The purpose of this thesis is to validate generator models for dynamic studies of power systems using PSS/E (Power System Simulator for Engineering), EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transient Program), and Hypersim. To thoroughly evaluate the behavior of a power system in the three specified software packages, it is necessary to have an accurate model for the power system, especially the generator which is of interest. The effect of generator modeling on system response under normal conditions and under faulted conditions is investigated in this work. A methodology based on sensitivity analysis of generator model parameters is proposed aiming to homogenize the behavior of the same power system that is modeled in three software packages. Standard IEEE 14-Bus system is used as a test case for this investigation. Necessary changes in the exciter parameters are made using the proposed methodology so that the system behaves identical across all three software platforms.

Smart radial distribution grids will include advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and significant distributed generators (DGs) connected close to loads. DGs in these radial distribution systems (RDS) introduce bidirectional power flows (BPFs) and contribute to fault current. These BPFs may cause unwanted tripping of existing overcurrent (OC) protection devices and result in permanent outages for a large number of customers. This thesis presents a protection approach that modified an existing overcurrent protection scheme to reduce the number of customers affected by faults in RDS with DGs. Further, a technique is presented that utilizes customers loading information from smart meters in AMI to improve the sensitivity of substation OC relays by adaptively changing the pickup settings. The modified protection approach involves predefining zones in RDS with DGs and installing directional OC relays and circuit breakers at the zonal boundaries. Zonal boundary relays determine faulted zones by sharing information on the direction of detected faults current using binary state signals over a communication medium. The technique to adapt the substation relay pickup settings uses the demand measurements from smart meters for two 12-hour intervals from the previous day to determine the maximum diversified demand at the relay?s location. The pickup settings of the substation relay for the two 12-hour intervals during the following day for the zone supplied by the substation are adaptively set based on the current that corresponds to the maximum diversified demand from the previous day. The techniques were validated through simulations in EMTP/PSCAD using an expanded IEEE 34 node radial test feeder that included DGs and a secondary distribution level. By decentralizing the control of the zonal boundary breakers, the single point of failure was eliminated in the modified protection approach. The cases studied showed that the modified protection approach allows for selective identification and isolation of the faulted zones. Also, the sensitivity of the substation OC relay was improved by at least 24% by using the pickup settings for the two 12-hour intervals from the smart meter demand measurements compared to the pickup settings computed using the conventional methodology based on the maximum loading of the zone.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude de la propagation des courants porteurs en ligne dans le réseau de distribution d'énergie électrique. Pour simuler les phénomènes, des modèles HF des éléments ont été élaborés, principalement pour le transformateur MT/BT. Une grande partie est constituée par l'identification en HF du transformateur de puissance MT/BT, élément majeur et complexe du réseau de distribution. Après une étude bibliographique des modèles du transformateur en HF, nous avons réalisé de nombreuses mesures externes sur deux transformateurs réels 20/0,4 kV de moyenne puissance afin d'obtenir leurs impédances de transfert dans la gamme 100Hz – 10MHz. Des schémas équivalents ont été proposés, un en MF et un autre en HF. Les mesures et les méthodes nécessaires pour déterminer les caractéristiques de transfert de signaux MF-HF à travers le transformateur ont été synthétisées et présentées. Afin de valider ces modèles, les caractéristiques de transfert de signaux à travers le transformateur sont mesurées et puis comparées avec des simulations. Ensuite, les modèles HF des autres éléments principaux rencontrés dans le réseau de distribution sont analysés. Finalement, nous avons mis en oeuvre l'ensemble des modèles pour simuler avec ATP/EMTP la propagation des signaux HF dans un réseau de distribution réel. Plusieurs schémas sont exploités afin de rechercher les paramètres topologiques qui influent sur la qualité de transmission des CPL.

Σκοπόςτης παρούσας εργασίαςείναι αρχικά η δημιουργία ενός μοντέλου με τα χαρακτηριστικά ενός μονωτήρα υψηλής τάσης.Το μοντέλο αυτό θα ενσωματωθεί στο μοντέλο μιας γραμμής υψηλής τάσης διπλού κυκλώματος των 400kV, για να υπολογιστούν οι επαγόμενες υπερτάσεις σε παρακείμενο υπέργειο αγωγό μεταφοράς υδρογονανθράκων. Τα παραπάνω επιτυγχάνονταιμε τη μοντελοποίηση πραγματικών πυλώνων και γραμμών του Ελληνικού συστήματος μεταφοράς καθώς και υπέργειου αγωγού υδρογονανθράκων.Η εξομοίωση υλοποιείται μέσω του προγράμματος ATP-EMTP. Για τον σχεδιασμό του μοντέλου του μονωτήρα χρησιμοποιήθηκε το μοντέλοVolt-TimeCurve. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δύο τύποι κεραυνού για τις προσομοιώσεις, για γρήγορο και αργό σήμα, με τιμές ρεύματος 100kA. Για το γρήγορο, οι τιμές χρόνων μετώπου και ουράς 1.2/50μs και για το αργό σήμα 10/350μs. Σε αυτή τη διπλωματική εργασία υπάρχουν 8 κεφάλαια. Στα πρώτα 5 κεφάλαια έγινε μια παράθεση πληροφοριών και θεωρητική προσέγγιση όλων των επιμέρους τμημάτων που συνθέτουν τη συνολική διάταξη της μελέτης. Στο 5ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται λεπτομερής αναφοράστο πρόγραμμα ATP-EMTP στο οποίο πραγματοποιήθηκε η προσομοίωση.Στο 6o κεφάλαιο γίνεται η μοντελοποίηση όλων των στοιχείων της διάταξης και η ενσωμάτωσή τους στοATP-EMTP. Στο 7ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση του μοντέλου του μονωτήρα που αναπτύχθηκε και στο 8ο κεφάλαιο γίνεται παρουσίαση των αποτελεσμάτων της προσομοίωσης και εξάγονται κάποια συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη διάταξη. / The purpose of this paper is , at first, to create a model with the features of a high voltage insulator. This model will be incorporated into the model of a high-voltage line double circuit 400kV, to calculate the induced transients in adjacent aboveground pipeline hydrocarbons. These goals are achieved by modeling real pillars and lines of Greek transport system and overground pipeline hydrocarbons. The simulation is implemented through the ATP-EMTP. The model Volt-Time Curve is used for the modeling of the insulator. Also, two types of lightning are used for the simulations, for fast and slow signal, with current values 100kA. For fast signal, the prices of front and tail time are 1.2 / 50ms and for slow signal 10 / 350ms. In this thesis there are 8 chapters. In the first five chapters was a quote and information theoretical approach to all individual parts that make up the overall layout of the study. The 5 chapter is a detailed reference to the ATP-EMTP program which performed the simulation. The 6 chapter is the modeling of all elements of the layout and the incorporation into the ATP-EMTP. In chapter 7 we present the model of the insulator developed and in chapter 8 we present the simulation results and draw inferences about the layout.

In this thesis, the possibility of detection of fault location in the cable distribution systems by using traveling waves due to fault and circuit breaker operations is investigated. Waveforms originated from both actions and fault steady state are separately analyzed. During such switching actions, high frequency variations which are absent in the steady state conditions, take place. In order to simulate high frequency changes properly, system elements are modeled accordingly. In other words, frequency dependent models are introduced, and they are used in Electro-Magnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Since the characteristics of waveforms are different for separately analyzed portions, different fault locating algorithms with their limitations are introduced.

O presente trabalho apresenta estudos teóricos e uma revisão bibliográfica sobre diversos aspectos relevantes à qualidade da energia elétrica, principalmente os afundamentos de tensão em sistemas de energia elétrica. A avaliação da eficiência de um sistema elétrico de potência é quantificada por diversos fatores de qualidade, destacando-se a continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores. Nesse contexto, a análise de faltas é muito importante e demanda especial atenção quando do projeto do esquema de proteção e dos índices de qualidade do sistema elétrico de distribuição. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre os métodos de cálculo de curtos circuitos convencionais: Método das Componentes Simétricas e o Método das Componentes de Fases. Também é apresentada uma nova aproximação da obtenção da matriz de impedância de cada elemento do sistema elétrico de potência, para a resolução pelo Método das Componentes Simétricas em sistemas desequilibrados. Usando um modelo particular de um sistema elétrico de distribuição são efetuadas simulações computacionais para avaliar o desempenho do algoritmo proposto. As simulações de curtos circuitos são realizadas com rotinas no ambiente MatLab e logo comparadas com os resultados do programa ATP/EMTP. Os cálculos de afundamentos de tensão são realizados para diferentes tipos de faltas: trifásica-terra (FFFT), fase-terra (FT), fase-fase (FF) e fase-fase-terra (FFT). Apesar de o trabalho estar centrado em sistemas de distribuição, as conclusões podem ser referidas a qualquer tipo de sistema de energia elétrica. Os resultados obtidos nessas simulações mostram que a aproximação proposta que consiste da obtenção da impedância de componentes simétricas de cada elemento, apresenta um ótimo desempenho. O objetivo desta comparação é identificar o método de cálculo de curto-circuito que ofereça a viabilidade de simplificação nos procedimentos de cálculo, como também na modelagem dos componentes do sistema elétrico de energia, mantendo continuamente uma boa precisão dos resultados dentro dos limites de tolerância. Com esta simplificação se pode reduzir significativamente o tempo das simulações, o processo de análise e tomada de decisão mais ágil e eficiente. / This work presents theoretical studies and a literature review on various aspects relevant to the quality of electric power, especially voltage sags in electric power systems. Assessing the efficiency of a power system is quantified by several quality factors, highlighting the continued supply of electricity to consumers. In this context, the analysis of faults is very important and demand special attention when designing the protection scheme and the quality indexes of the electrical system of distribution. Therefore, this work presents a comparison between the calculation methods of conventional short circuit: Method of Symmetrical Component and Method of Phases Components. It also presents a new approach to obtaining the impedance matrix of each element of the electric power system for the resolution by the Method of Symmetrical Components in unbalanced systems. Using a particular model of an electric distribution system computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Simulations of short circuits are performed with routines in MatLab environment and then compared with the results of the software ATP/EMTP. The calculations of voltage sags are performed for different types of faults: three-phase- ground (FFFT), phase-ground (FT), phase-phase (FF) and phase-phase- ground (FFT). Although the work is centered on distribution systems, the findings can be referred to any type of power system. The results obtained in these simulations show that the proposed approach consists of obtaining the impedance of symmetrical components of each element, presents a great performance. The purpose of this comparison is to identify the method of calculating short-circuit that provides the feasibility of simplifying the calculation procedures, but also in the modeling of system components, electric power, continuously keeping a good accuracy of results within the tolerance limits. With this simplification can significantly reduce the time of simulations, the process of analysis and decision making more agile and efficient.

O presente trabalho apresenta estudos teóricos e uma revisão bibliográfica sobre diversos aspectos relevantes à qualidade da energia elétrica, principalmente os afundamentos de tensão em sistemas de energia elétrica. A avaliação da eficiência de um sistema elétrico de potência é quantificada por diversos fatores de qualidade, destacando-se a continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores. Nesse contexto, a análise de faltas é muito importante e demanda especial atenção quando do projeto do esquema de proteção e dos índices de qualidade do sistema elétrico de distribuição. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre os métodos de cálculo de curtos circuitos convencionais: Método das Componentes Simétricas e o Método das Componentes de Fases. Também é apresentada uma nova aproximação da obtenção da matriz de impedância de cada elemento do sistema elétrico de potência, para a resolução pelo Método das Componentes Simétricas em sistemas desequilibrados. Usando um modelo particular de um sistema elétrico de distribuição são efetuadas simulações computacionais para avaliar o desempenho do algoritmo proposto. As simulações de curtos circuitos são realizadas com rotinas no ambiente MatLab e logo comparadas com os resultados do programa ATP/EMTP. Os cálculos de afundamentos de tensão são realizados para diferentes tipos de faltas: trifásica-terra (FFFT), fase-terra (FT), fase-fase (FF) e fase-fase-terra (FFT). Apesar de o trabalho estar centrado em sistemas de distribuição, as conclusões podem ser referidas a qualquer tipo de sistema de energia elétrica. Os resultados obtidos nessas simulações mostram que a aproximação proposta que consiste da obtenção da impedância de componentes simétricas de cada elemento, apresenta um ótimo desempenho. O objetivo desta comparação é identificar o método de cálculo de curto-circuito que ofereça a viabilidade de simplificação nos procedimentos de cálculo, como também na modelagem dos componentes do sistema elétrico de energia, mantendo continuamente uma boa precisão dos resultados dentro dos limites de tolerância. Com esta simplificação se pode reduzir significativamente o tempo das simulações, o processo de análise e tomada de decisão mais ágil e eficiente. / This work presents theoretical studies and a literature review on various aspects relevant to the quality of electric power, especially voltage sags in electric power systems. Assessing the efficiency of a power system is quantified by several quality factors, highlighting the continued supply of electricity to consumers. In this context, the analysis of faults is very important and demand special attention when designing the protection scheme and the quality indexes of the electrical system of distribution. Therefore, this work presents a comparison between the calculation methods of conventional short circuit: Method of Symmetrical Component and Method of Phases Components. It also presents a new approach to obtaining the impedance matrix of each element of the electric power system for the resolution by the Method of Symmetrical Components in unbalanced systems. Using a particular model of an electric distribution system computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Simulations of short circuits are performed with routines in MatLab environment and then compared with the results of the software ATP/EMTP. The calculations of voltage sags are performed for different types of faults: three-phase- ground (FFFT), phase-ground (FT), phase-phase (FF) and phase-phase- ground (FFT). Although the work is centered on distribution systems, the findings can be referred to any type of power system. The results obtained in these simulations show that the proposed approach consists of obtaining the impedance of symmetrical components of each element, presents a great performance. The purpose of this comparison is to identify the method of calculating short-circuit that provides the feasibility of simplifying the calculation procedures, but also in the modeling of system components, electric power, continuously keeping a good accuracy of results within the tolerance limits. With this simplification can significantly reduce the time of simulations, the process of analysis and decision making more agile and efficient.

O presente trabalho apresenta estudos teóricos e uma revisão bibliográfica sobre diversos aspectos relevantes à qualidade da energia elétrica, principalmente os afundamentos de tensão em sistemas de energia elétrica. A avaliação da eficiência de um sistema elétrico de potência é quantificada por diversos fatores de qualidade, destacando-se a continuidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica aos consumidores. Nesse contexto, a análise de faltas é muito importante e demanda especial atenção quando do projeto do esquema de proteção e dos índices de qualidade do sistema elétrico de distribuição. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre os métodos de cálculo de curtos circuitos convencionais: Método das Componentes Simétricas e o Método das Componentes de Fases. Também é apresentada uma nova aproximação da obtenção da matriz de impedância de cada elemento do sistema elétrico de potência, para a resolução pelo Método das Componentes Simétricas em sistemas desequilibrados. Usando um modelo particular de um sistema elétrico de distribuição são efetuadas simulações computacionais para avaliar o desempenho do algoritmo proposto. As simulações de curtos circuitos são realizadas com rotinas no ambiente MatLab e logo comparadas com os resultados do programa ATP/EMTP. Os cálculos de afundamentos de tensão são realizados para diferentes tipos de faltas: trifásica-terra (FFFT), fase-terra (FT), fase-fase (FF) e fase-fase-terra (FFT). Apesar de o trabalho estar centrado em sistemas de distribuição, as conclusões podem ser referidas a qualquer tipo de sistema de energia elétrica. Os resultados obtidos nessas simulações mostram que a aproximação proposta que consiste da obtenção da impedância de componentes simétricas de cada elemento, apresenta um ótimo desempenho. O objetivo desta comparação é identificar o método de cálculo de curto-circuito que ofereça a viabilidade de simplificação nos procedimentos de cálculo, como também na modelagem dos componentes do sistema elétrico de energia, mantendo continuamente uma boa precisão dos resultados dentro dos limites de tolerância. Com esta simplificação se pode reduzir significativamente o tempo das simulações, o processo de análise e tomada de decisão mais ágil e eficiente. / This work presents theoretical studies and a literature review on various aspects relevant to the quality of electric power, especially voltage sags in electric power systems. Assessing the efficiency of a power system is quantified by several quality factors, highlighting the continued supply of electricity to consumers. In this context, the analysis of faults is very important and demand special attention when designing the protection scheme and the quality indexes of the electrical system of distribution. Therefore, this work presents a comparison between the calculation methods of conventional short circuit: Method of Symmetrical Component and Method of Phases Components. It also presents a new approach to obtaining the impedance matrix of each element of the electric power system for the resolution by the Method of Symmetrical Components in unbalanced systems. Using a particular model of an electric distribution system computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Simulations of short circuits are performed with routines in MatLab environment and then compared with the results of the software ATP/EMTP. The calculations of voltage sags are performed for different types of faults: three-phase- ground (FFFT), phase-ground (FT), phase-phase (FF) and phase-phase- ground (FFT). Although the work is centered on distribution systems, the findings can be referred to any type of power system. The results obtained in these simulations show that the proposed approach consists of obtaining the impedance of symmetrical components of each element, presents a great performance. The purpose of this comparison is to identify the method of calculating short-circuit that provides the feasibility of simplifying the calculation procedures, but also in the modeling of system components, electric power, continuously keeping a good accuracy of results within the tolerance limits. With this simplification can significantly reduce the time of simulations, the process of analysis and decision making more agile and efficient.

This thesis deals with the high speed transient modelling in the electrical networks. The introduction of this work discusses mathematical models of the individual devices used in the system and focuses on the line representation. It also contains a more detailed description of Bergeron and frequency dependent line model. The objective of this thesis is to design a network model using ATP-EMTP simulation program. In this model, the switching overvoltage caused by shunt reactor switching and lightning overvoltage are simulated. The thesis thoroughly describes the settings of the components used in the model of analysed network and in conclusion evaluates obtained simulation results in a relation to the insulation coordination.

Orientador: Jose Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Luiz Fernando Bovolato / Banca: Rodrigo Aparecido Fernandes Pereira / Resumo: Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma metodologia para obter um ambiente interativo de simulação com ferramentas que permitam fazer análises de sistemas de proteção como estudos de coordenação e analises pós falta. As ferramentas estão baseadas no programa de simulação de transitórios eletro- magnéticos EMTP/ATP e na linguagem de programação ANSI C, sobre a plataforma de software livre GNU/Linux. Esta metodologia pode ser implementada, da mesma forma, em qualquer plataforma Windows sobre a qual possa funcionar o EMTP/ATP e o pacote ATP/MingW. Assim, implementou- se um relé de distância numérico através de modelos externos ("foreign models"). Ilustra-se também como usar arquivos no formato COMTRADE na análise com EMTP/ATP. Dessa forma foi possível analisar o comportamento do relé implementado tendo como entradas os sinais de tensões e correntes correspondentes aos eventos reais. Os sinais de disparo, assim como os demais componentes do relé, foram testados usando um sistema teste de referência do Power System Relaying Committee da PES-IEEE e os sinais de faltas reais do Sistema Elétrico Interligado da Colômbia. Por fim, foi feito um estudo de coordenação. Os resultados são apresentados e discutidos. A metodologia proposta pode ser usada para desenvolver qualquer componente ou elemento de controle dentro de um sistema elétrico, onde haja a necessidade de usar o EMTP/ATP para simular condições específicas de operação do sistema elétrico, complementando a simplicidade da linguagem MODELS com a portabilidade e potencialidade da linguagem C / Abstract: This work presents the methodology to obtain an environment of interactive simulation with tools to perform analysis of protection systems, coordination studies and analysis post fault. These tools are based on the program for electromagnetic transients EMTP/ATP and in ANSI C programming language used in the free GNU/Linux software platform. The same methodology can be followed to be used on any Windows Operating System that can run EMTP/ATP and the package ATP/MingW. Then, for this, a numerical distance relay was implemented by means of foreign models using C programming language. It also shows how to use COMTRADE files in analysis with EMTP / ATP. Thus it was possible to analyze the behavior of the implemented relay with voltage and current signals of real events as inputs. The trip signals, like the other components of the relay, were tested using a testing reference system of Power System Relaying Committee of PES-IEEE and the signals of real faults of Inter- connected Electric System of Colombia. Finally, a coordination study was made. The results are presented and discussed. This methodology could also be used to develop any component or control element within an electrical system that one may need for a particular use; therefore, compensating the simplicity of the language MODELS with the flexibility and portability of C programming language / Mestre