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Användarutbildning är en viktig del för i stort sett alla företag som använder någon formav informationssystem. Även om man oftast inser hur viktigt det är med denna utbildningär den ofta lågt prioriterad med för liten budget.Detta arbete är en fallstudie som görs på ett företag som medverkar anonymt. Studienhar som syfte att studera det aktuella utbildningsläget inom företagets affärssystem. Resultatet som studien ger kommer att användas som en grund för beslutsfattning kringhur utbildningsplanen på företaget ska se ut i framtiden. För att nå slutsatsen studerarvi litteratur inom området användarutbildning. Vi utför även en fältstudie på företagetdär den aktuella klassrumsbaserade utbildningsformen observeras. Avslutningsvis genomförs en enkätundersökning där användarna av affärssystemet ger sina intryck av utbildningen.Slutsatsen vi kan komma fram till är att företaget har behov av att göra en plan förkontinuerlig utbildning av anställda och se över möjligheterna att införa flerutbildningsformer. Vi ser även ett stort intresse från personalens sida att få möjlighetenatt ha mänsklig kontakt både vid utbildning och vid support/helpdesk ärenden. Av deanvändare som var med i undersökningen ansåg en stor andel att de har lätt för att arbetamed datorer som hjälpmedel. De hade också uppfattningen att datorer förenklar derasarbete och att de grundläggande kunskaperna de besitter är tillräckliga för att användaen dator. / User training is an important part of virtually all companies that use some form ofEnterprise Information System (EIS). Even if the importance of this education is oftenrealized, it is often given low priority and a small budget.This work is a case study at a company that participates anonymously. The study is aimedat examining the current educational situation of a company's EIS. The result will providea basis for decision making regarding what the curriculum should look like in the future.In order to reach a conclusion, we study the current literature in the field of end usertraining. We perform a field study were we will observe classroom-based training. Finallywe conduct a survey in which users of the EIS give their impressions of the training theyreceive.The conclusion reached is that the company needs to make a plan for continuous trainingof employees and review opportunities to introduce more educational possibilities. We alsosee a lot of interest from employees to have the ability to have human contact, both duringtraining and during support/help desk issues. Of the users who took part in the survey, alarge percentage felt that they had no issues working with computers as a tool. They alsohad the perception that computers simplify their work and that they possess the basicskills to use a computer.

With increasing access to interconnected IP networks, people demand a faster response time from Internet services. Traffic from web browsing, the second most popular service, is particularly time-sensitive. This demands reliability and a guarantee of delivery with a good quality of service from ISPs. Additionally, the majority of the population do not have the technical background to monitor the delay themselves from their home networks, and their ISPs do not have a vantage point to monitor and diagnose network problems from the users’ perspective. Hence, the aim for this research was to characterise the “in-protocol” network delay encountered during web browsing from within a LAN. This research presents TCP traffic monitoring performed on a client device as well as TCP traffic monitoring over both the client-end and the server-end devices separately observing an automated web client/server communication. This was followed by offline analysis of the captured traces where each TCP flow was dissected into: handshake, data transfer, and teardown phases. The aim behind such extraction was to enable characterisation of network round-trip delay as well as network physical delay, end host processing delay, web transfer delay, and packets lost as perceived by the end hosts during data transfer. The outcome of measuring from both end devices showed that monitoring from both ends of a client/server communication results to a more accurate measurement of the genuine delay encountered when packets traverse the network than when measuring from the client-end only. Primarily, this was concluded through the ability to distinguish between the pure network delay and the kernel processing delay experienced during the TCP handshake and teardown. Secondly, it was confirmed that the two RTTs identified in a TCP handshake are not symmetrical and that a TCP teardown RTT takes longer than the TCP handshake RTT within the same TCP flow since a server must take measures to avoid SYN flooding attacks. Thirdly, by monitoring from both end devices, it was possible to identify routing path asymmetries by calculating the physical one-way delay a packet using the forward path in comparison to the physical delay of a packet using the reverse path. Lastly, by monitoring from both end devices, it is possible to distinguish between a packet that was actually lost and a packet that arrived with a higher delay than its subsequent packet during data transfer. Furthermore, utilizing TCP flows to measure the RTT delay excluding end host processing gave a better characterisation of the RTT delay as opposed to using ICMP traffic. / Med ökande tillgång till den sammankopplade IP-nätet, krävs det en snabbare responstid från Internettjänster. Trafik från surfning, den näst mest populära tjänsten är särskilt tidskänsliga. Detta kräver tillförlitlighet och en garanti för data leverans med en god servicekvalitet från Internetleverantörer. Dessutom har de flesta av befolkningen inte den tekniska bakgrunden för att övervaka fördröjning sig från sina hemmanätverk, och deras Internetleverantörer har ingen utsiktspunkt för att övervaka och diagnostisera nätverksproblem från användarnas perspektiv. Därför syftet med denna forskning är att karakterisera “in-protokoll”  fördöljingen i nätet, som påträffas under surfning inifrån ett LAN. Denna forskning visar TCP-trafik monitoring som utförs på en klientenhet, samt separat TCP-trafik monitoring över både klient-end och serve-end enheter, för att observera en automatiserad webbklient / server-kommunikation. Detta följs av offline analys av de infångade tracer där varje TCP flöde dissekerades in: handskakning, dataöverföring, och nedkoppling faser. Syftet bakom sådan utvinning är att möjliggöra karakterisering av nätverk fördröjning samt nätverkets fysiska fördröjning, behandlingsfördröjning, webböverföringsfördröjning och förlorade paket som uppfattas av end-device under dataöverföring. The outcome of measuring from both end devices showed that monitoring from both ends of a client/server communication results to a more accurate measurement of the genuine delay encountered when packets traverse the network than when measuring from the client-end only. Primarily, this was concluded through the ability to distinguish between the pure network delay and the kernel processing delay experienced during the TCP handshake and teardown. Secondly, it was confirmed that the two RTTs identified in a TCP handshake are not symmetrical and that a TCP teardown RTT takes longer than the TCP handshake RTT within the same TCP flow since a server must take measures to avoid SYN flooding attacks. Thirdly, by monitoring from both end devices, it was possible to identify routing path asymmetries by calculating the physical one-way delay a packet using the forward path in comparison to the physical delay of a packet using the reverse path. Lastly, by monitoring from both end devices, it is possible to distinguish between a packet that was actually lost and a packet that arrived with a higher delay than its subsequent packet during data transfer. Furthermore, utilizing TCP flows to measure the RTT delay excluding end host processing gave a better characterisation of the RTT delay as opposed to using ICMP traffic. Resultatet av mätningarna från både slut-enheter visar att övervakning från båda ändar av en klient / server-kommunikation resulterar  en noggrannare mätning av fördröjningar som uppstår när paketen färdas över nätverket än vid mätning från den enda klienten. Främst avslutades detta genom förmågan att skilja mellan den rena nätfördröjningen och kernel bearbetning under TCP handskakning och nedkoppling. För det andra bekräftades att de två RTT som identifierats i en TCP handskakning inte är symmetriska och att TCP nedkoppling RTT är längre än TCP handskakning RTT inom samma TCP flödet, eftersom servern  måste vidta åtgärder för att undvika SYN översvämning attacker. För det tredje, genom att övervaka från båda avancerade enheter, var det möjligt att identifiera path asymmetrier genom att beräkna den fysiska envägsfördröjningen av ett paket på framåtriktade banan i jämförelse med den fysiska fördröjningen för ett paket på den omvända banan. Slutligen genom att övervaka från båda end enheter, är det möjligt att skilja mellan ett paket som faktiskt förlorades och ett paket som kom med en högre fördröjning än dess efterföljande paket under dataöverföring. Dessutom utnyttjande av TCP flöden för att mäta RTT exkluderat end-nod porocessering gav en bättre karakterisering av RTT fördröjning jämfört med att ICMP-trafik.

Importance – The homeless face higher rates of morbidity and mortality than the general population, and have lower rates of end-of-life care planning. An effective and sustainable intervention, to provide living wills and durable power of attorney, is required to protect the autonomy of a vulnerable population. Objective – To determine if medical student-led 1:1 counseling is as effective as social worker-led counseling as reported in the literature, determined by rate of advanced directive completion. Design – A focus groups and educational sessions on EOL care and ADs were conducted at 2 shelters, after which participants were offered the opportunity to sign up for a 1:1 counseling session with a medical student volunteer. Rates of sign-ups and completion were recorded. Setting – 2 North Philadelphia homeless shelters, requiring either an Axis I or current substance abuse diagnosis for residence. Participants – A convenience sample of 20 homeless men were approached; 10 enrolled in the study. Interventions – Educational sessions, focus groups, and 1:1 AD completion counseling sessions Main Outcomes – Interest in and completion of an advanced directive. Results – 9 participants signed up to complete ADs after an informational session. At the conclusion of the study, 8 of them (88.8%) completed ADs. 40% of the total participants completed an AD. Conclusions – Similar rates of advanced directive completion were achieved with the student-led intervention compared to a previous intervention in the literature. Further study with a larger sample including homeless women should be conducted to provide a generalized conclusion. / Urban Bioethics

<p> Repair of double-strand breaks is critical for the preservation of genomic integrity and cellular viability. A predominant pathway implicated in the repair of such lesions is the evolutionarily conserved non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. Among the major constituents of this pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is Nej1, for which a clear biochemical function has not been determined. The results presented in this work demonstrate that Nej1 exhibits a DNA binding activity comparable to Lif1, with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.8 μM. Characterization of the DNA binding activity revealed that although short ~20 bp substrates can suffice, binding is enhanced with longer substrates (>300). This DNA binding activity supports the hypothesis that Nej1 plays a direct role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Structure-function studies indicated that the C-terminus of Nej1 is not only required, but is sufficient, for mediating DNA interactions. Structural characterization revealed that Nej1 exists as a dimer, and that residues 1-244 are sufficient for dimer formation. Examining the ability of this truncated Nej1 (aa 1-244) to perform NHEJ, revealed a defect in end-joining as measured by an in vivo plasmid repair assay. Preliminary functional and structural studies on the Nej1-Lif1 complex suggest that the proteins stably co-purify and the complex binds DNA with a higher affinity than each independent component. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to current literature on Nej1 and other end-joining factors (mammalian and yeast), specifically the recently identified putative mammalian homologue of Nej1, XLF. Collectively, these results demonstrate that although there are several functional similarities, there also appear to be important differences in the structure-function relationships of Nej1 and XLF, and Nej1/XLF and Lif1/Xrcc4.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)