“I want my street to be like an extension to my driveway, where the kids can play safely and where the traffic does not bother us,” said one resident. Another said that she “likes traffic... We live in a city.” This gives an idea of the broad range of opinions and views that exist on traffic. Traffic in local streets in a concern for residential amenity. There is always conflict between the residential amenity and traffic access functions of local streets. There is much debate on what a true local road is. The concept of environmental capacity was developed to identify a suitable maximum traffic volume on local streets, without overly adversely affecting residents. It was first introduced by Buchanan and Appleyard in separate research in the 1960s. Both men settled on thresholds of 2,000-3,000 vehicles per day. Chesterman, in 2009, carried out a study in Christchurch, surveying residents on four local streets with varying traffic volumes. He found residents living on busier streets felt that their streets were busier, noisier and less safe. There was also an increasing trend for these residents to have their houses turned away from the street and they tended to have less personal involvement with their neighbours. He found that perhaps a more suitable environmental capacity estimate was between 1,500 and 2,000 vehicles per day. This study looked at further Christchurch streets, this time with street treatments, such as street calming and tree plantings, aiming to find an environmental capacity for these streets as well as seeing whether the street treatments affected the perceived environmental capacity. As well as reinforcing most of the conclusions found by Chesterman, a higher environmental capacity of around 2,000 vehicles per day was found for the surveyed streets. This suggests that indeed, street treatments such as those used in the surveyed streets can increase the environmental capacity, which has implications for local councils who want to maintain road traffic carrying capabilities without having unsatisfied residents.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-11-30T11:43:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oly Azevedo Neto_.pdf: 358444 bytes, checksum: b613a93089618c6d9d90c5114b7ba87a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-30T11:43:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oly Azevedo Neto_.pdf: 358444 bytes, checksum: b613a93089618c6d9d90c5114b7ba87a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 / Nenhuma / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as relações existentes entre o investimento externo direto, o nível de integração vertical da firma, a rigidez ambiental do país sede e a moderação que as capacidades ambientais podem exercer sobre essa variável das empresas listadas no relatório anual WIR – World Investment Report, disponibilizado pela UNCTAD – Conferência das Nações Unidas para o Comércio e Desenvolvimento no ano de 2013. É utilizada análise de dados em corte transversal (cross section) a partir da coleta de dados secundários na base de dados da UNCTAD, no banco mundial (Data World Bank), em relatórios de administração e de sustentabilidade e no Netherland Organization for Applied Scientific Research and National Institute of Public Health’s Environment Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research de 92 empresas listada no relatório WIR, que é publicado anualmente pela UNCTAD, identificando que o investimento externo direto sofre influência negativa do nível de integração vertical levando as empresas a optarem por estruturas de mercado ao investir e que as capacidades ambientais estão positivamente relacionadas com a variável dependente. Não foram identificadas na amostra analisada relações significantes entre o investimento e a rigidez ambiental do país tampouco a influência de moderação que as capacidades ambientais poderiam exercer sobre a rigidez. / The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between foreign direct investment, the vertical integration of the firm, environmental rigidity of the host country and moderation that environmental capacity can have on this variable of the companies listed in WIR annual report - World Investment Report, released by UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2013. It used data analysis in cross section (cross section) from the collection of secondary data in UNCTAD's database, the world bank (Data World Bank), in management and sustainability reports and Netherland Organization for Applied Scientific Research and National Institute of Public Health's Environment Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research 92 companies listed in the WIR report, which is published annually by UNCTAD, identifying the foreign direct investment suffer negative influence of vertical integration leading companies choose to market structures to invest and environmental capabilities are positively related to the dependent variable. They were identified in the sample analyzed relations between investment and environmental stiffness of the country nor the influence of moderation that environmental capacity could have on the stiffness.

[ES] La tesis que a continuación se expone tiene por objetivo analizar la relación entre "forma de la ciudad y movilidad urbana" dos variables recíprocas que interactúan y se complementan constantemente. Siguiendo líneas de investigación abiertas en estudios previos sobre esta relación, a través de: factores del uso del suelo, factores sociales y de las características de la movilidad urbana en las ciudades; se describe el escenario actual de la movilidad urbana en el Área Metropolitana de Lima. Como método se realiza tres análisis consecutivos que se retroalimentan entre sí. El primer análisis y principal tema de investigación de la tesis, sobre la relación "forma de la ciudad y movilidad urbana", analizada a través de los factores del uso del suelo (densidad, diversidad, diseño de la red, accesibilidad al destino, distancia a una parada de autobús), de los factores sociales (características socioeconómicas), y de las características del sistema de movilidad urbana; se describe cómo estas variables han contribuido en la configuración el escenario actual de la movilidad urbana en la metrópoli de Lima. Un segundo análisis, complementario al primero y aproximativo como futura línea de investigación, sobre cómo diferentes tejidos urbanos y sus respectivos modelos de movilidad, pueden contribuir o no a superar la capacidad ambiental de la ciudad de Lima. Un tercer análisis, complementario al primero y aproximativo como futura línea de investigación, sobre cómo el modelo de movilidad urbana en el área de estudio, ha transformado la percepción que tienen los limeños sobre el espacio y el tiempo de la movilidad urbana. / [CA] La tesi que a continuació s'exposa té per objectiu analitzar la relació entre "forma de la ciutat i mobilitat urbana" dues variables recíproques que interactuen i es complementen constantment. Tot seguint línies d'investigació obertes en estudis previs sobre aquesta relació, mitjançant: factors de l'ús del sòl, factors socials i de les característiques de la mobilitat urbana a les ciutats, es descriu l'escenari actual de la mobilitat urbana a l'Àrea Metropolitana de Lima. Com a mètode es realitzen tres anàlisis consecutives que es retroalimenten entre si. La primera anàlisi, i principal tema d'investigació de la tesi, sobre la relació "forma de la ciutat i mobilitat urbana", analitzada a través dels factors de l'ús del sòl (densitat, diversitat, disseny de la xarxa, accessibilitat a la destinació, distància a una parada d'autobús), dels factors socials (característiques socioeconòmiques), i de les característiques del sistema de mobilitat urbana, es descriu com aquestes variables han contribuït a la configuració l'escenari actual de la mobilitat urbana a la metròpoli de Lima. Una segona anàlisi, complementària a la primera i aproximatiu com a futura línia d'investigació, sobre com diferents teixits urbans i els seus respectius models de mobilitat, poden contribuir, o no, a superar la capacitat ambiental de la ciutat de Lima. Una tercera anàlisi, complementària a la primera i aproximatiu com a futura línia d'investigació, sobre com el model de mobilitat urbana en l'àrea d'estudi, ha transformat la percepció que tenen els habitats de Lima sobre l'espai i el temps de la mobilitat urbana. / [EN] The present dissertation has been focused on describing the current scenario of urban mobility in the metropolitan area of Lima city, Peru. This is achieved through to develop an analysis about the relationship between the city-form and the urban mobility, in where the parameters considered here in order to describe its urban mobility, are classified into three principal broad groups, which are: land-use factor, social factor and their characteristics of its urban mobility. Thus, only population density, diversity and design of the city, as well as, the accessibility to the destination and distances to bus stations, are considered in the land-use factor. The socioeconomic characteristics are taking account in the social factor. Whilst, urban mobility describes how all of these variables have contributed to the current urban mobility scenario in the metropolitan area of Lima city. Finally, two different analysis are proposed here as new research branches, which they are in functions of the study previously developed. The first one consists in the study about how the different urban structure areas and its current mobility model are able to contribute (or not) to overcome the environmental capacity of the Lima city. Whilst the second analysis is related to urban mobility model in Lima city and its influence in the perception of its population about the space and time required for urban mobility. / Gracias al Programa Nacional de Becas y Crédito Educativo – PRONABEC del Gobierno del Perú por permitirme disfrutar de la beca Presidente de la República y hacer posible esta tesis. / Conto Quispe, Z. (2021). La movilidad urbana en Lima. Análisis desde la forma de la ciudad [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/167423 / TESIS