Orientador: Luís Carlos Origa de Oliveira / Banca: Kleiber David Rodrigues / Banca: Jose Carlos Rossi / Resumo: Perturbações no suprimento de eletricidade podem originar mau funcionamento de equipamentos que dependem de atividades elétricas. A hora da ocorrência, a duração, repetição e previsibilidade devem ser consideradas. Em horários de produção máxima pequenas falhas passam a representar grandes prejuízos. Esta pesquisa pretende obter um valor mais pró ximo possível da realidade dos custos decorrentes das falhas no setor industrial, buscando chegar a um valor agregado à economia do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A análise direta quantifica as perdas econômicas causadas por interrupções e afundamentos de tensão provocados por distú rbios no sistema, principalmente curtos-circuitos. A contabilização das falhas no sistema elétrico foi realizada a partir de medições em pontos de controle da indústria Avanti, instalada no município de Três Lagoas-MS. O mapeamento do ambiente quanto à incidência de afundamento de tensão se baseia na norma americana IEEE Standard 1346, que associa os aspectos técnicos e financeiros na análise da compatibilidade dos equipamentos de processos com a rede elétrica que os alimenta. Os riscos de impactos para os consumidores são analisados a partir das normas sul-africanas NRS-048 e americana IEEE Standard 446. Os indicadores da pesquisa revelam que a operação com carga mais elevada aumenta a incidência dos afundamentos de tensão. Os afundamentos e os curtos-circuitos que os provocam ocorrem em locais e situaçõ es extremamente variáveis. Torna-se importante o conhecimento do ambiente da empresa quanto à incidência de faltas para possibilitar uma análise prévia, por meio da qual seja possível especificar adequadamente os equipamentos a serem instalados propiciando melhorias no desempenho dos sistemas de proteção e controle e no isolamento rápido da área onde houve a falta. O consumidor precisa ser mais bem orientado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Disturbances in power distribution show bad equipment performance that depends of electrical activities. We should consider time occurrence duration, repetition and previsibility. At certain times few consumers are affected although for industrial processes working the whole day this can be a time of full production, since energy rates are lower and small disturbances in power distribution can represent great economic losses. This research intends to access the most real cost value from voltage variation, and to find an aggregated value to the southeastern economy in Mato Grosso do Sul. The direct analysis accounts the economic losses due to interruptions and voltage sags caused by system disturbances, mainly short-circuits. The electric energy system voltage sags considered was based on measurements at the network connection points in Avanti industry, installed in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul. The consideration of sags incidence was based on the American IEEE Standard 1346, which relates the technical and financial aspects and compatibility analysis of the process equipment with the feeding electrical network. The consumers impact risks are analysed by the South African NR048 and the American IEEE Standard 446. Indicators in the research show that load operation increases sags incidence. Voltage sags and short-circuits that caused them occur in variable places and situations. The environment sags incidence knowledge allows a better project of the new system customers, allowing a previous analysis and adequate specification of the equipment required to be installed. The power supplier offers the protective and control system performance improvement with a quick isolation of the area where the sag is located. The consumer should be well informed on voltage sag vulnerability to avoid equipment economic losses, avoiding also concerning with compatibility analysis in the process equipment... (Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Mestre

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O consumo de energia tem sido uma variável cada vez mais importante nos projetos de implementação de microprocessadores nas últimas décadas. A arquitetura VLIW é um exemplo representativo desta tendência, devido ao seu design simples e desempenho competitivo, resultado da exploração do paralelismo entre instruções (ILP) em tempo de compilação. Neste trabalho, é realizada uma análise da economia de energia obtida através da adaptação da microarquitetura dos processadores VLIW de acordo com as diferentes fases dos programas executados. Primeiramente, o potencial de otimização é abordado, através da execução de um grupo de benchmarks no processador configurável ρ-vex, e estudando o impacto da largura do processador (i.e.: número de issues) na performance, consumo de energia, e área. A partir desta informação, um experimento levando em conta o caso ótimo (usando um oráculo) foi realizado com o objetivo de variar dinamicamente a largura do processador de acordo com a fase do programa, considerando duas granularidades diferentes. A economia de energia usando este tipo de adaptação pode ser de até 81,5% comparado com uma versão estática do mesmo processador executando o grupo de benchmarks MiBench. Com base nestes resultados, duas técnicas de power gating nas unidades funcionais são propostas. A primeira é baseada em lógica adicional, inserida no processador, para controlar os circuitos de power gating associados com cada unidade funcional. Mostra-se que estas unidades podem ser desabilitadas em até 63% do tempo de execução para os multiplicadores e 30% para as ALUs, com um custo em performance de 13%, em média. A segunda técnica proposta propõe uma técnica para ser usada em conjunto com o compilador para aplicar power gating nas unidades funcionais, assim como nos blocos do banco de registradores. Esta operação é realizada inserindo instruções específicas em tempo de compilação, tendo em conta a análise das probabilidades de instruções de saltos e informação dos blocos básicos, obtidos através de instrumentação de código. Utilizando este tipo de estratégia, é possível economizar até 20% em energia com perda marginal de desempenho. / The development of energy efficient hardware has been a trend in microprocessor design for the last two decades. VLIW processors are a representative example, since they have a simpler design and competitive performance, due to their static ILP exploitation. In this work, we study the energy savings that could be obtained by adapting such microarchitecture according to the current program phase. First we analyze the potential of optimization, by executing a set of benchmarks on the ρ-vex configurable softcore VLIW processor, and by modifying the number of issues. With this data in hand, we develop an oracle experiment to dynamically vary the issue width of the processor according to the phase behavior, considering two different phase granularities. The potential energy savings using this policy could be as high as 81.5% when compared with the static version, executing the MiBench set. Taking into account this information, two techniques for power gating the functional units are proposed. The first approach is based on additional hardware logic to control the power gating circuitry of each Functional Unit. Our results show that these units can be put to sleep on average 63% of the execution cycles for the multipliers and 30% for the ALUs, at a performance loss of 13%. The second approach handles intelligent use of the compiler for power gating the Functional Units as well as blocks of the Register File. We do so by inserting customized instructions at compile time, based on the analysis that involves probabilities of conditional branches and basic block information obtained via dynamic profiling. By using this technique, it is possible to save up of 20% in the total energy consumption with marginal losses in performance.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-118). / With the growing awareness of the rapid disappearance of the global fuel resources, energy conservation became an issue of general concern. Prompted by the results of studies done in the 1970's--which show a marked increase of energy consumption per square foot of office space over the years, as well as differences in consumption between buildings of different periods -- this thesis looks at the features that determine the considerable variation in energy consumption in office buildings from the beginning of the century to our days. An overview of the historic evolution of the highrise offices presents the events that influenced the change in energy performance.The elements that determine the energy use in a building, like its orientation, exterior envelope, interior design, and mechanical systems, are individually analyzed to present a detailed picture of their role. Their characteristics in the periods before and after the second world war are then compared, showing how they determined the energy performance of buildings of the respective periods. / by Nora Anca Niculin. / M.Arch.

A large proportion of energy demand comes from urban areas, mostly from buildings and transport, the use of which has impacts on climate and air quality through the emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. To effectively mitigate these impacts, a better understanding of the relationship between energy and urban form variables is crucial. The link between energy and urban variables has been demonstrated before and it is recognised in many aspects of the cities, such as human behaviour and transport dynamics. This research goes forward by analysing the correlation and scaling between energy consumption and different land use typologies derived from urban form variables, as well as at other scales. The work is built on readily available datasets for England to guarantee the replicability of the methodology and ensure the reliability of the results. A combined energy use metric integrating buildings and commute transport produces helpful insights into energy consumption patterns and it is obtained at a large geographic scale. The identification of local scale consumption patterns is attractive to policymakers and planners by providing them detailed information to direct local-level policies. On the other hand, the derived land use typologies deliver new knowledge about the spatialisation of the urban system and to establish the link with the energy use. The results reveal that the relationship between energy and urban variables favours the application of compact city to reduce carbon-based energy consumption. This means that better energy efficiency is achieved by areas with higher population density. The analysis also shows that socio-economic variables have higher impact on energy consumption than physical variables. Moreover, differences at city scale and for the land use typologies are identified, demonstrating the importance of focusing the analysis according to the goal. In sum, the results from this work provide new insights about the relationship between energy and urban characteristics that can be used by policymakers and planners to outline more focused and detailed actions to mitigate energy use in England.

O racionamento de energia elétrica não foi a primeira crise no setor elétrico, sendo que ocorreram anteriormente outras crises no Brasil e em outros países. A causa do déficit, que gerou o racionamento, foi que o crescimento do parque gerador brasileiro não acompanhou o crescimento do consumo da forma adequada. O racionamento produziu impacto no consumo de energia elétrica de forma singular, provocando redução no consumo brasileiro em torno de 24 %, influenciando até onde não houve racionamento e mantendo efeitos no consumo mesmo após o seu término. Foram calculadas as conseqüências do racionamento no consumo de energia elétrica por região, por setor, na demanda e em casos específicos. Os métodos de cálculos foram empregados considerando o crescimento no consumo em 2001, no período pré-crise de energia levando em consideração a sazonalidade dos períodos. As influências do racionamento não ficaram restritas ao consumo de energia elétrica, tendo efeitos no setor elétrico, na indústria, no comércio, na economia, na política nacional e na vida das pessoas em geral. / The electric power rationing was not the first crisis in the electric section, and they happened other crises previously in Brazil and in other countries. The cause of the deficit that generated the rationing, was the growth of the generator Brazilian park didn't accompany the growth of the consumption in the appropriate way. The rationing impactou in the energy consumption electric in a singular way, provoking reduction in the Brazilian consumption around 24%, influencing up to where there was not rationing and maintaining effects in the same consumption after his end. The consequences of the rationing were calculated in the electric energy consumption by area, for section, in the demand and in specific cases. The methods of calculations were employees considering the growth in the consumption in 2001, in the period pré-crisis of energy taking into account the seasonal variation of the periods. The influences of the rationing were not restricted to the electric energy consumption, tends effects in the electric section, in the it elaborates, in the trade, in the economy, in the national politics and in the life of the people in general.

Zhang, Shuqiang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-80). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Routing and Wavelength Assignment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Survivability in Optical Networks --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Optical Multicasting --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Routing and Wavelength Assignment of Optical Multicast --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Current Research Topics about Optical Multicast --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Traffic Grooming --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Static Traffic Grooming --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Dynamic Traffic Grooming --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Contributions --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Multicast Protection with Scheduled Traffic Model --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Energy Efficient Time-Aware Traffic Grooming --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of Thesis --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Multicast Protection in WDM Optical Network with Scheduled Traffic --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Multicast Protection under FSTM --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Illustrative Examples --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Two-Step Optimization under SSTM --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.40 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Energy Efficient Time-Aware Traffic Grooming in Wavelength Routing Networks --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- Energy consumption model --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- Static Traffic Grooming with Time awareness --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Scheduled Traffic Model for Traffic Grooming --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- ILP Formulation --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Illustrative Numerical Example --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4 --- Dynamic Traffic Grooming with Time Awareness --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Time-Aware Traffic Grooming (TATG) --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5 --- Simulation Results of Dynamic Traffic Grooming --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- 24-node USNET: --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- 15-node Pacific Bell Network: --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- 14-node NSFNET: --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Alternative Configuration of Simulation Parameters: --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1 --- Conclusions --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2 --- Future Work --- p.73 / Bibliography --- p.74 / Publications during M.Phil Study --- p.80

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Participatory Sensing (PS) is a new data collection paradigm in which people use their cellular phone resources to sense and transmit data of interest to address a collective problem that would have been very difficult to assess otherwise. Although many PS-based applications can be foreseen to solve interesting and useful problems, many of them have not been fully implemented due to privacy concerns. As a result, several privacy-preserving mechanisms have been proposed. This dissertation presents the state-of-the-art of privacy-preserving mechanisms for PS systems. It includes a new taxonomy and describes the most important issues in the design, implementation, and evaluation of privacy-preserving mechanisms. Then, the most important mechanisms available in the literature are described, classified and qualitatively evaluated based on design issues. The dissertation also presents a model to study the interactions between privacy-preserving, incentive and inference mechanisms and the effects that they may have on one another, and more importantly, on the quality of information that the system provides to the final user. Then, a new hybrid privacy-preserving mechanism is proposed. This algorithm dynamically divides the area of interest into cells of different sizes according to the variability of the variable of interest being measured and chooses between two privacy-preserving mechanisms depending on the size of the cell. In small cells, where participants can be identified easier, the algorithm uses a double-encryption technique to protect the privacy of the participants and increase the quality of the information. In bigger cells, where the variability of the variable of interest is low, data anonymization and obfuscation techniques are used to protect the actual location (privacy) of the participant. The proposed mechanism is evaluated along with other privacy-preserving mechanisms using a real PS system for air pollution monitoring. The systems are evaluated considering the quality of information provided to the final user, energy consumption, and the level of privacy protection. This last criterion is evaluated when the adversary is able to compromise one or several records in the system. The experiments show the superior performance of proposed mechanism and the existing trade-offs in terms of privacy, quality of information, and energy consumption.

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