New Czech nuclear law Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is the new Czech nuclear law, i.e. the Czech nuclear law after the adoption of the new regulation. Nuclear law can be characterized as a set of legal norms containing the regulation of the peaceful use of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation. Their aim is to ensure the protection of health, life, property and the environment and to prevent the misuse of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation for non-peaceful purposes. The first chapter contains a brief insight first into the world's history, then in the history related to Czech Republic. Apart from history, this chapter also includes the current state and the near future of this area. The second chapter deals with the transnational significance of nuclear law, international and Union atomic law and the most important international organizations active in this field. The third chapter deals again with Czech atomic law, including its constitutional foundations, recent changes and comparison with the old legal regulations and its relationship with selected laws. On the State Administration Bodies and their role and powers are dealt with in chapter four. The fifth chapter analyzes sources of ionizing radiation, deals with their classification and the protection of human health and the environment...

Face au coût de la gestion locale des infrastructures informatiques, de nombreuses entreprises ont décidé de la faire gérer par des fournisseurs externes. Ces derniers, connus sous le nom de IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), mettent des ressources à la disposition des entreprises sous forme de machine virtuelle (VM - Virtual Machine). Ainsi, les entreprises n'utilisent qu'un nombre limité de machines virtuelles capables de satisfaire leur besoin. Ce qui contribue à la réduction des coûts de l'infrastructure informatique des entreprises clientes. Cependant, cette externalisation soulève pour le fournisseur, les problèmes de respect d'accord de niveau de service (SLA - Service Layer Agreement) souscrit par le client et d'optimisation de la consommation énergétique de son infrastructure. Au regard de l'importance que revêt ces deux défis, de nombreux travaux de recherches se sont intéressés à cette problématique. Les solutions de gestion d'énergie proposées consistent à faire varier la vitesse d'exécution des périphériques concernés. Cette variation de vitesse est implémentée, soit de façon native parce que le périphérique dispose des mécaniques intégrés, soit par simulation à travers des regroupements (spatial et temporel) des traitements. Toutefois, cette variation de vitesse permet d'optimiser la consommation énergétique d'un périphérique mais, a pour effet de bord d'impacter le niveau de service des clients. Cette situation entraine une incompatibilité entre les politiques de variation de vitesse pour la baisse d'énergie et le respect de l'accord de niveau de service. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la conception et l'implantation d'un gestionnaire de ressources "éco énergétique" dans un système virtualisé. Un tel gestionnaire doit permettre un partage équitable des ressources entre les machines virtuelles tout en assurant une utilisation optimale de l'énergie que consomment ces ressources. Nous illustrons notre étude avec un ordonnanceur de machines virtuelles. La politique de variation de vitesse est implantée par le DVFS (Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling) et l'allocation de la capacité CPU aux machines virtuelles l'accord de niveau de service à respecter. / Considering the cost of local management of the computing infrastructures, numerous companies decided to delegate theirs to providers. These latter are known as an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and provide resources to companies in the form of virtual machine (VM). This decision to outsource contributes to lower the cost of IT infrastructure of the customer companies. However, it raises for the provider, the problems of the respect of the Service Layer agreement (SLA) of the customer and of the optimization of the energy consumption of his infrastructure. With regard to the importance of these two challenges, many research works have focused on this problem. The proposed energy management solutions consist in varying the execution speed of the affected devices. This variation of speed is implemented either natively because the device has integrated mechanics, or by simulation through a spatial or temporal batching requests. However, this variation of speed optimizes the energy consumption of a device but has the side effect of degrading the customers SLA. In this thesis, we study the design and the implementation of an energy-efficient resources manager in a virtualized system. Such a manager must ensure a fair share of resources among VMs while ensuring optimal use of the energy consumed by the resources. We illustrate our study thanks to a scheduler of VMs. The DVFS constitutes our energy management policy and the CPU capacity of the VMs the SLA to respect.

Les travaux portent sur l’économie d’énergie dans le secteur des technologies de la communication et plus particulièrement dans les réseaux filaires. La technologie support de nos travaux est Ethernet qui historiquement utilisée dans les entreprises est actuellement déployée dans les réseaux d’accès et de coeur des opérateurs. Notre objectif est d’économiser de l’énergie par une mise en sommeil des liens Ethernet en s’appuyant sur des mécanismes standards aisément déployables. Pour ce faire nous modélisons et évaluons le mécanisme de mise en sommeil IEEE802.3az et confrontons notre modèle à l’expérimentation sur équipements. A partir du modèle de coût obtenu, nous proposons de mettre en place une ingénierie de trafic verte fonction de la charge qui dirige le trafic dans le réseau de façon à permettre aux liens de se mettre en phase de sommeil tout en préservant une qualité de service en évitant de créer des pertes de données dans le réseau par une concentration trop importante de trafic sur les liens. Nous distinguons plusieurs politiques d’ingénierie de complexité de mise en œuvre différentes, que nous évaluons dans plusieurs contextes. Les résultats obtenus permettent quasiment de doubler les gains obtenus par le standard IEEE802.3az. Nous étudions l’ingénierie dans un mode distribué à partir d’un protocole de routage, OSPF, et présentons une preuve de concept dans un mode centralisé avec une architecture SDN pour laquelle nous proposons l’utilisation du routage source par segment afin de réduire le trafic de contrôle. / This research has proposed a novel Ethernet-based global energy efficiency technology for the wired communications networks.In the development of the “green” technology, the IEEE 802.3az standard (i.e. referred to as LEGACY) was first applied to render dormant the non-utilized links to realize the local energy efficiency.To further lower the energy demand and thus achieve the global energy efficiency, this research put forward two additional algorithmic schemes(i.e. the EAGER and CARE green metrics)whereby the data are aggregated such that as many links as possible remain unutilized. The three energy-efficient metrics (LEGACY, EAGER and CARE) were individually applied to the distributed and centralized networks and subsequently evaluated.The experimental results showed that, by comparison, the CARE green metric outperforms the other two metrics (LEGACY and EAGER) with regard to the global energy saving in both the distributed and centralized wired networks.

In my dissertation I describe the photovoltaic power plant on the roof a family house, the conditions of connection to the electricity network, the electricity consumption and I state in detail the technical specifications of this solution. Moreover, I give details of price quotation plus estimated quantity of produced electric power. Besides, I pay attention to the investment efficiency. Main part of the dissertation is devoted to the analysis of produced electric power for the period from 1.1.2010 till 31.12.2010 for each quater of the year seperately. The above mentioned study implies that the photovoltaic power plant meets in so far all requirements and the investment should be returned in approximately 9 years. The aim of the dissertation is to judge the photovoltaic power plant with respect to its installation, operation and return on investment.

Electricity is a strategic and therefore highly valued commodity worldwide. Its importance and price is constantly increasing over time. It is gained from various sources and its major drawback currently is its limited storability. For the above reasons, the production, distribution and sale of electric energy take place on the energy market governed by separate laws and regulations, as well as directives of the European Union. In order to protect the competition and prevent companies from abusing of dominant position the electricity market must be regulated.

The aim of the thesis "International trade with strategically important commodities focused on crude oil" was archieved by analysis of current situation of trade with strategically important commodities focused on crude oil. Based on this analysis was integrated the Czech Republic in the internation trade with crude oil, how the state is affected by this trade and the prospect of further development of international trade with crude oil. At first was studied the theoretical solutions, which help to compose literary research. Terms as international trade, commodities, strategic commodities and crude oil were defined in this part of thesis. The attantion in another part of thesis was focused on the analysis the crude oil market. There were detected the most important world crude oil producers, states with the largest crude oil reserves, the largest consumers of oil, the major exportersv and importers of this strategic commodity and compared the world oil pruduction with crude oil consumption. The possible development of consumption and production in 2035 was also in this part outlined. Current situation on the crude oil market in the Czech Republic in 2012 showed that there are not significant crude oil reserves which would cover the consumption of the population in the country. It follows that the Czech Republic is dependent on crude oil import from Russian Federation, which may arise a varior international risks such as disruption of crude oil supplies, the use of crude oil as a political weapon or conflicts between states.

Health - without a doubt - is one of the most precious gifts and it is one of the most important values for each of us. The human body fascinates humanity throughout its existence. Since the beginning of the first medicinal extracts to modern robotic surgery, people strive for the same - to prevent diseases, full recovery of health or to bring closer this state. The whole developed society is interested in our good health. It is necessary to ensure the functional part of the infrastructure, so called critical infrastructure. Unplanned power blackout can have disastrous consequences not only for the patients. Plenty of electrical energy is required for the functioning of hospital. The electrical network in the hospital is very fragile. It is necessary to have alternative sources of electricity in hospital. For each hospital is a priority ability to reliably protect the power grid to avoid damaging consequences of its lack. This thesis entitled "Power blackout in Jihlava hospital" focuses on the question of emergency unscheduled power blackout Hospital Jihlava, also explains the basic concepts related to this topic and describes the functioning of the hospital equipment. The theoretical part consists of several chapters which provide basic information about electricity, the electricity grid, power plants, transmission and distribution systems, principles and functioning of the hospital. There is clear description of the Maslow's pyramid of human needs, in this part is also explanation of the term "blackout" and the incidence of several serious blackouts of electricity in the Czech Republic and worldwide, experience with them and their impact on human society. The practical part is the basic characteristic of Hospital Jihlava, location of alternative sources - diesel power generators, a description of the various sources of electric power, their function and principle of functioning of Hospital Jihlava. The whole research theoretically examined the readiness Hospital Jihlava to power blackout. The basic method of investigation was to collect data that was obtained through a guided interview with the responsible employees, their answers were transcribed into text and then were analyzed risks identified by the method KARS, in order to investigate the size of the impact of the crisis situation on patients. It is assumed that it is sufficiently adequate protection against failure of the power system, that could at power interruptions, endanger patients, staff, expensive diagnostic and surgical instruments actually overall functioning of this important institution. Based on the investigation was identified the need to inform the public, staff, patients and top management. Technicians may well ensure the functioning of important machinery and equipment. Equally important is understanding of this issue by medical staff to be well versed in an emergency situation quickly. The behavior and conduct of staff could help manage the situation without major problems and reduce imminent risk of impact on patiens and expensive instrumentation to a minimum. Also for this purpose could serve the results of this work. The aim of the thesis was to investigate the effects of a power blackout at the Hospital Jihlava on patients and suggest possible measures. The results of the survey show that a sudden power outage Hospital Jihlava presents a serious threat to its functionality, for this reason, in the final part of my thesis are presented the final recommendations, which can not only reduce the risk of impact on patients.

The subject of this diploma thesis: "Problem of energy saving in households in the Czech Republic. The socio-economic interpretation", is a comparison of the energy consumption and the heating of households from the perspective of socio-economic and environmental contexts. Problems of the energy consumption related to the heating of households are solved on the basis of data that were obtained from the research within the international project GILDED. The theoretical part of the thesis describes different ways and resources of the heating of households, focuses on factors that affect the energy consumption, impacts of single types of heating on the environment, especially on the production of emissions of CO2, and lastly is dedicated to the global ecological crisis, indicators of environmental ballast and the sustainable development. In the empirical part is processed the analysis of data from questionnaires and the CO2 calculator and the obtained results are presented. The opportunities that could reduce the energy consumption that is necessary for the heating of households and suggestions of possible economic measures are summarized in the conclusion of the thesis.

Nowadays none of us can imagine world without electricity, we need it in everyday life. Perhaps that is why we can't imagine what could happen in case of power failure on larger area of Czech Republic. What else consequences it could cause, in particular on our health, or lives. Thesis focuses on finding, if large power failure impacts our lives or health. Immediate impact after beginning of blackout we already know, but we need to find out, what consequences could come after several days. The purpose of thesis is to find out environmental impact of power failure on health of population. I decided to research in section of drinking water and wastewater, from view of epidemiologist of regional hospital, doctor from KHS Český Krumlov and clerk of crisis department ORP Český Krumlov. To meet the goal of thesis, there was created analysis of research of several power outs, which happened in various states all over the world. Other part presents interviews with experts and evaluation of their answers, by which reached the goal of thesis. The research question, of an impact of large power failure on health and lives, we could answer, that the most serious impact it would have on people who had to be accommodated in spare accommodation facilities. They would be endangered by alimentary, infection and respiratory diseases. Concerning drinking water and wastewater, the large impact on human health wasn't detected.

Les alliages de zirconium sont utilisés comme matériaux de gainage des combustibles nucléaires dans les réacteurs à eau pressurisée. Ces gaines sont utilisées dans un milieu extrêmement radiatif et corrosif, elles peuvent dans certains cas être le siège de fortes variations de température et doivent répondre à des sollicitations mécaniques importantes, que ce soit en conditions de service ou accidentelles. Dans un tel contexte, il est intéressant de pouvoir prédire les transformations de phases ayant lieu au sein de la gaine en fonction des variations de température et de composition chimique, la précipitation de phases fragiles induites par la présence des éléments d’alliages, mais aussi de tester de nouvelles compositions d’alliages afin de l’optimiser.La méthode la plus adaptée pour la modélisation thermodynamique de systèmes multiconstitués est la méthode Calphad (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams). Il s’agit d’une méthode semi-empirique, consistant à modéliser les enthalpies libres des différentes phases constitutives d’un système par ajustement de certains paramètres, dans le but de reproduire les données expérimentales.Ce mémoire détaille la construction d’une base de données thermodynamiques du système quinaire Cr-Fe-Nb-Sn-Zr selon la méthode Calphad. L’originalité de notre démarche est liée à l’utilisation des calculs DFT de manière systématique et massive. Il s’agit en particulier de calculer par DFT les enthalpies de formation de tous les end-members des phases intermétalliques constitutives du système quinaire. De plus, des calculs sur des mailles « quasi aléatoires » (SQS) sont également effectués de manière systématique afin de déterminer les enthalpies de mélange des solutions solides binaires en structure fcc, bcc et hcp. En outre, une étape importante de ce travail consiste à compléter les données expérimentales de la littérature par de nouvelles mesures sur des systèmes choisis. En particulier, nous nous sommes employés à décrire quelques équilibres de phases des systèmes ternaires Cr-Nb-Sn, Cr-Fe-Sn, Cr-Sn-Zr et Fe-Nb-Sn qui n’avaient jamais été déterminés expérimentalement. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ces calculs et ces nouvelles données expérimentales en complément de données de la littérature comme données d’entrée pour la modélisation thermodynamique des vingt sous-systèmes binaires et ternaires du système quinaire considéré. Enfin, le pouvoir prédictif de notre base de données a pu être vérifié en confrontant ces prédictions à des données expérimentales relatives à des alliages quinaires industriels ou à de nouveaux concepts de gaines / Currently, zirconium alloys are used as fuel cladding materials in PWR (Pressurized Water Reactors). The claddings stand in a very corrosive and radiative environnement, and can be submitted to temperature variations. In addition, the claddings will be subjected to mechanical stresses in reactor or accidental conditions. Thus, it appears useful to have a better understanding of phase transformations occurring in these alloys, as a function of temperature and chemical composition variations, but also to forecast the precipitation of fragile phases induced by the addition of alloying elements. At last, the ability to test new alloy compositions may allow to optimize it.The most suitable method for the thermodynamic modeling of multicomponent systems is the Calphad method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams). The Calphad method is a widely used technique of semi-empirical modelling of phase diagrams. It consists in the description of the Gibbs energies of the different phases by fitting parameters allowing to describe the experimental data.This report details the design of a thermodynamic database considering the five following elements Zr, Cr, Fe, Nb, and Sn. The originality of this database lies in a systematic use of DFT calculations. Indeed, DFT calculations are performed to predict the formation enthalpy of the intermetallic phases appearing in these systems. Moreover, the SQS method (Special Quasirandom Structure) is used to predict the mixing enthalpy of the fcc, bcc and hcp binary solid solutions. Besides, experimental investigations are an important step of this thesis. Since no experimental data were available for the Cr-Fe-Sn, Cr-Nb-Sn, Cr-Sn-Zr and Fe-Nb-Sn ternary systems, new experimental data are provided, within this study, on the isothermal sections of these systems at different temperatures. All these calculated data in addition to the experimental data and the data from literature are used as input data for the Calphad modelling of the twenty binary and ternary systems which are then combined in the new database. A last part is dedicated to comparisons between predictions obtained with our new database and experimental results on industrial quinary alloys and a new concept of claddings