No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a general consensus that EIA is limited in its scope. The main concern in this regard is that EIA generally fails to handle cumulative impacts effectively, due to its focus on individual projects. Cumulative effects are changes to the environment that are caused by an action in combination with other past, present and future human actions. The evaluation of cumulative effects generally focuses on potential pervasive, regional environmental problems. Due to its strong focus on sustainable development, Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), by definition, should address cumulative effects. EIAs in South Africa traditionally only considered the "footprint" or area covered by each project component. However, in recent years the cumulative nature of environmental impacts of human actions has increasingly become a visible concern to the South African public, which has led to the need to infuse cumulative effects concepts into environmental assessments. In theory, a SEA is aimed at improving the way in which cumulative effects are dealt with in environmental assessments. This raises the question of whether past and present South African SEA approaches have effectively addressed the issue of cumulative effects. This thesis provides a critical reappraisal of recent experience in SEA with particular reference to its application in South Africa. It is in this context, of the opportunities and constraints of current SEA application, that this study attempts to determine how best to infuse cumulative effects methodology and philosophy into the emerging South African SEA process. This study evaluates three SEA case studies undertaken in South African, in order to assess how effectively cumulative effects are addressed within the current South African SEA process. The analysis focuses on both innovative approaches used in each study, as well as the limitations and deficiencies of each approach. A generic framework was developed in order to provide broad guidelines for practitioners and reviewers. These guidelines focus on how best to infuse cumulative effects philosophy and methodology into the current SEA process. It is envisaged that this methodology will enhance the current SEA process, in order to ensure that environmental issues are placed on the same level as economic and social considerations in future decision making, to achieve sustainable development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming beskikbaar.

Biodiversity offsetting mechanisms are increasingly applied worldwide as a new solution to the current biodiversity crisis. The offsetting approach is idealised as a means to achieve no net loss of biodiversity. Offsetting mechanisms aim to quantify residual biodiversity losses and enable developers to account for residual impacts off-site. Despite rising global application, the effectiveness of offsetting is by no means assured. The question of whether and how offsetting can be operationalised to achieve no net loss has become a key focal point in debates surrounding their effectiveness. Environmental Impact Assessment, or EIA, has been portrayed as an obvious 'vehicle' for integrating offsetting into existing corporate management systems and planning systems, and therefore a key factor over how offsetting mechanisms operate. This research critically investigated the nature of integration and interactions between EIA and offsetting using a three phase qualitative research design, which brought together analysis of emerging policy, expert interviews and in-depth case studies.

No presente estudo foi avaliada (i) a estrutura das assembleias de peixes de igarapés de terra-firme ao longo do contínuo fluvial do rio Machado, na bacia do rio Amazonas, (ii) os efeitos de alterações ambientais sobre as assembleias de peixes de igarapés através de comparações entre áreas íntegras (em uma Unidade de conservação) e alteradas por ação antrópica na bacia hidrográfica do rio Machado, e (iii) a organização espacial das assembleias de peixes de tributários de baixa ordem na bacia do rio Machado através da avaliação dos padrões de co-ocorrência das espécies, identificando os possíveis fatores estruturadores dessas assembleias e através de uma Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismo (PAE). As amostragens foram realizadas entre os meses de agosto e setembro de 2011, junho e agosto de 2012 e julho de 2013, totalizando 81 igarapés. Os peixes foram coletados durante uma hora em um trecho de 80 metros, com o auxilio de uma rede de mão (picaré) e um puçá. Para o capítulo 1, um maior número de indivíduos e espécies foram encontradas no trecho baixo quando comparado o trecho alto da bacia. Todavia, somente foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o trecho alto e os trechos médio e baixo. Assim, rejeitamos nossa hipótese de diferenças entre os trechos analisados, onde esperávamos que a riqueza e abundância de espécies de igarapés aumentaria no gradiente longitudinal cabeceira-foz do rio Machado. Contudo, apesar da não confirmação da hipótese, um padrão de adição e substituição de espécies foi observado do trecho alto para o médio, e um padrão de substituição de espécies foi observado do trecho médio para o baixo. Referente ao capítulo 2, apontamos que apesar da área desflorestada não apresentar diferenças marcantes na riqueza de espécies e abundância, quando comparada com a área com igarapés conservados, esta (área desflorestada) apresentou elevada similaridade a nível composicional entre os igarapés amostrados (menor diversidade beta), diferentemente dos igarapés localizados na Rebio, que apresentaram maior número de espécies com hábitos mais especializados. Igarapés desflorestados apresentaram homogeneização da sua ictiofauna em comparação com igarapés providos de mata ripária, refletindo a maior homogeneização estrutural encontrada em igarapés com baixo percentual de cobertura vegetal. Dessa forma, a retirada da cobertura vegetal em igarapés com comunidades mais diversificads e especializadas, como os da Rebio Jaru, promoveria a homogeneização das espécies acarretando a perda destas, assim como a substituição destas por espécies tolerantes a condições ambientais comuns a ambientes alterados. Para o capítulo 3, embora não tenhamos encontrado áreas de endemismo na bacia analisada, apontamos que a influência da estrutura física dos igarapés sobre a composição de espécies é o principal fator modulador da estruturação da assembleia de peixes. Todavia, tal fator não se aplica a estruturação da assembleia baseada na coocorrência de espécies, haja vista que, a análise de toda a bacia com diferentes níveis de uso de solo, apresentou um padrão organizacional não aleatório / This study evaluates (i) the structure of fish assemblages in upland streams in the Machado River basin, (ii) the effects of the environmental degradation on fish community by comparing undamaged areas (Protected area) and impacted areas (human activities) in the catchment of the Machado river, and (iii) the spatial distribution of fish assemblages in low-order tributaries in the Machado. The species distribution was evaluated based on the occurrence data and analysed using the Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE). Sampling was performed on August and September 2011, June and August 2012 and July 2013. In total 81 streams were sampled. Fishes were actively collected using seine nets and dip nets. In Chapter 1, a greater number of individuals and species were found in low stretch compared the upper reaches of the basin. Statistical differences were found between the upper reach and the middle and lower reaches. Thus, we reject our hypothesis of differences between the analyzed sections, not confirming the prediction of the that the species richness and abundance increases following a longitudinal gradient. However, despite the lack of confirmation of the hypothesis, a pattern of addition and replacement of species was observed from the top to the middle reache, and a replacement pattern of species was observed in the lower reach. In chapter 2, we point out that deforested streamsttle do not show marked differences in species richness and abundance when compared to preserved streams, this (deforested area) showed high level compositional similarity between the sampled streams (lower beta diversity), unlike the streams located in Rebio, which showed a higher number of species with more specialized habits. Deforested streams showed homogenization of its fish fauna compared to streams provided to riparian forest, reflecting the greater structural homogeneity found in streams with low percentage of vegetation cover. Thus, the removal of vegetation cover in streams with more diversificads and specialized communities, such as the Rebio Jaru, promote homogenization of the species causing the loss of these, as well as the replacement of these by species tolerant to common environmental conditions to altered environments. In Chapter 3, we suggest tha there are no endemism areas in the reffered areas. However, we point out that the difference on the physical structure of streams is the main factor influencing the structure of fish assembly. In this sense is evident that the removal of vegetation in environments with large numbers of specialized fish species may promote the replacement of these by tolerant species and the extinction of species with limited distribution. However, this does not apply to the assembly structure based on the co-occurrence of species, given that the analisis of the whole assembly,with different levels of land use, presented a nonrandom organizational pattern.

The essay discusses the criteria available in Peru’s environmental impact assessment regime for mandatory modification of environmental impact studies as a result of the modification of the underlying project. The paper identifies the gaps in the cross-sector legislation on environmental impact assessment, and the deficiencies of sector-specific legislation on environmental impact assessment, which have privileged quantitative criteria associated to the size of the project, over qualitative criteria associated to the real impact of the amendment of the project. / El ensayo analiza los criterios previstos en el régimen de evaluación de impacto ambiental peruano para determinar la obligatoriedad de la modificación de los estudios de impacto ambiental como consecuencia de la modificación de los proyectos. Identifica los vacíos existentes en la legislación transectorial y las deficiencias de los regímenes sectoriales, los que han privilegiado criterios de determinación fundamentalmente cuantitativos asociados a la magnitud del proyecto, sobre criterios cualitativos asociados al real impacto de la modificación.

No description available.

No presente estudo foi avaliada (i) a estrutura das assembleias de peixes de igarapés de terra-firme ao longo do contínuo fluvial do rio Machado, na bacia do rio Amazonas, (ii) os efeitos de alterações ambientais sobre as assembleias de peixes de igarapés através de comparações entre áreas íntegras (em uma Unidade de conservação) e alteradas por ação antrópica na bacia hidrográfica do rio Machado, e (iii) a organização espacial das assembleias de peixes de tributários de baixa ordem na bacia do rio Machado através da avaliação dos padrões de co-ocorrência das espécies, identificando os possíveis fatores estruturadores dessas assembleias e através de uma Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismo (PAE). As amostragens foram realizadas entre os meses de agosto e setembro de 2011, junho e agosto de 2012 e julho de 2013, totalizando 81 igarapés. Os peixes foram coletados durante uma hora em um trecho de 80 metros, com o auxilio de uma rede de mão (picaré) e um puçá. Para o capítulo 1, um maior número de indivíduos e espécies foram encontradas no trecho baixo quando comparado o trecho alto da bacia. Todavia, somente foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o trecho alto e os trechos médio e baixo. Assim, rejeitamos nossa hipótese de diferenças entre os trechos analisados, onde esperávamos que a riqueza e abundância de espécies de igarapés aumentaria no gradiente longitudinal cabeceira-foz do rio Machado. Contudo, apesar da não confirmação da hipótese, um padrão de adição e substituição de espécies foi observado do trecho alto para o médio, e um padrão de substituição de espécies foi observado do trecho médio para o baixo. Referente ao capítulo 2, apontamos que apesar da área desflorestada não apresentar diferenças marcantes na riqueza de espécies e abundância, quando comparada com a área com igarapés conservados, esta (área desflorestada) apresentou elevada similaridade a nível composicional entre os igarapés amostrados (menor diversidade beta), diferentemente dos igarapés localizados na Rebio, que apresentaram maior número de espécies com hábitos mais especializados. Igarapés desflorestados apresentaram homogeneização da sua ictiofauna em comparação com igarapés providos de mata ripária, refletindo a maior homogeneização estrutural encontrada em igarapés com baixo percentual de cobertura vegetal. Dessa forma, a retirada da cobertura vegetal em igarapés com comunidades mais diversificads e especializadas, como os da Rebio Jaru, promoveria a homogeneização das espécies acarretando a perda destas, assim como a substituição destas por espécies tolerantes a condições ambientais comuns a ambientes alterados. Para o capítulo 3, embora não tenhamos encontrado áreas de endemismo na bacia analisada, apontamos que a influência da estrutura física dos igarapés sobre a composição de espécies é o principal fator modulador da estruturação da assembleia de peixes. Todavia, tal fator não se aplica a estruturação da assembleia baseada na coocorrência de espécies, haja vista que, a análise de toda a bacia com diferentes níveis de uso de solo, apresentou um padrão organizacional não aleatório / This study evaluates (i) the structure of fish assemblages in upland streams in the Machado River basin, (ii) the effects of the environmental degradation on fish community by comparing undamaged areas (Protected area) and impacted areas (human activities) in the catchment of the Machado river, and (iii) the spatial distribution of fish assemblages in low-order tributaries in the Machado. The species distribution was evaluated based on the occurrence data and analysed using the Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE). Sampling was performed on August and September 2011, June and August 2012 and July 2013. In total 81 streams were sampled. Fishes were actively collected using seine nets and dip nets. In Chapter 1, a greater number of individuals and species were found in low stretch compared the upper reaches of the basin. Statistical differences were found between the upper reach and the middle and lower reaches. Thus, we reject our hypothesis of differences between the analyzed sections, not confirming the prediction of the that the species richness and abundance increases following a longitudinal gradient. However, despite the lack of confirmation of the hypothesis, a pattern of addition and replacement of species was observed from the top to the middle reache, and a replacement pattern of species was observed in the lower reach. In chapter 2, we point out that deforested streamsttle do not show marked differences in species richness and abundance when compared to preserved streams, this (deforested area) showed high level compositional similarity between the sampled streams (lower beta diversity), unlike the streams located in Rebio, which showed a higher number of species with more specialized habits. Deforested streams showed homogenization of its fish fauna compared to streams provided to riparian forest, reflecting the greater structural homogeneity found in streams with low percentage of vegetation cover. Thus, the removal of vegetation cover in streams with more diversificads and specialized communities, such as the Rebio Jaru, promote homogenization of the species causing the loss of these, as well as the replacement of these by species tolerant to common environmental conditions to altered environments. In Chapter 3, we suggest tha there are no endemism areas in the reffered areas. However, we point out that the difference on the physical structure of streams is the main factor influencing the structure of fish assembly. In this sense is evident that the removal of vegetation in environments with large numbers of specialized fish species may promote the replacement of these by tolerant species and the extinction of species with limited distribution. However, this does not apply to the assembly structure based on the co-occurrence of species, given that the analisis of the whole assembly,with different levels of land use, presented a nonrandom organizational pattern.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:33:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marcomini_lp_me_bauru.pdf: 1886457 bytes, checksum: cd61637e75c698c91c98929fd18aae0e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A problemática envolvendo cemitério segue muito além do que a sociedade ocidental pensa, e normalmente, as atividades cemiteriais são vistas como algo marcante e perturbador. Normalmente ao longo dos tempos, muitos cemitérios, principalmente os públicos, não se atentaram para as preocupações ambientais, nem tampouco conheciam o risco de contaminação, podendo afetar o meio ambiente e a saúde pública com suas alterações físicas, químicas e biológicas nas águas subterrâneas e superficiais e no solo. Os cemitérios mal implantados podem constituir-se numa potencial fonte de poluição, sendo diversas problemáticas envolvidas, aos quais citamos como exemplo os extravasamentos dos líquidos coliqualivos ou conhecidos como necrochorume, as erosões internas das quadras e jazigos, a falta de espaço físico urbano, as construções insustentáveis de jazigos, as enchentes ocorridas no interior dos cemitérios, a questão dos resíduos produzidos nestes empreendimentos, o aumento significativo dos furtos e violações de jazigos, além dos altos custos de um enterro, dentre outros. Diante deste cenário atual, o presente trabalho apresenta e analisa os estudos prévios demonstrados no Relatório Ambiental Preliminar (RAP) ao qual subsidiou a avaliação de impacto ambiental para conquista do licenciamento ambiental para o Cemitério Parque Jardim dos Lírios. E com isso, atentou-se para as mudanças em relação ao tratamento destes empreendimentos, seja na avaliação dos impactos ambientais, seja na adequação do plano diretor municipal, seja nas inovações da construção cemiterial, seja nas operações e gestão ambiental destas atividades. Apresenta-se ainda, as legislações aplicáveis e adequáveis ao caso, as Resoluções CONAMA nº 335 de 2003; nº 368 de 2006 e nº 402 de 2008, e que historicamente tornaram-se... / The problematic involving cemetery goes far beyond what the western society thinks, and ordinarily, the chemeterial activities are seen as something remarkable and troublesome. Notably over time, many cemeteries, mainly the public, did not pay attention to the environmental concerns, nor even knew the risk of infection, being able to affect the environment and the public health with its physical, chemical and biological changes in the superficial, groundwater and in the ground. The cemeteries poorly implemented might become a potential source of pollution being several problems involved, which we quoted as examples the leakages of colligative liquids or known as necrochorume, the internal erosions of the blocks and graves, the lack of physical urban space, the unsustainable buildings of graves, the floods that occurred into the cemeteries, the matter of wase produced in these ventures, the significant increase of thefts and violations of the graves, besides the high cost of a funeral, among others. Before this current scenario, the present project introduces and analyzes the previous studies shown in the Preliminary Environmental Report (PER) which subsidied the evaluation of environmental impact to the conquer of the environmental permit to the cemetery Parque Jardim dos Lírios. And thus, it was observed that the changes related to the treatment of these ventures, in the evaluation of environmental impacts, in the adequacy of the municipal master plan, in the innovation of the cemetery construction, in the operations and environemental management of these activities. It also has, the suitable and apllicable laws to the case, the Resolutions CONAMA 335 from 2003; 368 from 2006 and 402 from 2008, and which historically became the first specific normalizations to the case, besides another existing environmental laws... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_aa_dr_jabo.pdf: 620176 bytes, checksum: 98b4a097fa9308a71c6c9ed07d9ad748 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Avaliou-se a enzima fitase, através de sua matriz nutricional, em rações formuladas com níveis decrescentes de nitrogênio e fósforo, sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de galinhas poedeiras, visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental. Foram alojadas 336 poedeiras comerciais com 24 semanas de idade da linhagem Isa Brown, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, com sete repetições de oito aves cada. Os tratamentos constituíram de três níveis de proteína bruta (17, 15 e 13%) e dois níveis de inclusão da enzima fitase (0 e 500 FTU/kg ração). Durante cinco períodos de produção (28 dias cada), foram avaliados os carasterísticas de desempenho (consumo de ração, produção de ovos, peso dos ovos e conversão alimentar) e qualidade dos ovos (unidade Haugh, índice gema, espessura de casca e percentagem de casca, gema e albúmen). A excreção ambiental de nutrientes e a viabilidade econômica do uso dessas rações também foram avaliadas. Através dos resultados pode-se verificar que a matriz nutricional da fitase utilizada permitiu diminuir a quantidade de fosfato bicálcico da ração sem causar prejuízos ao desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras, bem como reduções moderadas dos níveis de proteína bruta (15%) da ração. Além disso, conseguiu-se reduzir a excreção de nitrogênio em 10,8% e de fósforo de 37,8%, diminuindo o impacto ambiental e utilizando uma ração economicamente viável / The aim of the study was to evaluate the enzye phytase, through his matrix nutritional, in diets with decreasing levels of nitrogen and phosphorus on performance and egg quality of laying hens, order at reducing environmental impact. Were housed 336 laying hens at 24 weeks old Isa Brown line, distributed in a completely randomized in a 3 x 2 factorial design with seven replications of eight birds. The treatments consisted of three levels of crude protein (17, 15 and 13%) and two levels of phytase (0 and 500 FTU / kg diet). Five periods producing (28 days each) analyzed the performance characteristics (feed intake, egg production, egg weight and feed conversion) and egg quality (Haugh unit, yolk index, shell thickness and percentage of shell, yolk and albumen). Environmental excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus and economic feasibility of using these diets were also evaluated. Through the results can be verified that the matrix's nutritional phytase used thus reducing the amount of dicalcium phosphate to the diet without jeopardize the performance and egg quality of laying hens and moderate reductions in the levels of crude protein (15%) ration. Furthermore, was achieved able to reduce nitrogen excretion by 10.8% and 37.8% of phosphorus, reducing the environmental impact and using a feed economically viable

Beach‐cast kelp (principally Laminaria spp.), known as macroalgal wrack, has been suggested as a feedstock for biofuel. However, to be extracted sustainably it is necessary to understand its ecological role and predict the impacts of its removal. Field‐based observations combined with food web modelling were used to predict the ecosystem effects of removing wrack from beaches of the Uists, western Scotland. Beaches with wrack were associated with enriched benthic infauna (polychaetes) on the lower shore, and wrack mounds supported abundant macroinvertebrates (mainly Diptera larvae and oligochaetes); with some of the highest biomasses reported globally for beaches. These fauna are valuable prey to shorebirds, as demonstrated by a strong positive relationship (R2 = 0.82) between wader abundances and the percentage cover of wrack on beaches. Inshore, drifting macroalgae was associated with elevated abundances of detritivorous hyperbenthic fauna (mysids, isopods and gammarid amphipods). In addition, the volume of drifting macroalgae inshore was a significant predictor (along with physical beach characteristics) for the abundance of decapods and fish. Food web models and network analysis indicated that beaches which accumulate wrack had a greater diversity of trophic links and more functional redundancy, making their food webs more resilient to perturbations. Such perturbations may include stressors induced by climate change, such as increased erosion of sediments during storms, elevated atmospheric and sea surface temperatures and elevated CO2 concentrations. Model simulations of wrack harvesting predicted an immediate decline in primary consumers in direct proportion to the quantity of wrack removed, and a slow decline in shorebirds in response to reduced prey. Primary consumers were predicted to recover to their pre‐harvest biomasses within 1 to 2 years regardless of harvesting intensity, but recovery times for shorebirds were an order of magnitude longer, and increased with harvesting intensity. Harvesting more than 50% wrack predicted a ‘collapse’ in wader populations within 25 years, and recovery times of 45‐60 years were estimated if >70% wrack was removed. The findings of this thesis suggest wrack provides essential food and shelter to coastal fauna, and its large‐scale removal would have significant negative impacts to the ecosystem functioning.