Seja S(gl_n) a álgebra simétrica da álgebra de Lie das matrizes de tamanho nxn sobre o corpo C dos números complexos. Para \\xi em gl_n*=gl_n, seja F_{\\xi}(gl_n) a asubálgebra de Mishchenko-Fomenko de S(gl_n) construída pelo método de deslocamento de argumento associada ao parâmetro \\xi. É conhecido que se \\xi é um elemento semisimples regular ou nilpotente regular então a subálgebra F_{\\xi}(gl_n) é gerada por uma sequência regular em S(gl_n). Nesta tese é provado que em gl_3 o resultado estende para todo \\xi em gl_3, isto é, as subálgebras de Mishchenco-Fomenko F_{\\xi}(gl_3) são geradas por uma sequência regular em S(gl_3), uma consequência deste fato é que os módulo irredutíveis sobre certas subálgebras comutativas da álgebra envolvente universal U(gl_3) podem ser levantados a módulos irredutiveis sobre U(gl_3). Além disso, é provado que em gl_4 esse resultado é válido para todo elemento nilpotente \\xi em gl_4. O caso geral, que é determinar quando as subálgebras de Mishchenko-Fomenko F_{\\xi}(gl_n) , com \\xi em gl_n, são geradas por uma sequência regular em S(gl_n), é ainda um problema aberto. / Let S(gl_n) be the symmetric algebra of the Lie algebra of the matrices of size nxn over the field C of complex numbers. For \\xi in gl_n*=gl_n, let F_{\\xi}(gl_n) be the Mishchenko-Fomenko subalgebra of S(gl_n) constructed by the argument shift method associated with the parameter \\xi. It is known that if \\xi is a semisimple regular element or nilpotent regular element then the subalgebra F_(g_ln) is generated by a regular sequence in S(gl_n). In this thesis we prove that in gl_3 the result is extended to all \\xi in gl_3, this is, the Mishchenco-Fomenko subalgebras F_{\\xi}(gl3) are generated by a regular sequence in S(gl_3), A consequence of this fact is that the irreducible modules over certain commutative subalgebras of the universal enveloping algebra U(gl_3) can it be lifted to irreducible modules over U(gl_3). Furthermore, is proved that this result is true for all elements nilpotente \\xi in gl_4. The general case, which is determined when the Mishchenko-Fomenko subalgebras F_{\\xi}(gl_n), with \\xi in gl_n, are generated by a regular sequence in S(gl_n), it is still an open problem.

Neste trabalho classificamos, a menos de isomorfismos, as álgebras de Bol de dimensão 2 sobre um corpo de característica 0. Também determinamos suas álgebras de Lie envolvente e, mostramos que existem álgebras de Bol não isomorfas cujas álgebras de Lie envolventes coorrespondentes são isomorfas. Calculamos os grupos algébricos (locais) correspondentes a cada uma das álgebras de Lie envolventes e provamos que todo loop de Bol analítico (algébrico) global de dimensão 2 sobre um corpo de característica 0 é um grupo. Exibimos exemplos de loops de Bol algébricos globais de dimensão n, para todo n > 2, e fornecemos uma condição necessária e suciente para a existência de um loop de Bol algébrico global quando a álgebra de Bol tem uma álgebra de Lie envolvente nilpotente de índice 2 sobre um corpo de característica diferente de 2. / In this work, we classify up to isomorphism, the Bol algebras of dimension 2 over a eld of characteristic 0. We also determine their enveloping Lie algebras and we exhibit two non-isomorphic Bol algebras which have isomorphic enveloping Lie algebras. We determine the (local) correspondent algebraic groups of each of those enveloping Lie algebras and we show that every global analytic (algebraic) Bol loop of dimension 2 over a eld of characteristic 0 is a group. We exhibit examples of non-nilpotent solvable algebraic Bol loops in dimension n for every n > 2, and we were able to give a necessary and sucient condition to decide if a local algebraic Bol loop is global when its enveloping Lie algebra is nilpotent of index 2 and char(F) 6= 2:

This paper deals with studying skeletal animation techniques, and the subsequent design and implementation of skeletal animation extension for the GPUEngine library. The theoretical part describes the techniques of animation, skeletal animation and skinning. The following is an analysis of existing skeletal animation systems. The proposed solution seeks to reduce the data redundancy in the memory while rendering more skeletal models. According to the design a basic skeletal animation system has been implemented. Furthermore, a demonstration application has been created showing the skeletal system's use. The resulting skeletal system can be used in simple 3D applications and can serve as a basis for further works.

Ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude de la combinatoire de deux algèbres de Hopf d'extraction-contraction. La première est l'algèbre de Hopf de mots tassés WMat introduite par Duchamp, Hoang-Nghia et Tanasa dont l'objectif était la construction d'un modèle de coproduit d'extraction-contraction pour les mots tassés. Nous expliquons certains sous-objets ou objets quotients ainsi que des applications vers d'autres algèbres de Hopf. Ainsi, nous considérons une algèbre de permutations dont le dual gradué possède un coproduit de déconcaténation par blocs et un produit de double battage décalé. Le double battage engendre la commutativité de l'algèbre qui est donc distincte de celle de Malvenuto et Reutenauer. Nous introduisons également une algèbre de Hopf engendrée par les mots tassés de la forme x₁...x₁. Elle est isomorphe à l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions symétriques non commutatives. Son dual gradé est donc isomorphe à l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions quasi-symétriques. Nous considérons également une algèbre de Hopf de compositions et donnons son interprétation en termes de coproduit semi-direct d'algèbres de Hopf. Le deuxième objet d'étude est l'algèbre de Hopf de diagrammes de dissection HD introduite par Dupont en théorie des nombres. Nous cherchons des éléments de réponse concernant la nature de sa cogèbre sous-jacente. Est-elle colibre ? La dimension des éléments primitifs de degré 3 ne permet pas de conclure. Le cas du degré 5 permet d'établir la non-coliberté dans le cas où le paramètre de HD vaut - 1. Nous étudions également la structure pré-Lie du dual gradué HD. Nous réduisons le champ de recherche à la sous-algèbre pré-Lie non triviale engendrée par le diagramme de dissection de degré 1. Cette algèbre pré-Lie n'est pas libre. / This thesis deals with the study of combinatorics of two Hopf algebras. The first one is the packed words Hopf algebra WMAT introduced by Duchamp, Hoang-Nghia, and Tanasa who wanted to build a coalgebra model for packed words by using a selection-quotient process. We describe certain sub-objects or quotient objects as well as maps to other Hopf algebras. We consider first a Hopf algebra of permutations. Its graded dual has a block deconcatenation coproduct and double shuffle product. The double shuffle product is commutative so the Hopf algebra is different from the Malvenuto and Reutenauer one. We analyze then the Hopf algebra generated by packed words looking like x₁...x₁. This Hopf algebra and non commutative symmetric functions are isomorphic. So its graded dual and quasi-symmetric functions are isomorphic too. Finally we consider a Hopf algebra of compositions an give its interpretation in terms of a semi-direct coproduct structure. The second objet we study is the Hopf algebra of dissection diagrams HD introduced by Dupont in number theory. We study the cofreedom problem. We can't conclude with homogeneous primitive elements of degree 3. With the degree 5 case, we can say that is not cofree with the parameter -1. We study the pre-Lie algebra structure of HD's graded dual too. We consider in particular the sup-pre-Lie algebra generated by the dissection diagram of degree 1. It is not a free pre-Lie algebra.