Les études à long-terme confirment que la combinaison d’un déficit calorique et d’un programme d’exercice est une intervention plus profitable quant à la perte de poids qu’un régime hypocalorique ou un programme d’exercice seul. Toutefois, la perte de poids moyenne de l’approche combinée est en générale inférieure à celle estimée sur la base du déficit calorique et de la dépense énergétique du programme d’exercice. L’objectif principal de cette étude portait sur l’investigation des effets d’un déficit calorique et de l’exercice sur l’apport calorique, la dépense énergétique totale, la thermogenèse d’origine autre que l’exercice et la compensation alimentaire post-exercice chez les jeunes femmes. Huit jeunes femmes de poids normal et inactives ont participé à quatre conditions expérimentales : contrôle; exercice, où une séance d’exercice à intensité modérée a été réalisée; déficit calorique, où un déficit calorique de 25% pour une période de 3 jours consécutifs a été respecté; et exercice/déficit calorique. À la suite de chaque session, un repas ad libitum à l’heure du dîner a été offert aux participantes et des boîtes à lunch contenant des aliments à volonté choisis par l’entremise de menu ont été remises à ces dernières pour couvrir l’apport calorique pour la journée (jour 1) ainsi que la journée subséquente (jour 2). De plus, un accéléromètre a été remis à chaque participante après chaque séance expérimentale pour être en mesure d’estimer la dépense énergétique liée à l’activité physique pour le jour 1 et jour 2. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les différentes conditions expérimentales pour l’apport calorique au repas ad libitum post-exercice, au jour 1 ainsi qu’au jour 2. De plus, aucune différence significative n’a été notée pour la dépense énergétique totale ainsi que la thermogenèse d’origine autre que l’exercice et aucune compensation alimentaire post-exercice n’a été observée en fonction des conditions expérimentales. Ces résultats suggèrent que la combinaison d’un déficit calorique de 3 journées consécutives avant une séance d’exercice d’intensité modérée n’influence pas l’apport calorique post-exercice, la dépense énergétique totale, la thermogenèse d’origine autre que l’exercice et n’engendre pas de compensation alimentaire post-exercice. Un déficit calorique combiné à l’exercice d’une période plus prolongée pourrait être nécessaire afin d’observer une augmentation de la compensation alimentaire post-exercice pendant une intervention qui vise à induire une perte de poids.

This thesis aims to determine energy compensation following exercise induced energy expenditure (ExEE). The specific objectives were: I) to determine the impact of the time spent performing physical activity (PA) of varying intensities on body weight and composition (Study 1); II) to determine the overall energy compensation and the major predictors of energy compensation through the systematic review approach (Study 2); III) to develop new methods to measure energy intake (EI) (Study 3) and time spent performing different activities (Study 4); IV) to determine the effects of a lower (LI) and higher intensity (HI) ExEE intervention on energy compensation (Study 5); and V) to investigate the inter-individual variability regarding exercise induced energy compensation (Study 6). In Study 1, women spending more time performing light-intensity PA were shown to have lower adiposity compared to women spending more time performing moderate- and high-intensity PA. Results from Study 2 (systematic review) show an overall energy compensation of 25% following exercise interventions and that fat mass (FM), exercise intensity and duration of the intervention are the main predictors of energy compensation. To better capture energy compensation (i.e., EI and EE), new methods to measure EI and time spent performing activities were developed (Studies 3 and 4) and used in the following studies. In Study 5, overweight/obese women training at HI displayed higher energy compensation when compared to women training at LI, which was accompanied by a reduction of NSPA (non-structured physical activity) and a greater amount of time spent lying down. Results from Study 6 showed that complete compensators (CC) had higher EI, fat and carbohydrate intake at the onset of the ExEE intervention when compared to incomplete compensators (IC). However, the results also showed that dietary disinhibition was increased, whereas NSPA was decreased at the end of the intervention in IC. Taken together, these studies emphasize that weight loss following exercise is impeded by energy compensation. In addition to the impact of FM, exercise intensity and duration of the intervention on energy compensation, NSPA and cognitive factors also seem to modify energy compensation that occurs as a result of exercise.

abstract: The assessment and evaluation of dietary intake and nutrition knowledge in female athletes is especially important due to the high prevalence of inadequate intake in this population (Black et al., 2019). This study evaluated 1) the relationship of nutrition knowledge and dietary intake among collegiate female athletes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA), and Club sport levels and 2) the impact of competition level on this relationship as well. Participants (NCAA DI, n=51; NJCAA, n = 36; Club, n = 37) in this study answered two questionnaires, the Nutrition Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ) and the Rapid Eating Assessment for Participants (REAP) questionnaire to assess knowledge and dietary intake. Participants also provided anthropometric and demographic information. The NSKQ was scored as a whole and for each of the four subcategories. REAP was scored both by tallying the number of “usually/often” frequency responses and given a numeral score to estimate diet quality. Statistical analysis was conducted using Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square and Spearman’s correlation tests to compare differences within subgroups of participants and evaluate any relationships that may exist between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake with significance set at p≤0.05. Differences in nutrition knowledge between competition groups were significant, H(2)= 16.94, p< 0.001. NCAA DI (p<0.001) and Club (p<0.001) athletes had higher nutrition knowledge than athletes at the NJCAA level. This was true for overall knowledge as well as knowledge subcategories. However, minimal relationships between nutrition knowledge and dietary intake were found. The overall correlation value was rs(118)= -0.10 (95%CI: -0.28 to 0.08), p>0.05. This suggests those with higher nutrition knowledge did not necessarily have better dietary intake. Improvements in the assessment of nutrition knowledge and quick assessment of dietary quality and the relation between both is needed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Nutrition 2020

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21603号 / 理博第4510号 / 新制||理||1647(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 森 哲, 教授 沼田 英治, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Research suggests declines in physical activity may occur after age 12. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between adolescent physical activity, BMI, and nutrition. Adolescents, ages 12-17 (N = 223), wore pedometers for 11 consecutive days and completed a nutrition survey, the Youth Adolescent Questionnaire. Activity levels did not differ among the ages of 12-17 year old adolescents, and boys were more active than girls. There was a low, but significant relationship between BMI and physical activity levels for both boys and girls. Energy intake was not related to BMI or physical activity levels in boys or girls.

This study examined the effect of acute exercise on food motivation, energy intake, and total physical activity in normal-weight and obese women. Participants of both groups were matched (except for Body Mass Index) and conditions (exercise vs. non-exercise) were randomized and counter-balanced. Eighteen normal-weight and 17 obese women completed an exercise and non-exercise day, each performed on the same day of the week. Exercise was performed on a motor-driven treadmill at 3.8 mph and 0% grade for 45 continuous minutes. To test for food motivation, participants were shown a continuous stream of pictures of food and flowers (control) while neural activity was monitored. Data were analyzed using a 2-group x 2-exercise condition x 2-picture type repeated measures analysis of covariance on event-related potential (ERP) amplitude and latency. Dietary records were analyzed using the Food Processor SQL nutrition software. Physical activity was monitored using a GT1M accelerometer. For both groups under both conditions, ERP amplitude was higher and latency was lower for food pictures compared to flower pictures. When normal-weight and obese women were combined, there was a significant condition*picture type interaction for late positive potential (P=0.04) with participants showing less neurological response to food pictures following a 45-minute exercise bout. Exercise did not alter energy intake. However, the exercise condition resulted in significantly more total physical activity, moderate intensity, vigorous intensity, moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) intensity activity, and less sedentary time than the non-exercise condition. There was a significant group*condition interaction for MVPA (P=0.043) with obese women showing less MVPA than the normal-weight group. The sample of women studied did not show neurological differences in response to pictures of food based upon BMI. However, exercise decreased neurological responses to food, which may indicate lower food motivation. A supervised and planned exercise bout dramatically increased total physical activity in normal-weight and obese women compared to a day without planned exercise. There may be some negative compensation for MVPA in obese women following a 45-minute exercise bout compared to normal-weight women.

PURPOSE: Television (TV) viewing remains a popular form of screen time for adults. However, it is important to understand the obesity risks associated with other screens, not only TV, in a changing media landscape. This study aimed to examine the association between energy intake, BMI, and screen time using the data obtained from the AIM-2 wearable camera. METHODS: The AIM-2 device was used by (n=18) participants for seven consecutive days. Three days of images from the device were analyzed for energy intake, and 1 of these days was coded for screen use (i.e., TV, phone, and computer), the number of screens, and screen duration while eating. A preliminary analysis of screen use in relation to BMI and energy intake was conducted. Potential confounders (age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, and education level) were considered. RESULTS: Phones were the most used screen type, and TV alone was not watched by any participants. While eating, screens were used 73% of the time. Participants with the highest screen time usage consumed more total energy than those with the lowest screen time usage (p<0,.05). This difference was attenuated when controlling for duration of eating, perhaps suggesting that higher screen time usage may lead to an extended eating duration and, thus, higher intakes of energy. There were no statistically significant associations between any screen time variable (type, duration, or number of screens used) and BMI. Screen time usage was examined during four time periods: before 11:00 am; 11:00 am-2:59 pm; 3:00 pm-7:59 pm; 8:00 pm, and later. There was a statistically significant positive association between higher screen time after 8:00 pm and total daily energy intake (P=0.005). CONCLUSION: Eating while using a screen can be objectively assessed using the AIM-2 device. Our data agree with recent studies showing that phones and computers are used more than TV. While there were no significant associations between any of these screen variables and BMI, data from a single day in this study suggests that those with the highest screen time usage tended to have higher energy intakes. In addition, there was also a statistically significant association between screen time usage while eating later in the evening (after 8:00 pm) and total daily energy intake. These preliminary results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and the availability of only one day of screen use and energy intake. Future studies should examine more than one day and use wearable cameras for objective evaluations of screen use.

Introduction: Health-related behaviours of Canadian adolescents are generally suboptimal. Studies have assessed effectiveness of exercise interventions primarily from an energy balance perspective, but not from a health promotion standpoint. This study assessed the effect of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on dietary intake parameters and eating behaviours of adolescents with a normal weight and excess body weight. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 13 male and 13 female adolescents between the age of 14-18 years old (17 normal weight, 9 with excess weight). The intervention consisted of an 8-week aerobic exercise program on cycle ergometers, aiming for 50-75% of heart rate reserve. Diet was assessed in pre- and post-intervention via 24-hour dietary recalls. Two recalls were collected for each condition: pre- intervention, post-intervention on exercise days and post-intervention on non-exercise days. Diet was assessed for the following dietary intake parameters: food quantity, diet quality and eating patterns. Results: The 8-week exercise program led to a decrease in meal size at lunch and dinner, energy density at breakfast, carbohydrate intake as well as a slight shift in eating pattern of participants. At baseline, participants with excess weight had greater number of daily eating occurrences and portion sizes at evening snacks but consumed a smaller percentage of daily energy intake before school, compared to those with a normal weight. Participants with excess weight decreased their total number of eating occurrences, but not those with normal weight. The exercise program did not influence cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating or emotional eating scores of participants. Conclusion: Significant changes in food quantity and eating pattern parameters, but not in diet quality, were observed following the exercise program. Differences in pre- intervention and in response to the exercise program were observed based on weight status. Future studies with greater sample size are needed to confirm these findings.

No description available.

The population of older adults continues to grow in the US, as does the prevalence of overweight and obesity within this group. Several factors may contribute to age-related weight gain, such as a reduced energy expenditure and energy intake requirements, and a susceptibility to energy over-consumption. Serious consequences result from overweight and obesity, such as increased risk of chronic disease, decreased quality of life and increased healthcare costs. Thus, effective weight management strategies are needed which target this population. Reducing energy-containing beverage intake and increasing water intake are often suggested as strategies for weight loss, yet surprisingly little data exists to support the effectiveness of these strategies. Previous studies have shown that older adults consume fewer calories at a laboratory test meal following a water preload, but it is unknown whether this reduced energy intake can be sustained over time to produce weight loss. Epidemiological studies using self-reported dietary intake have shown that substituting water for energy-containing beverages decreases total energy intake, and that drinking > 1L of water is associated with greater weight loss in overweight women compared to overweight women who consumed < 1L daily. However, these studies were a secondary analysis of a trial comparing multiple weight loss strategies and increasing water consumption was not a primary outcome of interest. To directly address this issue, we hypothesized that increased water consumption would increase weight loss in healthy overweight and obese older adults in combination with a 12-week hypocaloric diet as compared to a hypocaloric diet alone. As hypothesized, older adults randomized to the increased water intake group demonstrated greater weight loss than those randomized to the diet alone group (7.4 kg vs. 5.5 kg, respectively). Because energy-containing beverages contribute to total energy intake without a concomitant reduction in food intake, substituting water or energy-free beverages for energy-containing beverages appears to be an effective weight management strategy for older adults. / Ph. D.