En studie med syftet att undersöka de generella temana i individers upplevelse av negativa emotioner. Tidigare forskning inom området har fokuserat på det frågeställningar som exempelvis handlar om negativa emotioners påverkan på individers hälsa. Den här studien söker att utveckla det kvalitativa området inom emotionspsykologi. Två frågeställningar undersöktes: Vad är de generella temana i män och kvinnors upplevelse av negativa emotioner?Finns det en skillnad i upplevelse av negativa emotioner mellan kvinnor och män? Deltagare var 66 individer, i åldrarna 19 till 77 varav 33 män. Materialet samlades in via en kvalitativ enkät och analyserades med meningskoncentrering och genom fenomenologisk tolkning. Resultatet gav fem generella teman: (1) Situation med minskad kontroll, (2) fysiskt upplevelse, (3) psykisk upplevelse, (4) agerande och (5) uppmärksammande. Resultatet gick i linje med tidigare studier men bidrog med att fylla en kunskapslucka med dess kvalitativa inriktning, temat (5) uppmärksammande var ett nytt tema som upptäcktes.

At a perceptual level, faces and voices consist of very different sensory inputs and therefore, information processing from one modality can be independent of information processing from another modality (Adolphs & Tranel, 1999). However, there may also be a shared neural emotion network that processes stimuli independent of modality (Peelen, Atkinson, & Vuilleumier, 2010) or emotions may be processed on a more abstract cognitive level, based on meaning rather than on perceptual signals. This thesis therefore aimed to examine emotion recognition across two separate modalities in a within-subject design, including a cognitive Chapter 1 with 45 British adults, a developmental Chapter 2 with 54 British children as well as a cross-cultural Chapter 3 with 98 German and British children, and 78 German and British adults. Intensity ratings as well as choice reaction times and correlations of confusion analyses of emotions across modalities were analysed throughout. Further, an ERP Chapter investigated the time-course of emotion recognition across two modalities. Highly correlated rating profiles of emotions in faces and voices were found which suggests a similarity in emotion recognition across modalities. Emotion recognition in primary-school children improved with age for both modalities although young children relied mainly on faces. British as well as German participants showed comparable patterns for rating basic emotions, but subtle differences were also noted and Germans perceived emotions as less intense than British. Overall, behavioural results reported in the present thesis are consistent with the idea of a general, more abstract level of emotion processing which may act independently of modality. This could be based, for example, on a shared emotion brain network or some more general, higher-level cognitive processes which are activated across a range of modalities. Although emotion recognition abilities are already evident during childhood, this thesis argued for a contribution of ‘nurture’ to emotion mechanisms as recognition was influenced by external factors such as development and culture.

In coercive diplomacy, actors employ the threat of force to get targets to change their behavior. The goal is to achieve the opponent's compliance without waging war. In practice, however, the strategy often falls short-even when coercers enjoy substantial military superiority. This finding inspires the central question of this thesis: What prompts leaders to reject coercive threats from stronger adversaries, and under what conditions do they yield? I argue that target leaders' affective reactions can help to explain why coercive diplomacy succeeds in some cases but not in others. Combining insights from psychology and social constructivism, this thesis presents a theory of emotional choice to analyze how affect enters into target leaders' decision-making. Specifically, it makes the case that preferences are not only socially but also emotionally constructed. The core of the theoretical framework outlines how five key emotions-fear, anger, hope, pride, and humiliation-help to constitute target leaders' preferences. This represents the first attempt to explore how a spectrum of emotions influences leaders' foreign policy decision-making. To test the analytic utility of emotional choice theory, the thesis examines nine major decisions by Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 and ten main decisions by Saddam Hussein in the course of the Gulf conflict in 1990-91. The analysis yields mixed results: In the case of about a third of all decisions, the five key emotions exerted only minor effects or no impact at all. Another third of the decisions were influenced by one or more of these emotions to a degree similar to the impact of other factors. In the case of the final third of decisions, however, some of these emotions became the primary forces shaping the construction of preferences. Overall, emotional choice theory has thus advanced our understanding of the target leaders' decision-making in the missile crisis and the Gulf conflict, offering a more comprehensive explanation of why coercive diplomacy succeeded in one case but not in the other.

Human decision making process is influenced by many external as well as internal factors. Our behaviour cannot be deemed as fully rational. This thesis investigates the effect of emotional anchoring on a propensity to enter an asset bubble. This effect was observed in an experiment ran on an online crowdsourcing platform, Amazon Mechanical Turk. The negative anchor proves to have a significant negative effect, i.e. when a subject is under the negative anchor she is more prone to enter the bubble. The positive anchor does not have any significant effect. This thesis contributes to the general knowledge by confirming that trading decisions we make are subjected to the emotions we feel prior to making the decisions. JEL Classification C72, C91, D03, D53 Keywords Bubble game, anchoring, emotions Author's e-mail david.pospisil89@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail vaclav.korbel@fsv.cuni.cz

Responses to norm violators are poorly understood. On one hand, norm violators are perceived as powerful, which may help them to get ahead. On the other hand, norm violators evoke moral outrage, which may frustrate their upward social mobility. We addressed this paradox by considering the role of culture. Collectivistic cultures value group harmony and tight cultures value social order. We therefore hypothesized that collectivism and tightness moderate reactions to norm violators. We presented 2,369 participants in 19 countries with a norm violation or a norm adherence scenario. In individualistic cultures, norm violators were considered more powerful than norm abiders and evoked less moral outrage, whereas in collectivistic cultures, norm violators were considered less powerful and evoked more moral outrage. Moreover, respondents in tighter cultures expressed a stronger preference for norm followers as leaders. Cultural values thus influence responses to norm violators, which may have downstream consequences for violators' hierarchical positions.

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Individuals from Aberdeen/Aberdeenshire and Glasgow/Greater Glasgow have anecdotally been thought to differ in their expression of emotion with the former group being thought to be less emotionally expressive that the latter. The current thesis carried out three studies to empirically examine this. A systematic review of measures of emotion experience, regulation, expression and alexithymia was carried out to establish their psychometric properties. The results of the review lead to recommendations for which scales to use within future studies of the thesis. The second study used measures of emotion experience (Positive Affect Negative Affect Schedule), emotion regulation (Emotion Regulation Questionnaire) and alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20), identified within the review, in samples of adults from Aberdeen/Aberdeenshire and Glasgow/Greater Glasgow. A multiple indicators multiple causes model was used to examine group differences in response to these measures, this method allowed examination of differences on factor means and individual indicator items on the scales. It was found that Aberdeen/Aberdeenshire participants demonstrated a higher factor mean on the Negative Affect (NA) factor of the PANAS; the Aberdeen/Aberdeenshire participants also endorsed an individual item on the ERQ (Item 5) and the TAS-20 (Item 1) more than the Glasgow/Greater Glasgow participants. Finally, a qualitative study was carried out in which participants from each group recalled events related to six emotions. In describing events related to fear, anger and sadness, Aberdeen/Aberdeenshire participants tended to use positive statements that downplayed events related to these emotions, while the Glasgow/Greater Glasgow participants tended to use 'catastrophic' statements when describing events related to the same emotions. This may indicate differing cultural models between these populations.

Cheung Yue-Lok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-79). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; questionnaire also in Chinese.

In this country little research has been undertaken into the vast array of difficulties faced by students and the stressors that contribute to them, particularly in the professions allied to medicine. A pilot study of 40 students revealed that the major difficulty was completion of coursework and the emotional state of students gave cause for concern too. Finance was also a recurring problem. In the main study, 210 students were given a Problem Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire 30 and the Glasgow Symptom Checklist. Emotional lability was a significant finding. This was often accompanied by self-destructive thoughts. Anxiety appeared to be a prime manifestation of unresolved stress. A considerable number of students found the burden of coursework more difficult than anticipated which led to serious consideration of dropping out. Financial suffering was evident, confirming earlier findings. Highly stressed students had closer affiliation to the psychiatric than the normal population. 45 students from the main study were able and willing to continue with the research. An unexpected discovery was that many of these students suffered deeply but the severity of psychological manifestations had little bearing on the final academic results. Of the 45, indepth case studies of sixteen Honours degree students were carried out to illustrate the degree of stress among students, identify particular stressors and look at the outcomes. Personality and coping mechanisms' questionnaires were administered together with the health and problem questionnaires. Findings showed a similar pattern to the sample of 45. Coping resources on their own did not supply a satisfactory answer. A more pertinent explanation appears to lie in a theory of activation incorporating the ascending reticular activating system. This was allied to motivational concepts and closely related to Eysenck's personality dimensions. Conclusions are that students need more specialised and prolonged help for their psychological difficulties.

In the early 17th century, Aristotelian ideas about the passions came under scrutiny. The dominant, if not only, understanding of the passions before that time came from Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas split most of his main passions into opposing pairs - love/hate, joy/sorrow, fear/bravery etc. Aquinas described the opposite of desire as 'fuga seu abominatio (flight or abomination).' Although grappled with by earlier philosophers such as Duns Scotus and Thomas Cajetan, it was not until the 17th century that thinkers attempted to challenge Aquinas's opposite of desire. This thesis looks at five writers who used a variety of terms, often taken to be near-synonyms of disgust in the historiography - Thomas Wright, Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, Thomas Hobbes, Henry More and Isaac Watts - and challenges that view. Each of these men wrote works that, at least in part, attempted to understand the passions and each had a different understanding of Aquinas's opposite of desire. The thesis uses a corpus analysis to investigate uses of the words each thinker chose as an opposite of desire and then examines each writers' influences, experiences, and intentions, to analyse their understanding of the opposite of desire. Secondly, these various opposites of desire appear to bare a family resemblance to modern disgust. All are based upon the action of moving away from something thought of as harmful or evil, and all have an element of revulsion alongside the repulsion. This has led to much of the historiography of these sorts of passions making the assumption that these words simply referred to disgust. This thesis argues that these opposites of desire are not the same as disgust; the differences outweigh the similarities.