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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
261

Soluções aproximadas pelo Método de Galerkin de problemas envolvendo o transporte de cargas em isolantes. / Approximate solutions of problems involving charge transport in dielectrics using Galerkin\'s method

Figueiredo, Mariangela Tassinari de 11 June 1982 (has links)
São apresentadas as soluções aproximadas de alguns problemas de transporte de carga em dielétricos, inexpugnáveis ainda a um tratamento rigoroso, usando-se o Método de Galerkin. Com ele reduz-se o sistema de equações a derivadas parciais, que descrevem o transporte na presença de armadilhas, em um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias que são, então, integradas numericamente. Sempre que possível, a solução aproximada é comparada com alguma exata ou quase-exata, como a que se obtém da integração numérica direta do sistema de equações a derivadas parciais com o Método das Diferenças Finitas. Três diferentes condições de contorno são empregadas aqui: circuito aberto, curto circuito e circuito fechado com uma voltagem aplicada entre os eletrodos; em alguns casos considera-se temperatura variável. Este método requer que seja escollhida a priori, a forma da distribuição de carga livre; verifica-se que a corrente é mais sensível a esta distribuição do que o potencial de superfície, que sempre resulta muito próximo do exato, mesmo quando a aproximação parece grosseira. / Approximate solutions for some problems of charge transport in dielectrics, unsolved yet by exact methods, are presented using Galerkin\'s Method. This allows to transforming the system of partial differential equations, describing transport with trapping, into a system of ordinary differential equations which are, then, integrated numerically. Whenever possible, a comparison is made between this approximate solution with some exact or quasi-exact solution as, for example, that obtained from the direct numerical integrated of the system of partial differential equations using the Finite Difference Method. Three different boundary conditions are considered here: open circuit, short circuit and closed circuit with a voltage applied between the electrodes; in some cases the temperature was allowed to vary. Use of Galerkin\'s Method requires a priori choice of the free charge distribution; there results that the current is more sensitive to this distribution than the surface potential which leads to good results even when the approximation seems crude.
262

Spatially resolved charge transport and recombination in metal-halide perovskite films and solar cells

Tainter, Gregory Demaray January 2018 (has links)
Metal-halide perovskites show great promise as solution-processable semiconductors for efficient solar cells and LEDs. In particular, the diffusion range of photogenerated carriers is unexpectedly long and the luminescence yield is remarkably high. While much effort has been made to improve device performance, the barriers to improving charge transport and recombination properties remain unidentified. I first explore charge transport by investigating a back-contact architecture for measurement. In collaboration with the Snaith group at Oxford, we develop a new architecture to isolate charge carriers. We prepare thin films of perovskite semiconductors over laterally-separated electron- and hole-selective materials of SnOₓ and NiOₓ, respectively. Upon illumination, electrons (holes) generated over SnOₓ (NiOₓ) rapidly transfer to the buried collection electrode, leaving holes (electrons) to diffuse laterally as majority carriers in the perovskite layer. We characterise charge transport parameters of electrons and holes, separately, and demonstrate that grain boundaries do not prevent charge transport. Our results show that the low mobilities found in applied-field techniques do not reflect charge diffusivity in perovskite solar cells at operating conditions. We then use the back-contact architecture to investigate recombination under large excess of one charge carrier type. Recombination velocities under these conditions are found to be below 2 cm s⁻¹, approaching values of high quality silicon and an order of magnitude lower than under common bipolar conditions. Similarly, diffusion lengths of electrons and holes exceed 12 μm, an order of magnitude higher than reported in perovskite devices to date. We report back-contact solar cells with short-circuit currents as high as 18.4 mA cm⁻², giving 70% external charge-collection efficiency. We then explore the behaviour of charge carriers in continuously illuminated metal-halide perovskite devices. We show that continuous illumination of perovskite devices gives rise to a segregated charge carrier population, and we find that the distance photo-induced charges travel increases significantly under these conditions. Finally, we examine intermittancy in the photoluminescence intensity of metal-halide perovskite films.
263

Development of a Transformational, Relationship-Based Charge Nurse Program

Broussard, Kimetha D. 01 January 2017 (has links)
Leaders of a rural Southwest Oklahoma hospital requested the development of an evidence-based program that could transform unit charge nurses into effective leaders in order to improve the leadership of direct care nurses. Nursing executive leadership discovered staff members were demonstrating high levels of stress, dissatisfaction, and burnout. Press-Ganey survey results revealed that staff felt they were not supported and did not believe nurses cared for patients' or other co-workers' well-being or safety. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems outcome scores, which were below hospital and national desired benchmarks, revealed that patients were not satisfied with the care they received. Thus, the goal of this project was to use evidence to craft a program and evaluation plan that could be used by the hospital to develop stronger charge nurse leaders. A detailed examination of evidence supported the development of a program based on the relationship-based care (RBC) model. The RBC model is a transformational leadership development program that increases leadership skills and positive interaction between people. A full program was adapted from the RBC model and designed for the rural hospital. An evaluation plan to measure the short-and long-term objectives was developed. Implementation is expected to create social change by imparting charge nurses with leadership and relationship skills, thus empowering them with greater abilities to provide care. Benner's novice to expert and Watson's theory of caring models served as the foundation of the RBC model. The goal is to present the results at the hospital level and to disseminate the findings locally at professional nursing leadership conferences.
264

Modeling and Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell / Modélisation et analyse multidimensionnelle d'une pile à combustible à Membrane échangeuse de proton

Zhou, Daming 28 September 2017 (has links)
Un des freins à la commercialisation de masse de la pile à combustible et notamment de la technologie à membrane échangeuse de proton vient de sa faible durée de vie due à la difficulté de contrôler le système sous certaines conditions. Pour pallier à ce problème, l’élaboration d’un modèle mathématique précis de la pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons permettant d’observer les variables internes et l'état de la pile à combustible au cours de son fonctionnement permettrait le développement de la stratégie de contrôle du système.Cette thèse propose d’élaborer un modèle dynamique multi-physique complet pour la pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons. Le modèle proposé couvre les domaines multi-physiques pour les caractéristiques électriques, fluidiques et thermiques. Dans ces deux derniers domaines, les phénomènes transitoires sont notamment pris en compte dans le modèle proposé, tels que les comportements dynamiques de la teneur en eau de la membrane de la pile et la température. Par conséquent, ce modèle peut être utilisé pour analyser les effets de couplage des variables dynamiques entre différents domaines physiques.Grace à ce modèle ainsi définit, un second modèle multi-physique bidimensionnel plus détaillé est également présenté. Le modèle proposé couvre les domaines électriques et fluidiques avec une approche de modélisation 2-D innovante. Les distributions spatiales de quantité physique dans le domaine électrique peuvent ainsi être obtenues. Par conséquent, ce modèle 2-D PEMFC peut être utilisé pour étudier les influences des paramètres de modélisation sur la prédiction de performance multidimensionnelle locale. Une étude expérimentale est effectuée pour valider le modèle 2-D proposé avec une pile commerciale PEMFC Ballard NEXA de 1,2 kW.Dans un second chapitre, une analyse des phénomènes dynamiques est réalisée en fonction du modèle dynamique multidisciplinaire développé en s’appuyant sur la méthode RGA (gain relatif) pour diverses variables d'entrée de contrôle, afin d'analyser quantitativement les effets de couplage dans différents domaines physiques. L’étude s’intéresse entre autre aux interactions de la teneur en eau et de la température de la membrane. L'analyse de couplage présentée dans cette thèse peut aider les ingénieurs à concevoir et à optimiser les stratégies de contrôle des piles à combustible, en particulier pour la gestion de l'eau et de la chaleur dans les systèmes de piles à combustible.Une deuxième analyse portant sur la sensibilité aux paramètres de l'étude est effectuée sur la base du modèle multidisciplinaire bidimensionnel développé. Ces résultats d'analyse de sensibilité globale fournissent des informations utiles pour la compréhension de la dégradation, le réglage des paramètres et la simplification du modèle des piles à combustible.Dans un troisième temps, le modèle proposé se décline dans un algorithme de résolution mathématique en temps réel basé sur un algorithme de matrice tri diagonal efficace (TDMA). Les résultats expérimentaux démontrent les possibilités pratiques du modèle 2-D proposé pour le contrôle en temps réel avancé des systèmes de pile à combustible avec un temps de calcul de la boucle de contrôle de l'ordre de la milliseconde. Le temps d'exécution du modèle peut être quadruplé par rapport aux algorithme séquentiels présent dans la littérature; garantissant ainsi des décisions et des actions de contrôle rapide. / Before mass commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the research on the design of appropriate control strategies and auxiliaries need to be done for achieving proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) optimal working modes. An accurate mathematical PEMFC model can be used to observe the internal variables and state of fuel cell during its operation, and could further greatly help the system control strategy development.A comprehensive multi-physical dynamic model for PEMFC is developed in chapter I. The proposed model covers multi-physical domains for electric, fluidic and thermal features. Particularly, the transient phenomena in both fluidic and thermal domain are simultaneously considered in the proposed model, such as the dynamic behaviors of fuel cell membrane water content and temperature. Therefore, this model can be used to analyze the coupling effects of dynamic variables among different physical domains.Based on the developed multi-physical PEMFC model, a full two-dimensional multi-physical model is further presented. The proposed model covers electrical and fluidic domains with an innovative 2-D modeling approach. In order to accurately describe the characteristics of reactant gas convection in the channels and diffusion through the gas diffusion layer, the gas pressure drop in the serpentine pipeline is comprehensively analyzed by fully taking the geometric form of flow field into consideration, such as the reactant gas pressure drop due to the pipeline sharp and U-bends. Based on the developed 2-D fluidic domain modeling results, spatial physical quantity distributions in electrical domain can be further obtained. Therefore, this 2-D PEMFC model can be use to study the influences of modeling parameters on the local multi-dimensional performance prediction. The simulation and experimental test are then performed to validate the proposed 2-D model with a commercial Ballard NEXA 1.2 kW PEMFC stack.In chapter II, analyses of dynamic phenomena step responses are conducted based on the developed multi-physical dynamic PEMFC model using the relative gain array (RGA) method for various control input variables, in order to quantitatively analyze the coupling effects in different physical domains, such as the interactions of membrane water content and temperature. Based on the calculated values of relative gain array, the proposed model can be considered as a fuel cell MIMO system, which could be divided into two independent control sub-systems by minimizing parameter coupling effects between each other. Due to the closely coupled parameters in the proposed first control sub-system, a decoupling control method is recommended to achieve optimized control results. The coupling analysis presented in this thesis can help engineers to design and optimize the fuel cell control strategies, especially for the water and thermal management in fuel cell systems.
265

Modélisation multi-physique des batteries à base lithium et application à l'estimation de l'état de charge / Multiphysical lithium-based battery pack modeling

Watrin, Nicolas 14 September 2013 (has links)
L’utilisation de batteries de forte puissance et possédant une énergie élevée devient un passage incontournable dans les transports de demain. Les batteries au lithium, qui étaient utilisées principalement pour des applications mobiles peu consommatrices d’énergie, comme les téléphones ou les ordinateurs, ont trouvées leur place au sein des chaînes de traction.L’arrivée de ces technologies implique une nouvelle façon de concevoir les véhicules, ainsi que la mobilité de manière générale. Mais dans cette approche, les constructeurs automobiles sont faces à de nombreux problèmes. Tout d’abord l’énergie électrique embarquée n’est pas un de leurs principaux corps de métier. Ensuite, cette technologie, bien que maitrisée à l’heure actuelle est encore sujette à quelques flous techniques. Une des principales contraintes des batteries au lithium est qu’il est difficile de connaitre la quantité d’énergie restante au sein de la cellule. Pour un téléphone portable, l’impact est minime, mais pour un véhicule les enjeux sont totalement différents.C’est pour répondre à cette question que SEGULA TECHNOLOGIE AUTOMOTIVE à mis en place une thèse CIFRE en partenariat avec le laboratoire IRTES. L’originalité de ces travaux repose sur l’élaboration d’un modèle multi-physique, thermique et électrique, pour des cellules de forte puissance et de forte énergie. De plus le modèle à la particularité de pouvoir être exporté vers des cellules lithium-ion et lithium-polymère, les deux technologies correspondant le mieux au besoin actuel. Enfin, la précision du modèle lui permet d’être implémenté dans un estimateur d’état de charge temps réel, utilisable au sein des véhicules. Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse sont récapitulés dans ce mémoire de la manière suivante.Tout d’abord un chapitre introduit les principales caractéristiques de la technologie lithium. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de montrer pourquoi nous avons eu besoin de cette technologie au sein des véhicules, pour ensuite détailler le fonctionnement de ces cellules. Dans le même chapitre, les différentes méthodes permettant la modélisation numérique de ces cellules sont introduites, ainsi que les méthodes d’estimation de leur état de charge.Dans le second chapitre, la modélisation multi-physique est détaillée. Il s’agit ici de comprendre et de modéliser le comportement d’une cellule, en réalisant un modèle numérique équivalent permettant de reproduire les comportements électriques et thermiques. Une fois un nouveau modèle développé et validé expérimentalement, le protocole permettant de déterminer ces paramètres est détaillé. Enfin nous conclurons sur la généralisation du modèle numérique et du protocole pour les batteries lithium-ion de différentes capacités, ainsi que pour les cellules lithium-polymère.Le troisième et dernier chapitre propose un estimateur d’état de charge basé sur le modèle numérique présenté au deuxième chapitre, utilisant un système adaptatif, le filtre de Kalman. Ce filtre réalise l’estimation d’un paramètre non mesurable (l’état de charge) à l’aide de paramètres mesurables (courant, tension, température), et d’un modèle numérique. Ce chapitre présente ainsi l’adaptation du filtre pour une estimation de l’état de charge, mais également l’implémentation du filtre pour des simulations. Après de nombreuses comparaisons en simulation et des validations expérimentales, le chapitre se termine sur l’implémentation du filtre dans une carte électronique de développement, afin de réaliser une estimation d’état de charge en temps réel, et ainsi améliorer la gestion des cellules. / The use of high power and high energy batteries becomes a fixture in the transport of tomorrow. But this technology is new because until then, lithium batteries were used for mobile applications which consume low energy, such as mobile and computers. The arrival of these technologies in vehicles involves a new way of designing vehicles and mobility in general. But in this approach, car makers have many problems. First of all, onboard electrical power is not one of their main trades, then this technology, though mastered is still subject to some fuzzy techniques. The main constraint of lithium batteries is that it is very difficult to know the amount of energy remaining in the cell. For a mobile phone, the impact is low, but for a vehicle the issues are totally different. That to respond to this question that this paper is structured as follows.First chapter introduces the main lines of lithium technology. Firstly it show why we needed this technology in vehicles, and then detail the function of these cells. In the same chapter, different methods for numerical modeling of cells are introduced, and the methods for estimating the state of charge of the cells.In the second chapter, numerical modeling is detailed. This is to understand and model the behavior of a cell, by performing a numerical model to reproduce the equivalent electrical and thermal behavior. In this thesis an equivalent circuit model is proposed, and the protocol for determining the parameters of this model. Chapter finally closes with the generalization of the numerical model and the protocol for lithium batteries modeling, and for different capacities and Lithium-ion and Lithium-polymer cells.The third and final chapter, offers a state estimator based on the numerical model presented in chapter two, and using a Kalman filter. This chapter provides the adaptive filter to estimate the charge state, but also the filter implementation for simulations. After many comparisons in simulation, the chapter ends with the implementation of the filter in a development board to make an estimation of state of charge in real time, thereby improving the management of cells
266

The synthesis of advanced " special pair " models for the photosynthetic reaction centre

Mecker, Christoph J, Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UNSW January 2000 (has links)
Multi-step photoinduced electron transfer takes place over a large distance in the photosynthetic reaction centres (PRCs). Electron donor in this life-spending event is the photo-excited 'special pair', a unit of two electronically coupled porphyrinoid chromophores. Bacteriopheophytin and two quinone molecules function as electron acceptors and contribute to the charge separation with almost unit quantum efficiency. The natural photosynthetic reaction centre is the most sophisticated molecular electronic device to date and interest is high in increasing our understanding of the basic quantum mechanical principles behind efficient electron transfer and ultimately copying Nature and construct similar efficient devices. Two main approaches towards a better understanding of the mechanisms involved have been taken. The more biological disciplines isolate, cultivate and alternate reaction centres whereas synthetic chemists prefer to construct well-defined models that mimic certain aspects of the reaction centres. Such a synthetic approach is described in the 'Synthesis of Advanced 'Special Pair' Models for the Photosynthetic Reaction Centre'. The aspect to be mimicked is the 'special pair'. One or two porphyrins in a well-defined spatial disposition (kinked or non-kinked in respect to each other) were to act as electron donor in rigid bichromophoric and trichromophoric systems. A tetracyanonaphthoquinodimethane (TCNQ) unit was employed as the electron acceptor in the series of dyads synthesised. The TCNQ acceptor was replaced by a naphthoquinone (NQ) primary acceptor covalently linked to a TCNQ secondary electron acceptor in the series of triads. Rigid norbornylogous bridges held the chromophores in place and Diels-Alder methodology as well as condensation reactions were applied to link donor, bridge and acceptor components. Despite larger interchromophoric separation than in the natural 'special pair', the two porphyrin chromophores of the series of 'special pair' dyads show some interaction and thereby prove the success of our approach towards 'special pair' mimics. Strong fluorescence quenching in the porphyrin-TCNQ dyads indicates the sought after electron transfer process. A number of synthetic problems experienced and overcome in the synthesis of the series of triads led to discovery of a one-step 'bis-ketonisation' from an olefin under Sharpless bis-hydroxylation conditions with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide. High pressure was applied to circumvent a lack of reactivity in the condensation reaction used to attach the porphyrin moieties (one or two) to the donor backbone. For the linkage of donor, bridge and acceptor component, a procedure was developed and successfully applied to give the giant mono-porphyrin-NQ-TCNQ trichromophore. In a similar manner 'special pair' trichromophoric systems should be available as part of future work.
267

Modèles quantitatifs d'algorithmes parallèles

Kitajima, Joao-Paulo 20 October 1994 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse présente ANDES, une technique de modélisation quantitative d'algorithmes et de programmes parallèles. Le modèle est un graphe orienté et valué sans circuit composé de noeuds de calcul. Les arcs modélisent la précédence. Par le moyen de logiques d'entrée et de sortie, il est possible de modéliser le flot de données. ANDES prévoit la modélisation de certaines caractéristiques non-déterministes des algorithmes (e.g. branchement). Un support pour la description hiérarchique et regulière est aussi prevu. Des exemples de modèles ANDES sont présentés. La description du modèle est faite à partir d'une étude des autres techniques disponibles dans la littérature (e.g., GMB). La bibliothèque ANDES-C est utilisé pour la description de modèles ANDES. Avec cette bibliothèque, un modèle ANDES est décrit comme un programme C. L'avantage de cette représentation textuelle est, entre autres, la possibilité de décrire, de façon compacte, de modèles avec de milliers de noeuds de calcul. Le modèle ANDES peut être utilisé dans différents contextes d'évaluation de performances, principalement comme une forme de modélisation d'une charge de travail. Ce modèle de la charge de travail peut être donné, par exemple, à un simulateur ou à un modèle analytique (e.g., un système de files d'attente). Dans ce travail, nous utilisons ANDES afin de générer, à partir des modèles, des charges synthétiques exécutées par une vraie machine parallèle. Cet environnement de transformation et d'exécution d'une charge synthétique est appelé ANDES-Synth. A part le modèle de la charge de travail, il est possible de modéliser aussi une machine parallèle qui est "émulée" par la machine parallèle cible. ANDES-Synth est utilisé, dans ce travail de thèse, pour l'évaluation de stratégies de placement statique (quatre heuristiques gloutonnes et deux itératives). Un algorithme de regroupement (utilisé dans l'outil Pyrros) est utilisé afin de permettre l'application des stratégies de placement aux modèles ANDES.
268

Développement d'éléments finis de coque pour le calcul des ouvrages d'art

Ait-Ali, L'Houcine 27 June 1984 (has links) (PDF)
L'objectif de ce travail est la mise au point et le test d'une série d'éléments finis de coque permettant de prendre en compte l'essentiel des situations rencontrées dans le calcul des ouvrages d'art. Pour ce faire, nous avons ainsi considéré trois catégories d'éléments : - Nous avons tout d'abord étudié les éléments de plaque en flexion à 3 et 4 noeuds (DKT et DKQ) basés sur les hypothèses de Love-Kirchhoff sous forme discrète. Après avoir étendu leur formulation pour permettre le calcul de coques de forme quelconque et d'épaisseur variable, nous avons effectué une série de tests numériques (plaque, coque cylindrique, structure de type caisson, barrage-voûte) qui permettent d'évaluer leurs performances. - Nous avons par la suite étudié le comportement des éléments de coque épaisse à 8 noeuds basés sur les hypothèses cinématiques de Mindlin. Les tests numériques effectués nous ont permis de vérifier que ces éléments sont très adaptés au calcul des structures épaisses et des structures dans lesquelles les effets de membrane sont importants. - Pour permettre l'étude de structures coques comportant des parties massives devant être modélisées par des éléments tridimensionnels, nous avons également étudié des éléments de coque épaisse de type tridimensionnel à 16 ou 12 noeuds permettant grâce à des éléments de transition une connection facile avec les éléments massifs.
269

The Current Injection Mechanism in Organic Light Emitting Layer

Chiang, Sheng-Ping 03 July 2003 (has links)
Several results were reviewed on the charge injection into thin conjugated polymer films. The space charge limited tunneling current (SCTC) and space-charge limited current (SCLC) models were used to explain the charge injection and transport in conjugated polymer films such as those used in organic light emitting diodes. On the basis of regional approximation, the effect of the space charge on the current density of electrons tunneling from metal electrodes to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of a polymer film is calculated. The space charge is considered to decrease with increasing distance of the injecting electrode. If the space charge occupies only a limited region between the tunneling (short) distance and the collecting electrode, the current (I) is found to be independent on a power law of the applied voltage (V). However, if the space charge occupies all the region between the tunneling distance and the collecting electrode, I is found to vary exponentially on V for lower V values, and that follow approximately the law of Child at high V in region I, the law of Trap filled limited current at middle voltage in region II and the region III show Ohm¡¦s law at lower voltage. The space charge limited tunneling current (SCTC) theory gives the same results of the space charge limited conduction theory when the energy barrier for charge carrier injection is small or when the polymer layer is thick. Under various bias voltages, the charge transport mechanism was analyzed to investigate the effects on the thin conjugated polymer films induced by the parameters such as background concentration, trap-state density and space charge etc... The results show the transport current decrease with increasing the trap-state density and also increase the characteristic temperature parameters. In this study, the regional approximation is applied to calculate the charge injection and current transport mechanism in the organic thin film. The SCTC and SCLC models are compared to the experimental data. It shows that there is a good agreement between theory and experiment, concerning both current magnitude and current versus voltage dependence. It is very important that our model gave a new way to simplify the calculation and to discuss the charge transport of organic light emitting diode.
270

Intramolecular electron transfer in mixed-valence triarylamines

Lancaster, Kelly 29 July 2009 (has links)
Mixed-valence compounds are of interest as model systems for the study of electron transfer reactions. The intramolecular electron transfer processes and patterns of charge delocalization in such compounds depend on the interplay between the electronic (V) and the vibronic (L) coupling. One can obtain both parameters from a Hush analysis of the intervalence band that arises upon optical intramolecular electron transfer if the band is intense and well-separated from other bands. This is quite often the case for mixed-valence triarylamines. As such, both Hush analysis and simulation of the intervalence band are widely used to classify these compounds as charge localized (class-II) or delocalized (class-III). Yet one must estimate the diabatic electron transfer distance (R) to calculate V in the Hush formalism. For mixed-valence triarylamines, R is commonly taken as the N-N distance; we show this to be a poor approximation in many cases. The activation barrier to thermal intramolecular electron transfer in a class-II mixed-valence compound is also related to the parameters V and L. Thus, if one can capture the rate of thermal electron transfer at multiple temperatures, then two experimental methods exist by which to extract the microscopic parameters. One technique that is widely used for organic mixed-valence compounds is variable-temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. But this method is only rarely used to determine thermal electron transfer rates in mixed-valence triarylamines, as the electron transfer in most of the class-II compounds with distinct intervalence bands is too fast to observe on the ESR timescale. We show, for the first time, that one can use ESR spectroscopy to measure thermal electron transfer rates in such compounds. Simulation of ESR spectra based on density functional theory calculation and comparison with optical data also uncover the nature (i.e., adiabatic or nonadiabatic) of the electron transfer process.

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