Gestão de Bacias Aéreas como Instrumento de Gestão Ambiental para o Desenvolvimento é um trabalho que apresenta uma nova forma com que o Estado de São Paulo visa enfrentar as questões ambientais. A introdução da Gestão Ambiental através de instrumentos de co-regulação e gradação de metas em substituição aos mecanismos tradicionais de comando e controle, notadamente nas ações de fiscalização e licenciamento. Os motivos que levaram à revisão e às justificativas para as alterações realizadas na legislação ambiental no Estado (Decreto Estadual n°8.468/76) são apresentados, assim como os conceitos ambientais que as fundamentam são pontuados neste trabalho. Discutem-se também os reflexos da adoção de tal procedimento nos setores envolvidos - institucional, industrial e sociedade - e também a aplicação destes junto ao setor de energia, com o estudo realizado em uma usina de açúcar e álcool e em uma usina termelétrica à gás. As considerações acerca das alterações em curso no sistema de licenciamento ambiental (Decretos Estaduais n°48.523/04, n°50.753/06 e n°52.469/07) são apresentadas, mostrando os impactos nos empreendimentos geradores de energia no Estado (nas bacias aéreas saturadas e em vias de saturação). A utilização da prática de geração de créditos para reduções de emissão de poluentes atmosféricos e o desenvolvimento de um Mercado para a comercialização destes créditos é apresentada como mecanismo de gestão como forma de atendimento aos padrões de qualidade do ar no Estado. Tratam-se de alterações inovadoras e indutoras de desenvolvimento ao Estado, trazendo benefífios à qualidade ambiental, com a utilização da gestão através de bacias aéreas e o comércio de créditos por redução de emissão de poluentes regulamentados. / Air Basins Management as an Environmental Management Implement for Development shows the new way that the Sao Paulo´s State aims to tackle environmental issues. The introduction of Environmental Management through instruments of co-regulation and goals gradation, especially supervision and licensing, to the substitution of the traditional mechanisms of command and control. The reasons that led to the revision and the reasons for the changes made in environmental legislation of the State (State Decree n° 8.468/76) are presented, as well as the environmental concepts that are presented based on this work. It discusses also the reflection of adoption of this procedure in the sectors involved - institutional, industrial and society - and also the application of these next to the sector of energy, with the study conducted in a plant of sugar and alcohol and a termelectric gas plant. Considerations about changes underway in environmental licensing system (Decrees State n°48.523/04,n°50,753/06 and n°52.469/07) are presented showing the impacts of energy generating ventures in the State (in saturated air basins and in the process of saturation). The use of the practice of generating credits for reductions in emission of air pollutants and the development of a market for the marketing of these claims is presented as a mechanism of management as a way to care for patterns of air quality in the State. These are innovative changes and leading development of the state bringing benefits to the environmental quality, with the use of management through air basins and trade credits for emission reduction of pollutants regulated.

The objectives of this doctoral thesis are to give a basisincluding methods for the development of stationary polymerelectrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems for combined heat andpower production. Moreover, the objectives include identifyingprerequisites, requirements and possibilities for PEFC systemsproducing heat and power for buildings in Sweden. The PEFCsystem is still in a pre-commercial state, but low emissionlevels, fast dynamics and high efficiencies are promisingcharacteristics. A thermodynamic model to simulate stationary PEFC systemshas been constructed and pinch technology and exergy analysesare utilised to design and evaluate the system. The finalsystem configuration implies a high total efficiency ofapproximately 98 % (LHV). A flexible test facility was built in connection with theresearch project to experimentally evaluate small-scalestationary PEFC systems at KTH. The research PEFC system hasextensive measurement equipment, a rigorous control system andallows fuel cell systems from approximately 0.2 to 4 kWel insize to be tested. The simulation models of the fuel processorand the fuel cell stack are verified with experimental datataken from the test facility. The initial evaluation andsimulation of the first residential installation of a PEFCsystem in Sweden is also reported. This PEFC system, fuelled bybiogas and hydrogen, is installed in an energy system alsoincluding a photovoltaic array, an electrolyser and hydrogenstorage. Technical aspects of designing a fuel cell system-basedenergy system, including storages and grid connections, whichprovides heat and power to a building are presented in thisthesis. As a basis for the technical and economic evaluations,exemplifying energy systems are constructed and simulated. Fuelcell system installations are predicted to be economicallyunviable for probable near-term conditions in Sweden. The mainfactor in the economic evaluations is the fuel price. However,fuel cell system installations are shown to have a higher fuelutilisation than the conventional method of energy supply. The methods presented in this thesis serve as a collectedbasis for continued research and development in the area. Keywords:Small-scale, stationary, fuel cell system,polymer electrolyte fuel cell, PEFC system, reformer,thermodynamic modelling, pinch technology, exergy analyses,system configuration, test facility, experiments, application,simulation, installation, energy system, energy storage, heatand power demand.

<p>The objectives of this doctoral thesis are to give a basisincluding methods for the development of stationary polymerelectrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems for combined heat andpower production. Moreover, the objectives include identifyingprerequisites, requirements and possibilities for PEFC systemsproducing heat and power for buildings in Sweden. The PEFCsystem is still in a pre-commercial state, but low emissionlevels, fast dynamics and high efficiencies are promisingcharacteristics.</p><p>A thermodynamic model to simulate stationary PEFC systemshas been constructed and pinch technology and exergy analysesare utilised to design and evaluate the system. The finalsystem configuration implies a high total efficiency ofapproximately 98 % (LHV).</p><p>A flexible test facility was built in connection with theresearch project to experimentally evaluate small-scalestationary PEFC systems at KTH. The research PEFC system hasextensive measurement equipment, a rigorous control system andallows fuel cell systems from approximately 0.2 to 4 kWel insize to be tested. The simulation models of the fuel processorand the fuel cell stack are verified with experimental datataken from the test facility. The initial evaluation andsimulation of the first residential installation of a PEFCsystem in Sweden is also reported. This PEFC system, fuelled bybiogas and hydrogen, is installed in an energy system alsoincluding a photovoltaic array, an electrolyser and hydrogenstorage.</p><p>Technical aspects of designing a fuel cell system-basedenergy system, including storages and grid connections, whichprovides heat and power to a building are presented in thisthesis. As a basis for the technical and economic evaluations,exemplifying energy systems are constructed and simulated. Fuelcell system installations are predicted to be economicallyunviable for probable near-term conditions in Sweden. The mainfactor in the economic evaluations is the fuel price. However,fuel cell system installations are shown to have a higher fuelutilisation than the conventional method of energy supply.</p><p>The methods presented in this thesis serve as a collectedbasis for continued research and development in the area.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Small-scale, stationary, fuel cell system,polymer electrolyte fuel cell, PEFC system, reformer,thermodynamic modelling, pinch technology, exergy analyses,system configuration, test facility, experiments, application,simulation, installation, energy system, energy storage, heatand power demand.</p>

Gestão de Bacias Aéreas como Instrumento de Gestão Ambiental para o Desenvolvimento é um trabalho que apresenta uma nova forma com que o Estado de São Paulo visa enfrentar as questões ambientais. A introdução da Gestão Ambiental através de instrumentos de co-regulação e gradação de metas em substituição aos mecanismos tradicionais de comando e controle, notadamente nas ações de fiscalização e licenciamento. Os motivos que levaram à revisão e às justificativas para as alterações realizadas na legislação ambiental no Estado (Decreto Estadual n°8.468/76) são apresentados, assim como os conceitos ambientais que as fundamentam são pontuados neste trabalho. Discutem-se também os reflexos da adoção de tal procedimento nos setores envolvidos - institucional, industrial e sociedade - e também a aplicação destes junto ao setor de energia, com o estudo realizado em uma usina de açúcar e álcool e em uma usina termelétrica à gás. As considerações acerca das alterações em curso no sistema de licenciamento ambiental (Decretos Estaduais n°48.523/04, n°50.753/06 e n°52.469/07) são apresentadas, mostrando os impactos nos empreendimentos geradores de energia no Estado (nas bacias aéreas saturadas e em vias de saturação). A utilização da prática de geração de créditos para reduções de emissão de poluentes atmosféricos e o desenvolvimento de um Mercado para a comercialização destes créditos é apresentada como mecanismo de gestão como forma de atendimento aos padrões de qualidade do ar no Estado. Tratam-se de alterações inovadoras e indutoras de desenvolvimento ao Estado, trazendo benefífios à qualidade ambiental, com a utilização da gestão através de bacias aéreas e o comércio de créditos por redução de emissão de poluentes regulamentados. / Air Basins Management as an Environmental Management Implement for Development shows the new way that the Sao Paulo´s State aims to tackle environmental issues. The introduction of Environmental Management through instruments of co-regulation and goals gradation, especially supervision and licensing, to the substitution of the traditional mechanisms of command and control. The reasons that led to the revision and the reasons for the changes made in environmental legislation of the State (State Decree n° 8.468/76) are presented, as well as the environmental concepts that are presented based on this work. It discusses also the reflection of adoption of this procedure in the sectors involved - institutional, industrial and society - and also the application of these next to the sector of energy, with the study conducted in a plant of sugar and alcohol and a termelectric gas plant. Considerations about changes underway in environmental licensing system (Decrees State n°48.523/04,n°50,753/06 and n°52.469/07) are presented showing the impacts of energy generating ventures in the State (in saturated air basins and in the process of saturation). The use of the practice of generating credits for reductions in emission of air pollutants and the development of a market for the marketing of these claims is presented as a mechanism of management as a way to care for patterns of air quality in the State. These are innovative changes and leading development of the state bringing benefits to the environmental quality, with the use of management through air basins and trade credits for emission reduction of pollutants regulated.