Energy drink consumption has become an increasing problem in the United States; the overconsumption of these products can lead to a myriad of health issues. Anxiety, increased heart rate, myocardial infarction, and death have been associated with consumption of energy drinks. With the health risks linked to energy drink consumption, understanding the use of these drinks is an important area of research. Few studies have reported on energy drink consumption patterns of college students as well as the perceptions of energy drinks on college campuses. It is important to understand the perceptions of energy drinks to assist in determining the reasoning behind the consumption of these drinks. This study used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a conceptual framework to study college students’ energy drink consumption. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the increasing level of knowledge concerning college students and consumption of energy drinks using the TPB, which contains the constructs of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intention. The goal of the research was to further understand the role of energy drink consumption in the college student population. Students in this study (N = 629) completed an electronic questionnaire during August 2015. Results indicated that 74.2% of participants had consumed an energy drink at some point during their life, while 47.1% had consumed an energy drink in the past 12 months. Only 2.5% of participants drank energy drinks daily and 37% reported consuming energy drinks once a month. The largest group of participants (32.4%) reported 13-15 years of age as the first time they consumed energy drinks. Males were more likely to consume energy drinks than females. Logistic regression determined the constructs of attitude, perceived behavioral control, and intention were significant predictors of energy drink consumption. This indicated that students’ attitude, perceived behavioral control, and intention predicted the behavior of consuming energy drinks in the past 12 months. The results of this study may be utilized to address college student engagement in adverse health behaviors, such as the consumption of energy drinks.

SANTRAUKA Raktažodžiai: energinis gėrimas, kofeinas, taurinas, vaikai, perdozavimas, alkoholis. Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti gaiviųjų energinių gėrimų vartojimo paplitimą Vilniaus miesto 5-10 klasių mokinių tarpe ir įvertinti jų žinias apie šiuos gėrimus. Metodai. Tyrimas atliktas anoniminės anketinės apklausos būdu. Anketą sudarė 35 klausimai. Apklausti 1837 trylikos Vilniaus miesto ugdymo įstaigų 5 – 10 klasių mokiniai. Surinktų anketų duomenys buvo apdoroti naudojantis statistinio paketo SPSS 17.0 versija. Kokybiniams dydžiams tirti, požymių homogeniškumui grupėse tikrinti, ryšiui tarp kintamųjų įvertinti naudotas Chi kvadrato (&#61539;2) testas, o mažiems skaičiams (n < 5) – Fišerio (F) tikslusis testas. Rezultatų skirtumas tarp kintamųjų laikytas statistiškai reikšmingu, kai p &#8804; 0,05. Ieškant statistinių-koreliacinių ryšių tarp kintamųjų, apskaičiavimams naudotas statistinis ryšio stiprumą ir kryptį rodantis Spearmano koreliacijos koeficientas. Dviejų nepriklausomų imčių neparametriniam palyginimui buvo naudojamas Mann’o ir Whitney U testas, o daugiau negu dviem nepriklausomoms imtims palyginti – Kruscal’o ir Wallis’o testas. Rezultatai. Nustatyta, kad energinius gėrimus vartojo 32,8 proc. mokinių, juos buvo vartoję, bet nebevartojo tyrimo metu 34,4 proc. ir niekada nevartojo – 32,8 proc. respondentų. Juos vartojo statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau berniukų negu mergaičių ir 7 – 10 klasių mokinių negu 5, 6 klasių. Daugiausiai respondentų energinius gėrimus vartojo 1 k... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / SUMMARY Key-words: energy drink, caffeine, taurine, children, overdosing, alcohol. The aim of the paper: Ascertain the prevalence of energy drinks consumption among the 5 – 10 th form pupils in Vilnius city and evaluate their knowledge about these drinks. Methods: A method of anonymous questionnaires was used, made up of 35 questions. 1837, 5-10 form pupils of 13 educational institutions in Vilnius city were questioned. For data analysis SPSS program version 17.0. was used. Qualitative coherence between variables is established by Chi-square (&#61539;2) test, while small numbers (n less 5) by Fisher’s (F) exact test. Disparity of result between variables assessed statistically important, when p &#8804; 0.05. Searching for statistical – correlative relationship between variables, for computation Spearman’s correlation coefficient. of statistical connection intensity and direction was used. The Mann Whitney U test of two independent samples of non-parametric comparison was used and for more than two independent samples – Kruskal Wallis test. Results: Ascertained, that energy drinks are used by 32.8 % schoolchildren, were using, but have not used during testing 34.4 % and 32.8 % of respondents had never used. Statistics show more significant consumption among boys than girls and more of 7-10 forms schoolchildren in comparison with 5-6 forms. The largest number of respondents used energy drinks once a week (22.6 %), 19.2% - once a month and 17.2 % - twice or four times a month... [to full text]

College students with ADHD, but especially those who consume alcohol, may be at jeopardy for experiencing negative educational and occupational outcomes, problematic substance use, criminal offending, and sexual victimization. Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use is widespread across college campuses and associated with many of these same problematic outcomes. The risk of experiencing these consequences for college students with ADHD may be exacerbated by AmED use given its unique relationship, above and beyond alcohol use, with these variables. This study sought to examine relationships among GPA, lost work performance, hazardous alcohol use, illicit substance use, criminal offending, and sexual victimization in college students with ADHD who use AmED. The sample comprised students (N = 248; 36.3% male, 63.7% female) from the University of Albany’s (UAlbany) and Virginia Commonwealth University’s (VCU) disability support centers, as well as VCU’s SONA psychology subject pool. Hierarchical linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to test six hypotheses. Results showed that AmED use did not predict GPA, lost work performance, or criminal offending. However, AmED use did predict hazardous alcohol use (p < .001), illicit substance use (p < .05), and sexual victimization (p < .05). These findings provide a baseline rate of AmED use in college students with ADHD, and highlight the importance of further research regarding the potential consequences of AmED use in this population.

abstract: The popularization of energy drink use as a supplement to exercise is steadily increasing, especially among young adult males. However, the effects of energy drinks on muscular performance in young adults have yet to be clearly elucidated. Eight male subjects (mean age: 23.3 &plusmn; 4.3 yrs, height: 181.0 &plusmn; 5.3 cm, fat percent 17.8 &plusmn; 5.2%, and weight 85.3 &plusmn; 12.6 kg) completed this randomized double-blinded cross over study. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in acute muscular strength and endurance and Profile of Mood States (POMS) scores between three treatments (RockStar, sugar-free RockStar, and sugar-free caffeine-free Placebo). It was hypothesized that there would be no significant differences in acute peak torque and endurance of the knee extensors and flexors or on fatigue and vigor subscores from the POMS questionnaire. Each man was tested randomly at least 1 week apart. Diet and time of day were held constant across trials. Peak torque of knee extensors and flexors at 60, 180, 240 degress/second and fatigue index and total work were calculated by performing 50 repetitions at 240 degrees/second. There were no significant differences in peak torque, fatigue index, or total work measures or in subjective measures of fatigue or vigor from the POMS between the treatments. This study indicates that RockStar energy drinks have no acute ergogenic effects in young men performing isokinetic strength or endurance testing. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Exercise and Wellness 2012

In my thesis I focused on the analysis of communication strategy of Red Bull Czech Republic, specifically on advertising, communication at the point of sale, public relations and media communications, opinion leaders program, event marketing and digital communications. I started from global communication strategy represented by Red Bull Media House and I have examined, how this strategy is implemented at local level. For this analysis, it was also necessary to analyze market of energy drinks in the Czech Republic, as it stands under the category of soft drinks and what position takes Red Bull. Based on these analyzes, I evaluated pros, cons and suggested possible improvements.

Background: Since its introduction in the early 2000s, energy drinks have become increasingly popular among an extensive range of consumers, including adolescents and young adults. Currently, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not regulate the formulation of energy drinks, which may vary widely in the amounts of caffeine and sugar, as well as various types of supplements. Recent reports of severe and fatal adverse effects related to energy drinks have led to growing concerns on the safety of energy drink consumption. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic daily consumption of energy drinks on cardiometabolic endpoints, including blood pressure, ECG parameters, blood glucose, lipid parameters, weight, body mass index, and body fat consumption in a healthy adult population. Methods: The study was an unblinded, non-randomized, proof-of-concept, prospective study that evaluated the effects of chronic consumption of energy drinks in a healthy, adult population. Each participant consumed two 16 oz. cans of a commercially available ED daily in two divided doses for 28 days. Investigators met with the participants on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the study. Participants were required to complete a standardized log of consumption, which include date and time of consumption, as well an estimate of additional caffeine intake. The following measurements were taken for each participant over the 28 days: blood pressure (BP), electrocardiogram (ECG), fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting lipid panel (FLP), weight, BMI, body fat composition, and serum creatinine. Adverse side effects related to energy drink consumption were also recorded. Wilcoxan signed-rank tests were used to compare and detect statistical difference between endpoints for baseline and maximum post-dose systolic BP, QTc, FBG, FLP, weight, BMI, body fat, and serum creatinine values. Results: Of the 14 total participants that were enrolled in the study, 12 participants completed the full study protocol for 28 days. Maximum measurements in peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP), peripheral diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and heart rate (HR) were found to be statistically significantly higher than baseline measurements (all P < 0.05). The maximum change from baseline to maximum pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, and cDBP were 9±7 mmHg, 5±4 mmHg, 7±6 mmHg, 5±4 mmHg, respectively. Maximum QTcB and QTcF intervals were also statistically higher than baseline (both P = 0.001). The maximum change from baseline in QTcB and QTcF interval were 19±13 ms and 15±10 ms, respectively. Both QTcB and QTcF intervals on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 were all found to be significantly higher than baseline (all P Results: Of the 14 total participants that were enrolled in the study, 12 participants completed the full study protocol for 28 days. Maximum measurements in peripheral systolic blood pressure (pSBP), peripheral diastolic blood pressure (pDBP), central systolic blood pressure (cSBP), central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), and heart rate (HR) were found to be statistically significantly higher than baseline measurements (all P < 0.05). The maximum change from baseline to maximum pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, and cDBP were 9±7 mmHg, 5±4 mmHg, 7±6 mmHg, 5±4 mmHg, respectively. Maximum QTcB and QTcF intervals were also statistically higher than baseline (both P = 0.001). The maximum change from baseline in QTcB and QTcF interval were 19±13 ms and 15±10 ms, respectively. Both QTcB and QTcF intervals on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 were all found to be significantly higher than baseline (all P

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This diploma thesis examines the awareness of students in terms of the risks of energy consumption at two selected secondary schools in Prague according to the number of correct answers. Firstly, it deals with the description and composition of energy drinks in order to find out which substances they contain and how they can stimulate the body. It describes the origin of energy drinks and their development and impact on society and people. The composition of energy drinks is examined and the individual ingredients are inspected, including their effects. In case of objection, the positive effects of consumption are also examined along with consumption risks. The most important part of the thesis is to compare and evaluate the specific health impact on the consumption of energy drinks and the awareness of their effects. Not only is the health impact evaluated, but the social and economic impacts, advertising and the influence of famillial or social background are evaluated also. The main aim of the work was to examine the awareness of students in terms of the risks of energy consumption at two selected secondary schools in Prague according to the number of correct answers. Pupils have been found to consume energy drinks without being sufficiently aware of their effects. They are not sufficiently...

Bakgrund: Många studier är överens om att koffeinet har positiv inverkan på prestation under träning. Emellertid är kvinnor underrepresenterade i forskningsområdet, i synnerhet när det kommer till den hormonella påverkan som menstruationscykeln (MC) kan ha på träningen och de upplevda energi- och ansträngningsnivåerna. Syfte: Undersöka hur koffein i form av energidryck påverkar den upplevda ansträngningen och den upplevda energinivån i samband med träning hos friska, träningsvana kvinnor. Studien syftar även till att kartlägga menstruationscykeln och yttre faktorer för att kunna resonera kring hur det eventuellt kan påverka upplevelsen av energi och ansträngning under träning. Metod: Single Subject Experimental Design (SSED) har använts som metod med en AB-design, vilken består av en baslinje (A) och en interventionsfas (B). Fyra kvinnor deltog i studien och sex stycken mätningar har samlats in under respektive fas hos varje deltagare. En oberoende variabel (koffein) implementerades under interventionsfasen och den beroende variabeln (upplevd energinivå och upplevd ansträngning) mättes. Antal dagar sedan debut av senaste menstruationen inhämtades från loggböcker i respektive fas. Resultat: För samtliga deltagare antydde resultatet att 200 mg koffein gav effekt på ökad upplevd energinivå och hos tre av fyra deltagare gav koffein effekt på minskad upplevd ansträngningsnivå. En ökad upplevd energinivå sammanföll med en minskad upplevd ansträngningsgrad hos tre av fyra deltagare. Menstruationscykeln kan ha påverkat upplevelsen av energi och ansträngning, dock kan ingen effekt påvisas. Slutsats: Resultat från denna studie tyder på att 200 mg koffein innan träning har en ökad upplevd effekt på energinivå och en minskad upplevd effekt på ansträngning hos friska, träningsvana kvinnor med regelbunden menstruationscykel. / Background: Many studies agree that caffeine has a positive effect on performance during exercise. However, women are underrepresented in the research field, particularly when it comes to the hormonal influence that the menstrual cycle (MC) can have on exercise and perceived level of energy and exertion. Aim: To investigate how caffeine in the form of energy drink affects the perceived level of exertion and energy during exercise in exercise-accustomed women. The study also aims to chart the menstrual cycle and external factors to be able to reason about how it can possibly affect the experience of energy and exertion during exercise. Method: Single Subject Experimental Design (SSED) has been used as method with AB design, consisting of a baseline (A) and an intervention phase (B). Four women participated in the study and six measurements were collected during each phase from each participant. An independent variable (caffeine) was implemented during the intervention phase and the dependent variable (perceived energy level and perceived exertion) was measured. Number of days since the last menstrual cycle was obtained before each training session from all participants in each phase. Result: For all participants, the results suggested that 200 mg of caffeine before exercising increased perceived level of energy and reduced perceived level of exertion. In three out of four participants, the results suggested that an increased perceived energy level coincided with a decreased perceived level of exertion. The menstrual cycle may have influenced the experience of energy and exertion however, no effect can be demonstrated. Conclusion: Results from this study suggest that 200 mg caffeine before exercise increased perceived level of energy and reduced perceived level of exertion in healthy, exercise-accustomed women with regular menstrual cycles.

This study aims to examine the relationship between CSR communication by companies in the energy beverage industry and consumers' perception of the communication. Today’s society has during the past few years placed more and more interest on companies and is demanding the consideration for social and environmental responsibilities. Numerous studies show that customers value companies that implement social responsibility, but consumers are not aware of their CSR efforts. When it comes to the beverage industry, a special interest has been directed to energy drink industry due to negative effects on people and the environment. Even though a lot of companies work with CSR, there is a limited focus on communicating that information. The study that has been conducted to obtain the consumers point of view has been based on a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews of twelve consumers. Additional data collected in the study has been provided from primary and secondary sources from five different companies, mainly though the companies' official websites. In this essay, an in-depth analysis has been applied to companies' communication of CSR and the consumers perception. The results of this study show that there is a distinct gap in the communication of CSR between the companies and the perception of the consumers. For the businesses, this means that they are missing out on many possible benefits and thus needs to address their way of communication through improved solutions. In order to address this gap, better application of strategies as well as relevant platforms are required. / Denna studie syftar till att undersöka relationen mellan CSR kommunikation av företag inom energidrycksbranschen och konsumenternas uppfattning av kommunikationen. Dagens samhälle har under de senaste åren ställt allt fler krav på företag och kräver att de tar hänsyn till sociala och miljömässiga aspekter. Ett flertal studier visar att konsumenter värderar företag som implementerar socialt ansvarstagande, däremot är de inte införstådda med vad företagen arbetar med. När det gäller dryckesindustrin har särskilt intresse riktats till energidrycksbranschen på grund av deras negativa effekter för människor och miljö. Trots att många av företagen arbetar med CSR läggs det mindre fokus på att kommunicera informationen. Undersökningen som har genomförts för att ta del av konsumenternas synpunkter har utgått från en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tolv konsumenter. Ytterligare data som har samlats i studien har tillhandahållits från primär och sekundärkällor från fem olika företag, främst genom företagens officiella hemsidor. I uppsatsen tillämpas en djupgående analys på företagens kommunikation av CSR och konsumenternas uppfattning. Studiens resultat visar på att det finns ett gap mellan företagens CSR kommunikation och konsumenternas uppfattning. För företagen innebär gapet att de går miste om flera möjliga fördelar och de behöver därmed åtgärda sin kommunikation genom en bättre tillämpning av strategier och relevanta plattformar.