Seven male subjects exercised for 1, 3, 10 and 20 min on a cycle ergometer at 20, 60 and 80% {Mathematical expression}, and then held to fatigue a sustained contraction of the quadriceps at 40% maximal voluntary contraction in order to determine what influence various levels of dynamic exercise would have on isometric function of the same group of muscles. Muscle temperature was measured before and within 15 s of the completion of the cycling to determine whether changes in muscle temperature might influence the subsequent isometric perormance. Isometric endurance was shorter as the severity of the cycling increased beyond 20% {Mathematical expression}, and as the duration of cycling increased up to 10 min. There were discrete linear relationships between muscle temperature and isometric endurance associated with cycling at 60% and 80% {Mathematical expression}. There was a direct inverse relationship between quadriceps strength after cycling and muscle temperature, yet a significant reduction in strength occurred only after cycling at 80% {Mathematical expression}. These results suggest that the encroachment on endurance and strength are controlled by different mechanisms. The heart rates during the isometric contractions were dependent on the preceding rhythmic exercise and decreased after exercise at 60 or 80% {Mathematical expression}. In contrast, the blood pressure always increased during the isometric contractions, reaching similar values at the point of fatigue, regardless of the severity of the previous rhythmic exercise. These data provide additional evidence that separate mechanisms control changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

Title: Comparing hydration practices of long-distance runners during intended training, an intended event, and an actual event during COVID-19. Context: Prior studies on long-distance runners have yet to compare hydration practices intended in training to an actual event. Optimal hydration strategies and knowledge of EAH was assessed. Objective: The purpose of this research was to assess and compare the self-reported hydration practices of long-distance runners during an intended training run, an intended event, and during an event. Design: Cross-sectional online survey design Setting: 2020 Hyannis, Massachusetts Marathon; Connecticut trail races; online. Participants: There were 46 participants in the Hyannis, 26 participants in the Connecticut trail races, and 203 participants in the long-distance running studies. Main outcome Measure(s): Survey questions addressed hydration practices, including hydration strategies, and volumes consumed before and during a run. Additional data included demographics, training experience, sources of hydration information, and knowledge of EAH. Results: When comparing volumes consumed, higher correlations were found when comparing intended events in all three studies. In other words, runners intended to drink the same in an intended training run and an intended event. More variation was found when comparing intended volumes to actual volumes. All studies showed strong agreement in the selected hydration strategies between the scenarios and most were statistically significant. The “drinking to thirst hydration strategy”, was selected on average 17% of the time for Hyannis marathoners, 30% of the time for Connecticut trail runners, and 23% of the time for long-distance runners. This hydration strategy is recommended to decrease the risk of EAH in lieu of a personalized hydration plan. EAH awareness among runners was reported between 50-59% of the time in all studies. However, there was inconsistency in recognizing contributing and preventive EAH factors. Conclusion: There were differences in hydration practices when comparing an intended training run, an intended event, and an event. This indicates a need for ongoing education on hydration practices and EAH. If runners mimic appropriate hydration practices during training when running in an event, the risk of EAH may be decreased. The limitation of this research is the self-reported nature of historical data.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21133号 / 農博第2259号 / 新制||農||1057(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5107(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 金本 龍平, 准教授 井上 和生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This study investigated the assessment of muscular endurance using the Universal Gym. Subjects included 19 women and 151 men (18-30 years). Measures of muscular endurance were evaluated at various percentages of 1 RM on twelve exercise stations and it appears that a percentage of 1 RM ranging from .7 for the arms, .5 to .9 for the legs, and ,5 to .8 for the trunk is required to produce fatigue state in the necessary repetition range.

S'entraîner en endurance (vélo, course) ou en résistance (musculation) amène un stress artériel et des adaptations vasculaires distinctes. Malgré les bénéfices qu'ils en tirent, les athlètes d'endurance tolèrent moins bien les chutes soudaines de la pression artérielle moyenne (PAM), vivant un malaise associé à une hypoperfusion cérébrale transitoire. L'autorégulation cérébrale dynamique (ACd), soit la capacité des artères cérébrales à réagir aux changements rapides de la PAM, devrait prémunir le cerveau contre ces hypoperfusions cérébrales. Les adaptations vasculaires centrales observées entre les athlètes entraînés en endurance et ceux en résistance pourraient s'exprimer au niveau vasculaire cérébral et expliquer que cette intolérance soit spécifique au type d'entraînement en endurance. Par contre, une étude précédente faite chez des athlètes s'entraînant dans l'une ou l'autre de ces modalités n'a démontré aucune différence dans l'efficacité de leur ACd. Il est à noter que leur analyse ne prenait pas en compte la direction du changement de PAM. D'autres études suggèrent en effet une capacité moindre des artères cérébrales à réguler les baisses de PAM comparativement aux hausses de PAM. Ainsi, le but de ce travail était d'évaluer l'impact de la modalité d'entraînement sur la sensibilité directionnelle de la relation entre la PAM et le débit sanguin cérébral (DSC) chez des athlètes entraînés en endurance comparativement à des athlètes entraînés en résistance. Nous avons évalué les changements de la PAM et de la vitesse du sang dans l'artère cérébrale moyenne lors d'un protocole de squats répétés sur 5 minutes. En forçant des oscillations (hausses et baisses) de PAM à des fréquences de squats de 0,05 Hz et 0,10 Hz, nous avons comparé ces changements lorsque la PAM augmentait et lorsqu'elle diminuait. Les résultats de cette analyse démontrent que l'ACd diffère entre les athlètes qui s'entraînent en endurance et ceux qui s'entraînent en résistance lorsque l'aspect directionnel est considéré. / Training in endurance (e.g. biking, running) or resistance (e.g. strength training) leads to arterial stress and distinct vascular adaptations. Despite the benefits, endurance athletes are less tolerant to sudden drops in mean blood pressure (MAP), experiencing discomfort associated with transient brain hypoperfusion. Dynamic cerebral auto regulation (dCA), the ability of brain arteries to respond to rapid changes in MAP, should protect the brain from these cerebral hypoperfusions. The central vascular adaptations observed between athletes trained in endurance and those trained in resistance could be expressed at the cerebral vascular level and help explain that the orthostatic intolerance is training-specific. On the other hand, a previous study in athletes training in either of these modalities showed no differences in their dCA. It should be noted that their analysis did not consider the direction of the MAP changes. Other studies suggest that brain arteries are better equipped to regulate MAP increases compared to MAP decreases. Thus, the purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of training modality on the directional sensitivity of the relationship between MAP and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in endurance-trained athletes compared to resistance-trained athletes. We evaluated the changes in MAP and mean blood velocity in the middle cerebral artery with a 5-minute repeated squat-stands protocol. With driven oscillations (increases and decreases) of MAP at 0.05 Hz and 0.10 Hz, we compared these changes as MAP increased and decreased. The results of this analysis show that dCA differs between endurance- and resistance-trained athletes once directionality is taken into account.

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No description available.

<p> In order to investigate possible negative effects of endurance training on muscle strength and power, 10 healthy young men underwent 10 weeks of endurance training. Subjects trained unilaterally on a cycle ergometer so that their opposite leg served as a control. Training consisted of 30 min per day for 3 days per week and progressed to 60 min per day for 5 days per week by the seventh week of training. This volume of endurance training exceeds the upper limits of that normally performed by athletes who compete in power sports. The exercise intensity was initially ~75% of pre-training maximum power output and was increased over time to maintain a training heart rate of 140-160 beats per minute. Endurance, strength, and power variables were assessed in each leg before and after the training period. Measurements included electrically stimulated twitch characteristics of the quadriceps, single-leg V̇O2peak and lactate threshold (Tlac), single-leg take-off vertical jump power indices from a force platform, and maximal leg press strength at a low-(60°/s) and high-velocity (300°/s). Needle biopsies were taken from the quadriceps femoris before and after the training period, and analyzed for fibre-type proportions, fibre area, oxidative enzyme activity and capillary density. Post-training, subjects increased leg V̇O2peak (7%) and Tlac in the trained leg. Leg press strength was unaffected by training. Vertical jump power was not impaired nor were evoked twitches. Following training, there was a decrease in % type IIb and an increase in % type IIa fibres (p<0.05). There were no significant changes in fibre area. Percent fibre area increased for type I and IIa and decreased for type IIb fibres in the trained leg (p<0.05). These data indicate that a 10-week endurance-training program increases aerobic power but does not impair muscle strength or power.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Endurance exercise has been shown to both raise and lower leucine oxidation in studies in rodents. We studied the effects of a 38 d endurance exercise training program upon leucine turnover during a 90 min exercise bout at 60 % VO_2peak in 6 males and 6 females. Subjects were studied at both the same absolute (ABS) and relative (REL) exercise intensities post-training. Pre (PRE)- and post-training measurements were taken for analysis of: L-[1-^13C]leucine turnover, muscle branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase activity (BCOAD), muscle glycogen, phosphocreatine and ATP utilization, and resting enzyme activity of citrate synthase (CS) and NADH-cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (complex I-III). We also determined total substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry, and plasma lactate, glucose, and insulin concentrations. The exercise training resulted in a significant increase in both CS (P < 0.001) and complex I- III (P < 0.05) activities. Leucine oxidation increased during exercise for the pre-training trial (P < 0.001), however, there was no increase for either the post-training ABS or REL trial. Leucine oxidation was significantly lower for females at all time points (P < 0.01). Total BCOAD activity was also significantly increased when comparing the PRE to both ABS and REL trials (P < 0.001). The % activation of BCOAD was significantly increased from t=0 to t=90 in both the PRE and REL exercise trials with the increase in PRE being greater (P < 0.001 (PRE), and P < 0.05 (REL)). Exercise RER was lower for females vs. males (P< 0.05). In addition, the ABS trial was significantly lower than PRE and REL (P < 0.01). Plasma lactate was significantly lower at all time points for ABS vs. PRE (P < 0.001) and REL vs. PRE at t=30 min of exercise (P < 0.001). Resting muscle glycogen was higher for both ABS and REL vs. PRE (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we found that 38 d of endurance exercise training significantly attenuated both leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during 90 min of endurance exercise at 60 % VO_2peak for both absolute and relative exercise intensities. In addition, females were also shown to oxidize a greater proportion of energy from lipid and a lesser amount from carbohydrates and proteins during exercise. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)