The aim of this diploma thesis was preparation, characterization and determination of encapsulation efficiency of the cationic liposomes composed of dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB) and cholesterol carrying new drug MT05 with an immunoadjuvant effect. The influence of the temperature of sonication bath and the influence of the volume of liposomal suspension on the average size of liposomes and their polydispersity index was monitored. The most effective liposome preparation by sonication bath was at temperature of 60 řC. The volume of liposomes undergoing sonication did not influence the resulting values of the average size of liposomes and their polydispersity index. The time of sonication time was 6 hours and could be shortened by using sonication bath with higher output. The determination of encapsulation efficiency was carried out in three separated experiments by HPLC-MS/MS. The encapsulation efficiency of the cationic liposomes was 30.1 ± 8.5 % in the first experiment, 43 ± 25 % in the second, and 32 ± 25 % in the third. The amount of DDAB was determined only in the liposomes prepared in the third experiment. The amount of DDAB in the purified liposomes was 78.9 ± 3.7 % in the first replicate, 65.4 ± 1.8 % in the second and 53.8 ± 1.4 % in the third. The actual molar ratio of MT05...

The main objective of the study was to encapsulate the phenolic compounds from sour cherry pulp in micro size, to investigate the physicochemical properties of capsules and their digestability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. The effect of different coating materials, ultrasonication time and core to coating ratio on encapsulation of phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace was investigated. Maltodextrin and gum Arabic were chosen as coating materials. Coating material was prepared with different maltodextrin:gum Arabic (MD:GA) ratios of 10:0, 8:2, 6:4 to make the total solid content 10%. In addition, two different core to coating ratios of 1:10 and 1:20 were used. Emulsions were prepared by homogenization through ultrasonication at 160 W power and 20 KHz frequency for different time periods (5-30 min). Then, the emulsions were freeze dried for 48 hours to obtain the microcapsules. Encapsulation efficiency, antioxidant activity, surface morphology, particle size, color, digestability and glass transition temperatures of the microcapsules were determined. The microcapsules with a core to coating ratio of 1:20 were found to have higher encapsulation efficiencies (78.80-92.26%) than those with a core to coating ratio of 1:10 (69.38-77.83%). Increasing the gum Arabic ratio in the coating material increased encapsulation efficiency. Optimum conditions for encapsulation with the highest efficiency and the lowest particle size were sonication time of 22.5 min, MD:GA ratio of 8:2 and core to coating ratio of 1:20. Encapsulation was effective in preventing the release of the phenolic compounds in gastric fluid. On the other hand, phenolic compounds were released from the capsules into the intestinal fluid.

ABSTRACT ENCAPSULATION OF WHEAT GERM OIL Yazicioglu, Basak M.Sc., Department of Food Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Serpil Sahin Co- Supervisor: Prof. Dr. G&uuml / l&uuml / m Sumnu February 2013, 82 pages Wheat germ oil is a rich source of omega 3 and omega 6, octacosanol and tocopherol which has vitamin E activity. Due to these properties it is beneficial for health but it is prone to oxidation in free form. The aim of this study was to encapsulate wheat germ oil in micron size and determine the best encapsulation conditions by analysing encapsulation efficiency, particle size distribution and surface morphology of the capsules. The effects of core to coating ratio, coating materials ratio and ultrasonication time on encapsulation of wheat germ oil were investigated. Maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) at different ratios (3:1, 2:2, 1:3) were used as coating materials. Total solid content of all samples was 40% (w/w). Five different core to coating ratios (1:8, 1:4, 2:4, 3:4, 4:4) were experimented. Ultrasound was used at 320 W and 20 kHz frequency for three different times (2, 5, 10 min). Prepared emulsions were frozen and then freeze dried for 48 hours to obtain microcapsules. Encapsulation efficiency analysis, particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed. Increasing WPC content in coating led to an increase in encapsulation efficiency. Microcapsules prepared with MD:WPC ratio of 1:3 were found to have higher encapsulation efficiencies (65.62%-89.62%) than the other ratios. Increase in oil load led to decrease in encapsulation efficiency thus 1:8 core to coating ratio gave better results. The best conditions for microcapsules were determined as ultrasonication time 10 min, core to coating ratio of 1:8 and MD:WPC ratio 1:3.

Nisin is a naturally occurring food antimicrobial that inhibits many Grampositive pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial pathogen responsible for ~500 deaths in the U.S. annually. Factors known to counteract the nisin activity in a food matrix include: antimicrobial interaction with food components, insolubility, protease inactivation, and target cell-driven envelope modifications. Encapsulating nisin in liposomes can help protect nisin functionality by regulating its introduction to the external environment. The objectives of this study were to determine the encapsulation efficiency (%EE) of nisin within liposomes as a function of encapsulation method and the capacity of liposomal nisin to inhibit L. monocytogenes in fluid milk. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphotidyl-DL-glycerol (PG) were used to prepare three lipid molar formulations: PC, PC/PG 7:3, and PC/PG 6:4 (mol.%). Liposomes were formulated to entrap the self-quenching fluorophore calcein and nisin. Unencapsulated analyte was removed via size-exclusion chromatography, and percent EE was determined. To determine antilisterial activity of liposomes, fluid milk samples containing L. monocytogenes (4 log10 CFU/mL) in combination with liposomal or unencapsulated nisin at 50 IU/mL were mixed and aerobically stored at 5 degrees C and 20 degrees C. Surviving L. monocytogenes were enumerated via plating on a non-selective microbiological medium after 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. Encapsulation of nisin via extrusion resulted in a mean EE% of 84.20%, 77.33% and 80.78% for PC, PC/PG 7:3, and PC/PG 6:4 liposomes, respectively. Freeze-thaw cycling formed liposomes without detectable fluorophore entrapment. L. monocytogenes populations grew to 5 log10 CFU/mL after 72 hours at 5 degrees C and 8 log10 CFU/mL at 20 degrees C after 48 hours. Unencapsulated nisin exerted statistically greater inhibition of Listeria in skim milk compared to liposomal nisin, regardless of incubation temperature. No statistically significant differences in Listeria populations exposed to free or encapsulated nisin in whole milk were observed at either incubation temperature. Results indicate storage temperature and presence of milk fat exert greater influence then nisin delivery (free vs. encapsulated) over Listeria inhibition. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and develop more effective means of liposome entrapment of nisin for the inhibition of foodborne bacterial pathogens.

Orientador: Miriam Dupas Hubinger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Frascareli_ElenCristina_M.pdf: 11158681 bytes, checksum: 2d08fd9f8f86b7855437032bc73f3268 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da microencapsulação do óleo de café através de secagem por atomização. Inicialmente, foram avaliadas as variáveis de concentração de sólidos, concentração de óleo em relação aos sólidos e temperatura na secagem por spray dryer, através de um delineamento experimental composto central rotacional completo (23), usando goma arábica como material de parede, sobre as seguintes respostas: umidade, densidade aparente, higroscopicidade, óleo superficial, óleo total, retenção de óleo e eficiência de encapsulação. Nas condições otimizadas do planejamento (30% de sólidos, 15% de óleo em relação aos sólidos e 170º C) foi avaliado o efeito da homogeneização da emulsão a alta pressão (200, 600 e 1000 bar) nas características do pó, comparando-o com o pó obtido a partir de emulsão homogeneizada com o uso de um homogeneizador do tipo rotor-estator. A aplicação de alta pressão reduziu o tamanho das partículas da emulsão, aumentou a eficiência de encapsulação e reduziu o tamanho das partículas do pó, contudo reduziu a retenção de óleo. Ainda, nas mesmas condições selecionadas no planejamento, foram avaliados diferentes materiais de paredes combinados (proteína de soro de leite isolada e maltodextrina; goma arábica e maltodextrina) em diferentes razões (3:1, 1:1 e 1:3) ou puros (goma arábica e proteína de soro de leite). O emprego de materiais de parede diferentes resultou em alterações na viscosidade, no tamanho das gotas das emulsões, na higroscopicidade, densidade e molhabilidade. A mistura de proteína e maltodextrina resultou em alta eficiência de encapsulação e mostrouse como uma possível substituta para a goma arábica. Em seguida, avaliou-se a estabilidade das microcápsulas produzidas com diferentes materiais de parede (goma arábica, maltodextrina e proteína de soro de leite - nas razões 3:1, 1:1, 3:1- e proteína de soro de leite), através da construção de isotermas de sorção e determinação da temperatura de transição vítrea. As microcápsulas produzidas com proteína apresentaram baixa higroscopicidade e alta estabilidade mesmo em ambientes com alta umidade relativa. Foi ainda avaliada a estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de café puro e microencapsulado com diferentes materiais de parede às temperaturas de 25 e 60º C. Tanto o óleo de café puro quanto o microencapsulado apresentaram alta estabilidade oxidativa a 25º C. Já as amostras armazenadas a 60º C apresentaram maiores valores de índice de peróxidos, contudo observou-se uma melhora, ainda que pequena, na estabilidade oxidativa do óleo de café microencapsulado em relação à do óleo puro / Abstract: The objective of this work was studying coffee oil microencapsulation by means of spray drying. Initially, the solid concentration, oil concentration in relation to solids and drying temperature were evaluated by using a complete central rotational experimental design (23), using arabic gum as wall material, on the following responses: moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity, superficial oil, total oil, oil retention and encapsulation efficiency. Using the planning optimized conditions (30% of solids, 15% of oil in relation to solids, and 170º C) the effect of high-pressure homogenization (200, 600 and 1000 bar) on the powder characteristics was evaluated in comparison with the powder obtained from a homogenized emulsion with the use of a rotor-stator homogenizer. The use of high-pressure reduced the size of emulsion particles, increased encapsulation efficiency and reduced powder particle size; however, it also reduced oil retention. Applying the same conditions selected in the planning, different combined wall materials were evaluated (isolated whey protein and maltodextrin; arabic gum and maltodextrin) in different ratios (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) or pure (arabic gum and isolated whey protein). The use of different wall materials resulted in changes on viscosity, emulsion particle size and powder's properties, such as hygroscopicity, density and wettability. The combination of protein and maltodextrin resulted in higher encapsulation efficiency and proved itself as a possible substitute for arabic gum. Further, the stability of microcapsules made of different wall materials (arabic gum, maltodextrin and whey protein - in rates 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3- and sole whey protein) was evaluated, by the construction of sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature determination. The microcapsules made of protein presented low hygroscopicity and stability, even in high relative humidity environments. Finally, the oxidative stability of pure and microencapsulated coffee oil with different wall materials was analyzed at 25 and 60º C. Both pure coffee oil and the microencapsulated one presented high oxidative stability at 25º C. The samples stored at 60º C presented high peroxide index values, even though a minor improvement in the oxidative stability was noticed for the microencapsulated coffee oil in comparison with the pure one / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientador: Miriam Dupas Hubinger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OsorioCarmona_PaulaAndrea_M.pdf: 4451921 bytes, checksum: 05ebe7bfb9ea78f3a6b78a7eff67dc8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da microencapsulação do óleo essencial de laranja através do processo de secagem por atomização. Inicialmente foram realizados alguns testes para fixar a temperatura do ar de secagem e a vazão mássica da alimentação, com base na maior retenção de óleo, fixando-se o teor de sólidos em 30% e o teor de óleo em relação aos sólidos em 20%. A partir das condições selecionadas nessa primeira etapa (temperatura do ar de secagem de 190°C e vazão mássica de 0,8 L/h), foram avaliadas as variáveis concentração de sólidos, concentração de óleo em relação aos sólidos e pressão de homogeneização da emulsão, através de um delineamento experimental composto central rotacional 23, usando misturas de concentrado protéico do soro de leite com maltodextrina, em uma proporção 1:3 como material de parede, sobre as seguintes respostas: tamanho médio das gotas da emulsão, viscosidade, higroscopicidade, umidade, atividade de água, densidade aparente, óleo retido na emulsão e no pó, óleo superficial, eficiência de encapsulação e retenção de óleo. Nas condições selecionadas do planejamento nesta segunda etapa (30% de sólidos totais, 15% de óleo em relação aos sólidos e 650 bar) foi avaliado o efeito do número de passagens (1, 2, 3 e 4 passagens) da emulsão pelo homogeneizador a alta pressão sobre as características do pó. O aumento do número de passagens pelo homogeneizador reduziu o tamanho das gotas da emulsão até a segunda passagem, acima da qual houve excesso de processamento da emulsão e as gotas coalesceram resultando em tamanhos maiores. Embora com o aumento do número de passagens da emulsão, através do homogeneizador, o teor de óleo superficial tenha diminuiudo, também diminuíram o óleo retido na emulsão, a eficiência de encapsulação e a retenção de óleo. Nas mesmas condições selecionadas no planejamento, foram avaliadas diferentes misturas de materiais de parede (concentrado protéico de soro de leite: maltodextrina DE 20 e goma arábica: maltodextrina DE 20) em diferentes razões (3:1, 1:1 e 1:3) ou puros (concentrado protéico de soro de leite e goma arábica). O emprego de diferentes materiais de parede resultou em alterações na viscosidade, tamanho da gota da emulsão, higroscopicidade, densidade, microestrutura das partículas, eficiência de encapsulação e retenção de óleo. Na etapa seguinte do trabalho, avaliou-se a estabilidade das microcápsulas produzidas com diferentes materiais de parede sobre a retenção do d-limoneno e a estabilidade oxidativa das partículas quando armazenadas a 40°C, durante cinco semanas, em uma umidade relativa de 32%. O nível de oxidação foi avaliado com base no teor de limoneno-1,2-epóxido e carvona. Finalmente foi calculado o tempo de vida média das partículas com base no teor de limoneno encapsulado. As microcápsulas de óleo de laranja com matrizes constituídas por altos teores de concentrado protéico do soro de leite apresentaram a maior estabilidade oxidativa, durante o armazenamento a 40°C / Abstract: This work aimed to study the microencapsulation of orange essential oil by spray drying. Initially some tests were performed to determine the air drying temperature and feed flow rate based on higher oil retention, settling the solids as 30% and the relation oil-solids as 20%. From the conditions selected in the first stage (drying temperature of 190 ° C and mass flow of 0.8 L/h) solids concentration, oil concentration in relation to solids and homogenization pressure of the emulsion were evaluated, through a central composite experimental design 23, using mixtures of whey protein concentrated with maltodextrin at a ratio 1:3, as wall material, on the following responses: average size of droplets of the emulsion, viscosity, hygroscopicity, moisture, water activity, bulk density, withholding oil emulsion, oil trapped in the dust compared to the emulsion, oil surface, encapsulation efficiency and oil retention. Under the conditions selected in the second stage of the experimental design (30% total solids, 15% oil in relation to solids and 650 bar) it was evaluated the effect of the number of passages (1, 2, 3 and 4 passes) of the emulsion by high pressure homogenizer on the characteristicas of the powder. The increase in the number of passes dropped by homogenizer reduced the emulsion droplet size until the second passage, above which there was an over-processing and emulsion droplets coalesced, resulting in larger sizes. Although the increase in the number of emulsion passes through the homogenizer the surface oil content decreased also decreased the oil retained in the emulsion, the encapsulation efficiency and oil retention. Under the same conditions described in the planning different mixtures of wall materials (whey concentrate, maltodextrin DE 20 and gum arabic: maltodextrin DE 20) at different ratios (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) or pure state (whey protein concentrate milk and gum arabic) were evaluated. The use of different wall materials resulted in changes in viscosity, emulsion droplet size, hygroscopicity, density, microstructure of the particles, encapsulation efficiency and oil retention. In the next stage of the study it was evaluated the stability of the microcapsules produced with different wall materials on the retention of d-limonene and oxidative stability of the particles when stored at 40 °C for five weeks in a relative humidity of 32%. The level of oxidation was evaluated based on the content of limonene-1,2-epoxide and carvone. Finally, it was calculated the average shelf life of particles based on the content of limonene encapsulated. The microcapsules of orange oil with matrices consisting of high levels of protein concentrate of whey showed the highest oxidative stability during storage at 40 °C, showing the lowest levels of formation of carvone and limonene-1,2-epoxide / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Rosiane Lopes da Cunha, Fabiana Perrechil Bonsanto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:04:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_Andresa_M.pdf: 2606689 bytes, checksum: d42f6cece06eb1f758731050fdc49b30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os polifenóis possuem alta capacidade antioxidante, sendo o seu uso associado à prevenção e a redução de doenças, estabilização de alimentos e antienvelhecimento. No entanto, estes compostos são instáveis na presença de luz, calor e em determinadas condições de pH, apresentam sabor amargo e adstringente, baixa biodisponibilidade e solubilidade em água, o que pode limitar sua utilização em alimentos. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a encapsulação do ácido gálico (AG) pelo método de emulsificação. As emulsões foram formuladas utilizando-se óleo de soja como fase oleosa, monolaurato de polioxietileno de sorbitana (Tween 20) e polirricinoleato de poliglicerol (PGPR) como surfactantes e ácido gálico como bioativo de interesse. Foram estudadas emulsões do tipo óleo em água (O/A) e água em óleo (A/O) com razão de fases de 25:75 (móleo+Tween20:msoluçãodeácidogálico) e 75:25 (msoluçãodeácidogálico:móleo+PGPR), respectivamente. A concentração de surfactante (1, 2 e 4% m/m) e ácido gálico (0 ou 0,5% m/m) foi variado, de forma a identificar o sistema mais estável e que conferisse maior proteção ao ativo. O AG foi solúvel em água a 25 ºC nas concentrações de 0,1 - 1,3% (m/m). O aumento da concentração de AG (0 - 1,3% m/m) não exerceu efeito na tensão interfacial inicial (22 mN/m) e de equilíbrio (13 - 14 mN/m) dos sistemas óleo de soja/solução de AG, porém na presença dos surfactantes Tween 20 ou PGPR esta propriedade diminuiu para valores menores que 10 mN/m. As emulsões A/O apresentaram distribuição de tamanho de gota bimodal, comportamento pseudoplástico e a presença de AG resultou em menor separação de fases e diâmetro médio da fase dispersa na emulsão. As emulsões O/A apresentaram estabilidade cinética, distribuição monomodal e comportamento de fluido Newtoniano, sendo que a presença de AG também reduziu o diâmetro médio das gotas nas emulsões. O processo de emulsificação se apresentou como um método eficiente de encapsulação, protegendo o ativo da oxidação. A emulsão O/A apresentou maior teor de fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante quando comparada à emulsão A/O. Porém, ambas as emulsões apresentaram altas eficiências de encapsulação do bioativo (? 86,75%), podendo ser utilizadas como ingredientes em processos para fabricação de produtos de diversas naturezas, devido às diferentes propriedades físicas das emulsões O/A e A/O / Abstract: Polyphenols have high antioxidant capacity, and its use is associated with the prevention and reduction of diseases, stabilization of food and anti-aging. However, these compounds are unstable in presence of light, heat and some pH conditions, exhibit bitter and astringent taste, low bioavailability and solubility in water, which could limit its use in food systems. In this context, this work is aimed to study the encapsulation of gallic acid (GA) by emulsification method. Emulsions were formulated using soybean oil as oil phase, polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tween 20) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as surfactants and gallic acid as bioactive. The systems evaluated were oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions with 25:75 (woil+Tween20:wgallicacidsolution) and 75:25 (wgallicacidsolution:woil+PGPR) ratio, respectively. The surfactant concentration (1, 2 and gallicacidsolution oil+ PGPR 4% w/w) and gallic acid (0 or 0.5% w/w), was evaluated in order to identify the more stable system and greater protection to the bioactive. GA was soluble in water at 25 °C for concentration ranging from 0.1 up to 1.3% (w/w). The GA concentration increase (0 - 1.3% w/w) had no effect on the initial interfacial tension (22 mN/m) and equilibrium (13- 14 mN/m) in GA solution/soybean oil systems, however, in presence of Tween 20 or PGPR this property decreased to less than 10 mN/m. The W/O emulsions showed bimodal droplet size distribution, pseudoplastic behavior and the presence of GA decreased the phase separation and the average diameter of the emulsion dispersed phase. The O/W emulsions exhibited kinetic stability, monomodal droplet size distribution, Newtonian fluid behavior, and the presence of AG also reduced the average diameter of the droplets in emulsions. Results showed that the emulsification process was an efficient encapsulation method, protecting the bioactive against oxidation. The O/W emulsion showed content higher of totals phenolic and antioxidant capacity in comparison to the W/O emulsion. However, both emulsions exhibited high efficiencies of encapsulation of bioactive (? 86.75%) and can be used as ingredients in different products, due to the different physical properties of the O/W and W/O emulsions / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Miriam Dupas Hubinger, Renata Valeriano Tonon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T16:18:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carneiro_HelenaCristinaFerrer_M.pdf: 21138565 bytes, checksum: e9e86ca2fb3c8dd5e10ab4589e33c15e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O óleo de linhaça é um óleo rico em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados bastante susceptível à oxidação lipídica, que pode ocorrer durante o processamento, manipulação e estocagem, provocando o aparecimento de aromas desagradáveis e a redução de sua vida de prateleira. Nesse contexto, a microencapsulação por spray drying representa uma alternativa no sentido de proteger o óleo contra a oxidação, diminuir as reações do mesmo com o ambiente externo e facilitar seu manuseio. A maltodextrina é um amido hidrolisado muito utilizado como material de parede e possui vantagens como baixo custo, boa disponibilidade e eficiência na proteção contra oxidação; porém é deficiente em relação à capacidade emulsificante. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da combinação de maltodextrina com diferentes materiais de parede (goma arábica, concentrado protéico de soro e dois tipos de amidos modificados), em diferentes concentrações, na microencapsulação do óleo de linhaça por spray drying, visando-se maximizar a eficiência de encapsulação e minimizar a oxidação lipídica. As propriedades da emulsão a partir da qual as partículas foram produzidas influenciaram o processo de microencapsulação por spray drying. O aumento da concentração de maltodextrina levou a uma diminuição da viscosidade das emulsões. Em relação às propriedades das partículas, todos os pós apresentaram baixo conteúdo de umidade e atividade de água e uma distribuição de tamanho com comportamento bimodal. As combinações de HiCap/maltodextrina e goma arábica/maltodextrina apresentaram maiores eficiências de encapsulação na proporção de 75/25, sendo que a primeira apresentou a maior eficiência entre todas as combinações estudadas. Dessa forma, a proporção 75/25 (material de parede/maltodextrina) foi selecionada e as partículas produzidas nessas condições, assim como o óleo não encapsulado foram submetidos a um estudo de estabilidade sendo que a combinação de concentrado protéico de soro/maltodextrina foi considerada a melhor na proteção do óleo de linhaça contra oxidação / Abstract: Flaxseed oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids highly susceptible to lipid oxidation, which can occur during processing, handling and storage, causing the appearance of unpleasant aromas and reducing its shelf life. In this context, the microencapsulation by spray drying is an alternative way to protect the oil against oxidation, reducing the reactions of this product with the external environment and to facilitate its handling. Maltodextrin is a hydrolyzed starch that has been used as wall material. It has advantages such as low cost, good availability and good efficiency in protection against oxidation, but it lacks in relation to emulsifying capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of combinations of maltodextrin with different wall materials (gum arabic, whey protein concentrate and two types of modified starch) at different concentrations, in the microencapsulation of flaxseed oil by spray drying, in order to maximize the encapsulation efficiency and minimize lipid oxidation. Emulsion properties from which the particles were produced influenced the microencapsulation process by spray drying. The increase in maltodextrin concentration led to a decrease in emulsion viscosity. About particles properties, all powders showed low moisture content and low water activity. Particles size distribution had a bimodal behavior. The HiCap/maltodextrin and gum arabic/maltodextrin combinations had higher encapsulation efficiencies in the 75/25 proportion and the first one was the most efficient of all. Thus, this proportion was selected and the particles produced under these conditions, as well as the oil not encapsulated, were subjected to a stability study where the whey protein concentrate/maltodextrin combination was considered the best in protection of the active material against oxidation / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

This master´s thesis deals with the study of the incorporation of low and high molecular weight substances into liposomal systems. The aim of the work was to determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of the active substance and the influence of individual components of the liposomal system on EE. Liposomes were prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. They were stabilized by cholesteroland and phosphatidic acid was added to give a negative charge. Stealth properties gain the binding of polyethylene glycol and other trimethyl chitosan we enabled the entry of liposomes into the bloodstream by the paracellular pathway. Vitamin C and the enzyme bromelain were used for incorporation into liposomes. UV-VIS spectrophotometry was used to determine the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes prepared by combining the individual components. It has been suggested that vitamin C and the enzyme can be incorporated into liposomes, but an enzyme with a higher EE. Furthermore, phosphatidic acid and trimethyl chitosan have been found to affect EE, which increases the EE of vitamin C and decreases the EE of the enzyme.

Thesis title: Formulation and characterization of oxime loaded PLGA nanoparticles Author: Ramin Hafezi Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Šnejdrová, Ph.D. Advisor: PharmDr. Juraj Martiška, Ph.D. Department: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology The diploma thesis was focused on PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) which could be loaded with oximes, prepared by a double emulsion technique, and characterised by size, polydispersity and zeta potential. The theoretical part deals with the most common methods of the NPs preparation, the polymers and stabilizers employed, and drug delivery to brain. In the experimental part the effect of various formulation factors on NP characteristics were studied: linear or branched PLGA derivative, the concentrations of polymer, the volumes of primary emulsion. Dichloromethane (DCM) or Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent for polymers were used and Poloxamer 407 or Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) as an outer phase stabilizer were employed. By comparison among the collected results, it seemed 1% A2 in DMSO and stabilization with poloxamer 407 could be best candidate for the oxime loaded drug delivery systems as it was possible to produce nanoparticles with size from 152 to 168 nm with PDI of below 0.15. Electrostatic stability in case of using DDAB was resulted excellent and...