preattentive bias was positively associated with self-reported negative emotional response, it was negatively associated with a physiological indicator of emotional response. The results were discussed in terms of an inability to automatically inhibit the processing of threatening cues, which seems to be a vulnerability marker for anxiety. Whether this bias is ultimately sufficient for the development of clinical anxiety remains to be examined in future research. Additionally, more information is needed before it can be established that the emotional Stroop task can be viewed as a reliable diagnostic tool for determining an individual’s anxiety status.

The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the emotional responses of selected high school readers when they engage in retrospective miscue analysis.Several data sets were collected through audio and video taping of interviews, readings, and individual and group sessions. Analysis of the data involved the use of In Depth procedure of miscue analysis to examine readers' meaning construction, grammatical patterns, and word substitution similarities. Results from the miscue analysis sessions were used to engage the students in retrospective miscue analysis (RMA). RMA consisted of engaging readers to reflect and evaluate the reading process and strategies by analyzing their miscues. Their emotional responses during the RMA sessions were examined and analyzed to describe patterns in readers' revalued voices. Martin and White's (2005) appraisal theory was used to analyze student's emotional responses. Appraisal theory is based on Halliday's systemic functional linguistic view of language.Research findings indicated that readers became adept at articulating their own strategies, fine tuned their own affective stance about reading and used what they know about miscues and reading to better themselves as readers. Their emotional responses towards reading also changed over time as students began to use linguistic resources to agree, disagree, critique, and position their listeners to their own assessments and adapted their own revalued voice about who they are as readers. Readers' miscues also showed that they began to focus more on making meaning, thus improving their reading.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Richard H. Mattson / With the advancement of urbanization, many children today have limited or no experiences with nature or survival instincts as described by the nature (Biophilia) hypothesis. Today, children's preference toward landscapes may be more reflective of cultural experiences learned from family, teachers, or classmates, and referred to as the nurture hypothesis. In this research study, two visual surveys were used to investigate the nature vs. nurture hypotheses. In the first survey, 93 multicultural American children were asked to identify their preferred colors for symbols of bananas, tulips, birds, and trees. In the second survey, 202 children from American and Japanese schools were asked their visual preferences and emotional responses to photographs of landscapes, trees, homes, and nature scenes. Subjects were first, third, and sixth grade elementary school students in America and Japan. The effects of culture, age, and gender were evaluated. In addition, the relative preference and emotional impact of plants and landscapes were examined. In the first study, younger children preferred all colors that exist in nature. However, responses of the older children would support the nurture hypothesis. Older children selected fewer and more appropriate colors, such as yellow bananas, reflecting a learned behavior. Also, boys preferred blue symbols while girls selected red with higher frequency than other colors. In the second study, American children preferred the Japanese landscape and tree scenes, and reported more positive emotion than Japanese children toward the American and Japanese tree scenes. Younger American children showed more positive emotions toward the American home scene. Although first and third grade Japanese children preferred Japanese scenes, more sixth grade Japanese children preferred American scenes. In conclusion, visual preferences and emotional responses are influenced by content of photographs, and evidence supports both the nature and the nurture hypothesis among Japanese and American children.

Observing emotional responses is recognized as a valuable clinical skill in a variety of professions, including applied behavior analysis. Emotional responses can flag possible contingencies thereby guiding a behavior analyst to better select valid measures, goals, and procedures. Additionally, emotional responses can be goals in and of themselves. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a workshop on the observation and description of emotional responses by behavior analysts-in-training. The procedures included instructions, modeling, practice, discussion and feedback. The workshop included a blend of trainer presentation and interteaching strategies. The effects of the workshop were evaluated using a single-subject A-B design with multiple probe measures across four students. During probe assessments participants watched short video clips of family interactions and wrote a descriptive narrative in response to several questions. This created a permanent record for quantitative evaluation and analysis. The study resulted in an increase in the number of descriptions of emotional responses among all participants. The participants also increased responses tying the emotional response to external environmental events more often in the post-workshop assessment than the pre-workshop assessment. Results are discussed within the context of training applied behavior analysts, the analysis of verbal behavior, and the role of emotions in clinical practice.