Neste trabalho será apresentado um estudo de caso sobre o cálculo da distorção harmônica gerada por um parque eólico através da sua modelagem nos domínios do tempo e da frequência. Será analisada a propagação das frequências harmônicas na rede básica e a influência da modelagem das linhas de transmissão nos resultados de distorção harmônica. Para este estudo serão utilizados os programas EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transient Program) e HarmZs para as simulações no domínio do tempo e da frequência, respectivamente. Os parques eólicos simulados utilizam geradores do tipo multipolar síncrono, e para a sua conexão à rede elétrica um conversor de frequência. Os resultados obtidos com o programa EMTP serão comparados para validação com os dados obtidos através da simulação no domínio da frequência utilizando o programa de simulação HarmZ. Já a análise da propagação das frequências harmônicas será simulada somente no domínio do tempo. Assim, através dos resultados obtidos será possível comparar os programas de simulação, determinar os níveis de distorção harmônica em diversos pontos do sistema elétrico e a influência dos modelos utilizados. / This work will present a case study on the calculation of the harmonic distortion generated by a wind farm. Time and frequency domain simulations will be performed. Harmonic propagation will be analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of transmission lines and underground cables models will be verified when there are several frequencies present in the system. Softwares EMTP (ElectroMagnetic Transient Program) and HarmZs will be used for the simulations in the time and frequency domain, respectively. The simulated wind farm use multipolar synchronous generators and their connection to the grid is made through a frequency converter. The results obtained with EMTP will be compared for validation with the results obtained with HarmZs. Thus, by the obtained results it will be possible to compare simulation programs and to determine the levels of harmonic distortion at several points of the electrical system.

Le transformateur de puissance est un équipement essentiel d’un réseau électrique et le plus coûteux dans les postes. Pour augmenter son degré de disponibilité et de fiabilité, il est nécessaire d’appliquer la manœuvre contrôlée afin de diminuer la saturation du noyau lors de l’enclenchement, et donc limiter les courants d’appel. Ces derniers sont asymétriques, d’amplitude élevée, et riches en harmoniques. Ils peuvent causer des effets indésirables comme le disfonctionnement des dispositifs de protections, l’endommagement mécanique des enroulements du transformateur et réduire en général la durée de vie et la qualité des systèmes. Une technique efficace pour réduire ces courants d’appel est de mettre sous tension le transformateur quand le flux dynamique généré par la source est égal à son flux rémanent. Un modèle simplifié du transformateur de puissance est adopté pour l’analyse des phénomènes physiques liés à l’application des manœuvres. Pour évaluer le degré de faisabilité de cette technique, des simulations sont effectuées en utilisant le simulateur de réseau EMTP. Les contraintes requises pour chacun des composants du système de manœuvre contrôlée comme les segments de ligne, les disjoncteurs sont étudiées en détail pour déterminer l’algorithme de calcul de l’instant optimal de manœuvres. Ensuite des tests de validation statistiques sont effectués afin d’évaluer les performances des différentes approches employées. Enfin une étude consacrée à la reconstitution du flux rémanent via un transformateur capacitif de tension (TCT) est menée pour appliquer l’algorithme de manœuvre contrôlée dans les postes en utilisant les équipements de mesure déjà existants. / Power transformers are vital equipment in electrical networks and are the most expensive ones in substations. In order to increase their availability and reliability, controlled switching must be applied for reducing cores saturation during its energization, called “inrush currents”. These inrush currents are asymmetrical, high-magnitude, harmonic-rich, and may cause many undesirable effects such as maloperation of protective relays and fuse, mechanical damage to the transformer winding and generally reduce the lifetime and quality of power systems. An efficient technique to reduce these inrush currents is to energize the transformer when the dynamic flux generated by the source is equal to its residual flux. A simplified model is adopted to analyze the physical phenomena related to the switching applications. In order to assess the feasibility of this technique, numerous simulations have been performed using EMTP simulator. The critical requirements for each component of the controlled switching system such as pieces of line, circuit breakers have been studied in detail in order to determine the best switching instant calculation algorithm. Then statistical validation tests have been conducted to evaluate the performances of its different approaches. Finally a study dedicated to the reconstitution of residual flux using a capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) has been carried on in order to apply the controlled switching algorithm in substations using their existing measurement equipments.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-31T15:07:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasvitorfonsecadeoliveira.pdf: 1420167 bytes, checksum: b5075b7ccc33c587012a46901a9b21af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-02T12:44:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasvitorfonsecadeoliveira.pdf: 1420167 bytes, checksum: b5075b7ccc33c587012a46901a9b21af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-02T12:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucasvitorfonsecadeoliveira.pdf: 1420167 bytes, checksum: b5075b7ccc33c587012a46901a9b21af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com a abertura legal do setor elétrico brasileiro na década de 90 para investimentos privados, em especial com a implantação sistemática de leilões para definição dos concessionários de transmissão, diversos estudos foram efetuados com o objetivo de viabilizar projetos de linha de transmissão de modo a concorrem nesses leilões. Grandes transmissoras, como Furnas, Chesf e Eletronorte promoveram pesquisas em consórcio com empresas construtoras de linhas e fabricante de ferragens e isoladores, com o objetivo de desenvolverem projetos com baixa relação Reais/MW transmitido. Neste cenário, muitos projetos de linhas de potência natural elevada foram idealizados e implantados, e como fruto desses projetos, publicações foram realizadas descrevendo os resultados obtidos. Todavia, apesar da quantidade, qualidade e riqueza das informações publicadas, a descrição do processo de otimização dos parâmetros elétricos da linha, em especial da impedância característica, não receberam destaque, sendo muita das vezes suprimida nos artigos. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe a investigação de um método inovador de otimização da capacidade de transmissão de linhas de potência natural elevada, através da análise indireta dos efeitos da variação do posicionamento dos cabos condutores no feixe sobre a impedância característica da linha, por meio de uma abordagem original que utiliza basicamente o vetor de Poynting como função objetivo do Método de Otimização por Enxame de Partículas, sendo os campos elétricos e magnéticos necessários para definição do vetor de Poynting calculados por meio do Método dos Elementos de Contorno. O método foi validado utilizando como exemplos a otimização das configurações de feixes da linha de 500 kV Interligação Norte/SUL III – Trecho 2 e Linha de 500 kV Presidente Dutra / Teresina / Sobral / Fortaleza. Foram encontrados ganhos na capacidade de transmissão de 7% e 22% respectivamente devido à redução da impedância característica calculada após a otimização através da rotina Line Constants do programa ATP/EMTP, e comparando-a com os valores originais. / With the legal opening for private investments in the Brazilian energy sector in the 90's, in particular the systematic implementation of auctions for defining power transmission concessions, several studies were made with the aim of developing transmission line projects in order to compete in these auctions. Major transmission companies such as Furnas, Eletronorte and CHESF promoted consortium research with line builders and hardware and insulators manufacturers, in order to develop projects with low cost/MW transmitted. In this scenario, many projects of high surge-impedance loading lines were developed and implemented, and as a result of these projects, publications were made describing the results. However, despite the quantity, quality and resourcefulness of published information, the descriptions of the optimization process of electrical line parameters, especially regarding characteristic impedance, were not given prominence, being often suppressed from the articles. Thus, this study proposes the investigation of a method for optimizing the transmission capacity of high surge-impedance loading lines, varying the power cables in the bundle, indirectly reducing its characteristic impedance through an original approach that uses basically the Poynting's vector as objective function of the Particle Swarm Optimization method.The electric and magnetic fields needed for defining the Poynting vector were calculated using the Boundary Element Method. The method was validated through the optimization of bundle configuration, using as a model the characteristics of the 500 kV line North / South Interconnection III - Segment 2 and the 500 kV line Presidente Dutra / Teresina / Sobral / Fortaleza. It was found transmission capacity gains of 7% and 22% respectively, by reducing the characteristic impedance, which was calculated after the optimization using the EMTP/ATP Line Constants Program, comparing it with the original values.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι η αναφορά των επιπτώσεων που προκαλούν οι κεραυνοί σε διατάξεις χαμηλής τάσης και o τρόπος, με τον οποίο ο άνθρωπος μπορεί να προστατέψει μια κατασκευή. Ώς μοντέλο, για να διαπιστωθεί αν η θεωρία μπορεί να γίνει πράξη, χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένα υπάρχον κτιριακό συγκρότημα που βρίσκεται σε περιοχή της Κύπρου, όπου κατά τη διάρκεια κεραυνικών πληγμάτων σημειώνονταν ηλεκτρολογικές ζημιές. Η μελέτη έγινε σύμφωνα με τους ισχύοντες διεθνείς κανονισμούς αντικεραυνικής προστασίας και τη σχετική βιβλιογραφική θεωρία. Μετά τη μελέτη και τον υπολογισμό όλων των υπολοίπων τμημάτων που απαρτίζουν το σύστημα αντικεραυνικής προστασίας ακολουθεί η σχεδίαση του στο πρόγραμμα σχεδίασης AutoCAD. Τέλος, με εξομοίωση του ισοδύναμου κυκλώματος, του ΣΑΠ, στο λογισμικό πρόγραμμα EMTP-ATP, μελετάται η μεταβατική συμπεριφορά του συστήματος γείωσης για να κριθεί αν το σύστημα που σχεδιάστηκε είναι αποτελεσματικό ή όχι. Το προτεινόμενο σύστημα αντικεραυνικής προστασίας όπως παρουσιάζεται στην πιο κάτω διπλωματική εργασία σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα, μπορεί να παρέχει μια αξιόπιστη και ασφαλή λειτουργία του κτιριακού συγκροτήματος χωρίς περαιτέρω ζημιές. / The main subject of this thesis is the study and designing of a lighting strike protection system in an existing building complex. In addition, the consequences of lighting strikes in buildings are studied and what someone can do to protect buildings. In order to apply the theory in practice, an existing building complex located in Cyprus, is used as a model in order to design the lighting protection system, since damages were observed during several lighting strikes the last few years. The study and the design of the protection system is made by following the national lighting strike protection rules and theory presented in existing literature. The study and calculations of the other parts that belong to the complete lighting strike protection system are followed by the designing of the complete system in Autocad. Moreover, a study of the transient behaviour of the Earth-termination system is done via the simulation of the building complex by using the EMTP-ATP software. It is important to mention that the phenomenon of ionization is consider as well in this step. The proposed lighting protection system as it is presented in this thesis and according to the results, can provide a reliable and safe operation of the building complex without any further damages.

The present work introduces a methodology to obtain a discrete time state space representation of an electrical network using the nodal [G] matrix of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) solution. This is the first time the connection between the EMTP nodal analysis solution and a corresponding state-space formulation is presented. Compared to conventional state space solutions, the nodal EMTP solution is computationally much more efficient. Compared to the phasor solutions used in transient stability analysis, the proposed approach captures a much wider range of eigenvalues and system operating states. A fundamental advantage of extracting the system eigenvalues directly from the EMTP solution is the ability of the EMTP to follow the characteristics of nonlinearities. The system's trajectory can be accurately traced and the calculated eigenvalues and eigenvectors correctly represent the system's instantaneous dynamics. In addition, the algorithm can be used as a tool to identify network partitioning subsystems suitable for real-time hybrid power system simulator environments, including the implementation of multi-time scale solutions. The proposed technique can be implemented as an extension to any EMTP-based simulator. Within our UBC research group, it is aimed at extending the capabilities of our real-time PC-cluster Object Virtual Network Integrator (OVNI) simulator.

Le transformateur de puissance est un équipement essentiel d'un réseau électrique et le plus coûteux dans les postes. Pour augmenter son degré de disponibilité et de fiabilité, il est nécessaire d'appliquer la manœuvre contrôlée afin de diminuer la saturation du noyau lors de l'enclenchement, et donc limiter les courants d'appel. Ces derniers sont asymétriques, d'amplitude élevée, et riches en harmoniques. Ils peuvent causer des effets indésirables comme le disfonctionnement des dispositifs de protections, l'endommagement mécanique des enroulements du transformateur et réduire en général la durée de vie et la qualité des systèmes. Une technique efficace pour réduire ces courants d'appel est de mettre sous tension le transformateur quand le flux dynamique généré par la source est égal à son flux rémanent. Un modèle simplifié du transformateur de puissance est adopté pour l'analyse des phénomènes physiques liés à l'application des manœuvres. Pour évaluer le degré de faisabilité de cette technique, des simulations sont effectuées en utilisant le simulateur de réseau EMTP. Les contraintes requises pour chacun des composants du système de manœuvre contrôlée comme les segments de ligne, les disjoncteurs sont étudiées en détail pour déterminer l'algorithme de calcul de l'instant optimal de manœuvres. Ensuite des tests de validation statistiques sont effectués afin d'évaluer les performances des différentes approches employées. Enfin une étude consacrée à la reconstitution du flux rémanent via un transformateur capacitif de tension (TCT) est menée pour appliquer l'algorithme de manœuvre contrôlée dans les postes en utilisant les équipements de mesure déjà existants.

The present work introduces a methodology to obtain a discrete time state space representation of an electrical network using the nodal [G] matrix of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) solution. This is the first time the connection between the EMTP nodal analysis solution and a corresponding state-space formulation is presented. Compared to conventional state space solutions, the nodal EMTP solution is computationally much more efficient. Compared to the phasor solutions used in transient stability analysis, the proposed approach captures a much wider range of eigenvalues and system operating states. A fundamental advantage of extracting the system eigenvalues directly from the EMTP solution is the ability of the EMTP to follow the characteristics of nonlinearities. The system's trajectory can be accurately traced and the calculated eigenvalues and eigenvectors correctly represent the system's instantaneous dynamics. In addition, the algorithm can be used as a tool to identify network partitioning subsystems suitable for real-time hybrid power system simulator environments, including the implementation of multi-time scale solutions. The proposed technique can be implemented as an extension to any EMTP-based simulator. Within our UBC research group, it is aimed at extending the capabilities of our real-time PC-cluster Object Virtual Network Integrator (OVNI) simulator.

Any switching action or lightning stroke on a transmission system causes excessive of voltage, which are propagated through the equipment. The withstand capability of the electrical equipment to these overvoltages is dependent on the rate of rise, peak value and the duration of these overvoltages and are especially critical to information technology (IT) equipment. Whenever there is a probability of these overvoltages appearing across the electrical equipment, they should be limited to a safe value by the application surge arresters of the metal oxide type. However, surge arresters are expensive, an optimal location for these should be found so as to minimise the number of surge arresters used.

Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς απαγωγέων υπέρτασης στις γραμμές μεταφοράς υψηλής τάσης όταν αυτές καταπονούνται από κεραυνικά πλήγματα. Γίνεται μοντελοποίηση πραγματικών πυλώνων και γραμμών του Ελληνικού συστήματος μεταφοράς, καθώς και αλεξικέραυνων, προσομοίωσή τους στο πρόγραμμα ATP/EMTP και στη συνέχεια μελέτη των υπερτάσεων που εμφανίζονται κατά τη διάρκεια κεραυνικών πληγμάτων πάνω στους αγωγούς προστασίας. / The purpose of this thesis is the study of the behavior of surge arresters on high voltage transmission lines when they are strained by lightning strikes. Steel towers and transmission lines used in the Greek Transmission System and also surge arresters are simulated with ATP/EMTP and the overvoltages that occur during lightning strikes on the shielding wires are studied.

The present work introduces a methodology to obtain a discrete time state space representation of an electrical network using the nodal [G] matrix of the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) solution. This is the first time the connection between the EMTP nodal analysis solution and a corresponding state-space formulation is presented. Compared to conventional state space solutions, the nodal EMTP solution is computationally much more efficient. Compared to the phasor solutions used in transient stability analysis, the proposed approach captures a much wider range of eigenvalues and system operating states. A fundamental advantage of extracting the system eigenvalues directly from the EMTP solution is the ability of the EMTP to follow the characteristics of nonlinearities. The system's trajectory can be accurately traced and the calculated eigenvalues and eigenvectors correctly represent the system's instantaneous dynamics. In addition, the algorithm can be used as a tool to identify network partitioning subsystems suitable for real-time hybrid power system simulator environments, including the implementation of multi-time scale solutions. The proposed technique can be implemented as an extension to any EMTP-based simulator. Within our UBC research group, it is aimed at extending the capabilities of our real-time PC-cluster Object Virtual Network Integrator (OVNI) simulator. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate