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In the United States, biodiversity impact assessment has historically received little attention. Responding in 1993, the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) released guidelines on incorporating biodiversity into environmental impact assessment under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The objectives of the study here were to identify the level of documentation of biodiversity impact assessment in sample Environmental Impact Statements (EISs); identify whether in the years following the release of 1993 CEQ guidelines any significant changes have taken place in assessment of biodiversity; identify deficiencies, and if the need exists, formulate appropriate recommendations and approaches for addressing biodiversity in EISs. The study involved a systematic review of 30 EISs published since the release of CEQ guidelines, and five EISs published prior to it. The review involved answering a series of standard questions, which attempted to ascertain the level of biodiversity impacts included in each impact statement. Trends in approaches to biodiversity impact assessment were investigated and deficiencies summarized. The analysis resulted in a series of recommendations for improving the manner in which biodiversity impact assessment can be approached.

Orientador: Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra / Coorientador: Cleonir Martins Carpes / Coorientador: José Sales Mariano da Rocha / Banca: Flavia Mazzer Rodrigues / Banca: Renato Farias do Valle Junior / Resumo: Este trabalho busca propor indicadores ambientais de políticas públicas a partir da espacialização das características morfométricas e sua relação com áreas em conflito e vulnerabilidade da deterioração ambiental. Como resultado dessa aná-lise as bacias hidrigráficas foram consideradas como unidades de avaliação e foram determinados os parâmetros morfoméricos de área, perímetro, comprimento da rede de drenagem, densidade de drenagem, número de canais, frequência de rios e rele-vo para demonstar os padrões de erosão natural, utilizando a técnica de conflito de uso do solo e de vulnerabilidade da bacia hidrográfica. Os parâmetros morfométricos foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e exploratória multivariada, sendo possível determinar a autocorrelação entre estes e a similaridade das bacias. A es-pacialização dos valores obtidos do número de canais (Nt) gerou indicadores físicos ambientais que possibilitaram a diferenciação de áreas. A identificação das zonas de conflito de uso é uma ferramenta importante para propor planos de manejo e con-servação do uso do solo, auxiliando na tomada de decisão de agentes públicos. O mapa de vulnerabilidade obtido da análise multicritério (MCA) indicou os padrões morfométricos das áreas mais vulneráveis ao processo erosivo natural do solo e consequentemente maior fragilidade ambiental. A alta correlação entre a vulnerabili-dade das áreas valida à teoria do risco de erosão e deterioração ambiental, podendo ser utilizada como ferramenta e indicador da vulnerabilidade ambiental em bacias hidrográficas. A avaliação ambiental da microbacia do Jabuticabal indicou que a área apresenta pequeno impacto e de pouca significância, porém o grau de deterio-ração real médio determinado pela matriz Leopold-Rocha mostra que o ambiente encontra-se deteriorado, uma vez que o valor encontrado está acima da... / Abstract: This study attempts to propose environmental indicators of public poli-cies from the spatial distribution of morphometric characteristics and its relation to areas in environmental conflict and vulnerability of environmental deterioration. As a result of this analysis hydrological compartments were considered as evaluation units, and in them were determined the morphometric parameters as: area, perime-ter, length of the drainage network, drainage density, number of channels, frequency of rivers and relief to evaluate the natural erosion, using the land use conflict tech-nique and the vulnerability of the watershed. The morphometric parameters were submitted to descriptive and exploratory multivariate statistical analysis. The autocor-relation between the morphometric parameters and the similarity between the hydro-logical compartments were evaluated. The spatial distribution of the values of the number of channels (Nt) has generated environmental physical indicators which enbled the areas of differentiation. Identifying the use of conflict zones is as important tool to propose plans of management and conservation of land use, aiding in the making of public officials decision. The vulnerability map of the watershed for the multicriteria analysis (MCA) indicated morphometric standards of the most vulnerable areas to natural soil erosion and consequently greater environmental fragility. The high correlation between the vulnerability of the basin validates the theory of the risk of erosion and environmental deterioration and can be used as a tool and environ-mental vulnerability indicator in watersheds. The environmental evaluation of Jabuti-cabal watershed indicated that the watershed has low impact and of little signifi-cance, but the degree of average of the real deterioration determined by the matrix by Leopold-Rocha shows that the environment is deteriorated, since the obtained value is above the acceptable rate and should be ... / Mestre

Orientador: Celso Eduardo Tuna / Banca: Mateus Ricardo Nogueira Vilanova / Banca: Rubens Alves Dias / Banca: Ricardo Babbay de Souza / Banca: Wendell de Queiróz Lamas / Resumo: O equilíbrio entre preservar o ecossistema, atender às necessidades sociais das comunidades e manter o desenvolvimento econômico, é uma condição de sobrevivência para qualquer tipo de negócio e projeto. Dentro deste contexto, o setor de mineração apresenta uma característica extrativista de grande impacto ambiental, sendo exportado parte dos minérios de ferro beneficiados no Brasil, permanecendo parte dos impactos ambientais em territórios nacionais. Devido à relevância do setor de mineração de ferro para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Brasil, é necessário criar iniciativas mais sustentáveis na dimensão ambiental para o setor. Esta pesquisa busca apresentar uma metodologia para determinar as emissões de CO2 em projetos de terminais portuários de exportação de minério de ferro, introduzindo um novo conceito "Índice de emissões de CO2 de um Projeto". O índice estabelecido utiliza como referência as emissões de CO2 em relação a capacidade produtiva e ciclo de vida do projeto. O trabalho foi delimitado entre o transporte ferroviário, processos internos dos terminais portuários, transporte marítimo e destinos de exportação. Foi consolidado o inventário energético de materiais-serviços aplicado na cadeia integrada de exportação, abrangendo as etapas do projeto: engenharia, construção, operação, transporte ferroviário e marítimo. Os resultados alcançados com o desenvolvimento da metodologia, permitem quantificar de forma prévia na fase de desenvolvimento da engenharia, as emiss... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The balance among preserving the ecosystem, meeting the social needs of communities, and maintaining economic development is a survival condition for any type of business and project. Within this context, the mining sector presents an extractive characteristic of great environmental impact, being exported part of the iron ores benefited in Brazil, remaining part of the environmental impacts in national territories. Due to the importance of the iron mining sector for the socioeconomic development of Brazil, it is necessary to create more sustainable initiatives in the environmental dimension for the sector. This research seeks to present a methodology to determine the CO2 emissions in projects of port terminals of export of iron ore, introducing a new concept "Index of CO2 emissions of a Project". The established index uses CO2 emissions in relation to the productive capacity and project life cycle. The work was delimited between rail transport, internal processes of port terminals, shipping and export destinations. The energy-materials-services inventory applied in the integrated export chain was consolidated, covering the stages of the project: engineering, construction, operation, rail and maritime transportation. The results obtained with the development of the methodology, allow to quantify previously in the development phase of the engineering, CO2 emissions in each stage of the project, enabling the development of projects with greater sustainability in the environmenta... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaf 100. / M.C.P.

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Chaves Jardim / Banca: Darlene Aparecida de Oliveira Ferreira / Banca: Haddad Novaes de Andrade / Resumo: Discursos a respeito dos impactos socioambientais, tidos como consequências do modelo de desenvolvimento capitalista, estão cada vez mais presentes nas empresas, no governo, ONGs, e nos movimentos sociais de toda ordem. Contudo não se trata de discursos homogêneos, uma vez que cada ator social defende pautas específicas, de acordo com seus interesses. Este estudo tem como objeto de pesquisa a entrada do tema ambiental na Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT). O objetivo está em revelar por meio dos discursos de líderes sindicais, os interesses, motivações, práticas e estratégias sindicais, mapeando seus aliados, interlocutores, bem como a inserção da central em espaços sociais estranhos ao mundo sindical. A hipótese de pesquisa apoia-se na ideia de que as organizações sindicais, após o processo de reestruturação ocorrido nas empresas na década de 90, modificaram suas estratégias de inserção e de luta, objetivando a manutenção de sua atuação frente às transformações ocorridas na relação capital/trabalho. O discurso do desenvolvimento sustentável e da responsabilidade socioambiental, proferido pelos sindicalistas, pode fazer parte das novas estratégias sindicais, visando à inserção da central em novos espaços sociais, importantes ao buscar por legitimação e por introdução e defesa de pautas sindicais que relacionam questões trabalhistas e ambientais. O recorte empírico é definido por dois importantes eventos em torno da questão ambiental: a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, a Eco 92, e a Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a Rio +20. Trata-se de uma pesquisa inspirada pela sociologia econômica, pela sociologia ambiental e pelos autores Pierre Bourdieu e Mary Douglas / Abstract: Discourses about the social and environmental impacts , seen as consequences of the capitalist development model , are increasingly present on businesses, government, NGOs , and social movements of all kinds. However it is not homogeneous discourse , since each social actor maintains specific guidelines , in accordance with their interests . This study has as a research input from environmental theme in the Central Workers Union (CUT ) . The aim is to reveal through the speeches of union leaders , interests, motivations , practices and union strategies , mapping its allies , partners , as well as insertion of foreign exchange in the trade union world social spaces . The research hypothesis is based on the idea that trade unions after the restructuring process occurred in companies in the 90s , changed their strategies for integration and fight, aiming to maintain his performance opposite to the changes in the capital ratio / work . The discourse of sustainable development and environmental responsibility , given by the union , may be part of the new union strategies , targeting the insertion of central important in new social spaces , the search for legitimacy and by introducing and defending trade union agendas that relate labor and environmental . The empirical cut is defined by two important events around the environmental issue: the United Nations Conference on Enviroment and Development, the Eco 92, and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, the Rio +20. This is a research inspired by economic sociology, environmental sociology and brought concepts of Pierre Bourdieu and Mary Douglas / Mestre

After more than a decade of environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) provisions within South Australian Planning Act, 1982 it is appropriate to examine the role of the environmental impact statement ( EIS ) as a major element of EIA and an important decision making tool for major projects over this period. The thesis first provides a review of EIA from its overseas origins to its development at the Commonwealth level in Australia. This provides the context within which to examine the system of EIA for major developments or projects in South Australia, which are dealt with largely through the EIS process. The thesis examines the type of projects which, according to the discretionary criteria in the Planning Act, have attracted EIS requirements between 1982 - 1993 and uses this to determine generic groupings of projects. It is noted that marinas represent the largest group of projects with EIS requirements, although EISs have been called for power generation related projects, electricity transmission line projects, tourist related projects, industrial projects, mining projects, water management projects, transport projects and a number of other projects. The thesis examines the number of EISs that have been completed, whether or not the projects have been approved or rejected and to what extent any patterns have emerged. The thesis then focuses on all the completed EISs in terms of their content, timing of preparation, public involvement and response, associated legislative requirements, type and role of developer, type and role of EIS consultant, the assessment of the EIS, and the decision making process. The thesis notes the high approval rate for projects with completed EISs suggesting most of the environmental problems have been resolved or are capable of being resolved. It is also noted that a number of projects are abandoned before the EIS is ever completed and that the few rejected EIS proposals are associated with high numbers of public submissions. Although each of the rejected proposals has a complex history of project development, environmental assessment and negotiations, it is noted that the decision to reject the proposals was ultimately a political decision. The thesis comments on the limited role of the South Australian Planning Commission ( SAPC ) in EIS project decision making in South Australia and the increasing use of the Governor as a decision maker. Although the SAPC is the statutory planning authority it is constrained by having to have regard to the principles in the Development Plan which is geared toward development control rather than for the extraordinary major projects which become subject to EIS requirements. The thesis then examines proposed changes to EIA in the context of early attempts to initiate EIA reform in South Australia through to the current Development Bill. These proposals are placed in context with changes to EIA procedures that have taken place at the Commonwealth level, the proposed development of a national agreement on EIA, and also the implications for EIA which are likely to flow from recent Commonwealth initiatives on ecologically sustainable development strategies. In addition the implications of recently developed environment protection agencies and associated legislation are examined at both the State and Commonwealth levels. Collectively these reviews and analyses provide the context of current thinking on EIA as it is likely to affect South Australian EIA processes in the future. Finally the thesis discusses the evolving role of the South Australian EIS in the context of its evolutionary process and the proposed legislative changes in South Australia, together with other related initiatives. This discussion touches on a number of issues such as public administration, the actual practice of the EIA process as opposed to the theory of EIA and what is written into the EIA legislation. In conclusion an overview is given of the current role of the EIS with some predictions for the future of EIA in South Australia. / Thesis (M.Plan.)--Department of Architecture, 1993.

Sustainable development requires the integration of ecological and social concerns into economic activities. Recent trends in environmental impact assessment (EIA) suggest the eventual use of the EIA process to link socio-environmental attributes with economic decision-making thus allowing for the transition towards a sustainable future. / This thesis is an examination of the proposed Federal Environmental Impact Assessment Act of Canada and the extent to which its provisions seek to ensure a move towards sustainable development.

After more than a decade of environmental impact assessment ( EIA ) provisions within South Australian Planning Act, 1982 it is appropriate to examine the role of the environmental impact statement ( EIS ) as a major element of EIA and an important decision making tool for major projects over this period. The thesis first provides a review of EIA from its overseas origins to its development at the Commonwealth level in Australia. This provides the context within which to examine the system of EIA for major developments or projects in South Australia, which are dealt with largely through the EIS process. The thesis examines the type of projects which, according to the discretionary criteria in the Planning Act, have attracted EIS requirements between 1982 - 1993 and uses this to determine generic groupings of projects. It is noted that marinas represent the largest group of projects with EIS requirements, although EISs have been called for power generation related projects, electricity transmission line projects, tourist related projects, industrial projects, mining projects, water management projects, transport projects and a number of other projects. The thesis examines the number of EISs that have been completed, whether or not the projects have been approved or rejected and to what extent any patterns have emerged. The thesis then focuses on all the completed EISs in terms of their content, timing of preparation, public involvement and response, associated legislative requirements, type and role of developer, type and role of EIS consultant, the assessment of the EIS, and the decision making process. The thesis notes the high approval rate for projects with completed EISs suggesting most of the environmental problems have been resolved or are capable of being resolved. It is also noted that a number of projects are abandoned before the EIS is ever completed and that the few rejected EIS proposals are associated with high numbers of public submissions. Although each of the rejected proposals has a complex history of project development, environmental assessment and negotiations, it is noted that the decision to reject the proposals was ultimately a political decision. The thesis comments on the limited role of the South Australian Planning Commission ( SAPC ) in EIS project decision making in South Australia and the increasing use of the Governor as a decision maker. Although the SAPC is the statutory planning authority it is constrained by having to have regard to the principles in the Development Plan which is geared toward development control rather than for the extraordinary major projects which become subject to EIS requirements. The thesis then examines proposed changes to EIA in the context of early attempts to initiate EIA reform in South Australia through to the current Development Bill. These proposals are placed in context with changes to EIA procedures that have taken place at the Commonwealth level, the proposed development of a national agreement on EIA, and also the implications for EIA which are likely to flow from recent Commonwealth initiatives on ecologically sustainable development strategies. In addition the implications of recently developed environment protection agencies and associated legislation are examined at both the State and Commonwealth levels. Collectively these reviews and analyses provide the context of current thinking on EIA as it is likely to affect South Australian EIA processes in the future. Finally the thesis discusses the evolving role of the South Australian EIS in the context of its evolutionary process and the proposed legislative changes in South Australia, together with other related initiatives. This discussion touches on a number of issues such as public administration, the actual practice of the EIA process as opposed to the theory of EIA and what is written into the EIA legislation. In conclusion an overview is given of the current role of the EIS with some predictions for the future of EIA in South Australia. / Thesis (M.Plan.)--Department of Architecture, 1993.

Univ., FB Rechtswiss., Diss.--Hamburg, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 343 - 365.