Environmental pressures from consumer products and mechanisms of predetermination were examined in this thesis using causal loop diagram (CLD) and life cycle assessment (LCA) footprinting to respectively illustrate and provide some indicators about these mechanisms. Theoretical arguments and their practical implications were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis, using secondary and primary data. A study integrating theories from various research fields indicated that combining product-service system offerings and environmental policy instruments can be a salient aspect of the system change required for decoupling economic growth from consumption and environmental impacts. In a related study, modes of system behaviour identified were related to some pervasive sustainability challenges to the design of electronic products. This showed that because of consumption and investment dynamics, directing consumers to buy more expensive products in order to restrict their availability of money and avoid increased consumption will not necessarily decrease the total negative burden of consumption. In a study examining product systems, those of washing machines and passenger cars were modelled to identify variables causing environmental impacts through feedback loops, but left outside the scope of LCA studies. These variables can be considered in LCAs through scenario and sensitivity analysis. The carbon, water and energy footprint of leather processing technologies was measured in a study on 12 tanneries in seven countries, for which collection of primary data (even with narrow systems boundaries) proved to be very challenging. Moreover, there were wide variations in the primary data from different tanneries, demonstrating that secondary data should be used with caution in LCA of leather products. A study examining pre-consumer waste developed a footprint metric capable of improving knowledge and awareness among producers and consumers about the total waste generated in the course of producing products. The metric was tested on 10 generic consumer goods and showed that quantities, types and sources of waste generation can differ quite radically between product groups. This revealed a need for standardised ways to convey the environmental and scale of significance of waste types and for an international standard procedure for quantification and communication of product waste footprint. Finally, a planning framework was developed to facilitate inclusion of unintended environmental consequences when devising improvement actions. The results as a whole illustrate the quality and relevance of CLD; the problems with using secondary data in LCA studies; difficulties in acquiring primary data; a need for improved waste declaration in LCA and a standardised procedure for calculation and communication of the waste footprint of products; and systems change opportunities for product engineers, designers and policy makers. / <p><strong>Jury committee</strong></p><p></p><p><strong>Henrikke Baumann, </strong>Associate Professor<strong></strong></p><p>Chalmers University of Technology</p><p>Department of Energy and Environment</p><p>Division of Environmental System Analysis</p><p></p><p><strong>Joakim Krook, </strong>Associate Professor</p><p>Linköpings Universitet</p><p>Department of Management and Engineering (IEI) / Environmental Technology and Management (MILJÖ)</p><p></p><p><strong>Karl Johan Bonnedal, </strong>Associate Professor</p><p>Umeå University</p><p>Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE)</p><p></p><p><strong>Sofia Ritzén</strong>, Professor</p><p>KTH Royal Institute of Technology</p><p>School of Industrial Engineering and Management</p><p>Department of Machine Design</p><p>Integrated Product Development</p><p>QC 20160405</p><p></p>

The significant increase in metal mining and the inevitability of the continuation of this trend suggests that environmental pressures, as well as related impacts, have become an issue of global relevance. Yet the scale of the impact remains, to a large extent, unknown. This paper examines the mining sector's demands on CO2 emissions, water use, as well as demands on land use focusing on four principal metals: iron, aluminium (i.e., bauxite ore), copper, and gold. These materials represent a large proportion of all metallic materials mined in terms of crude tonnage and economic value. This paper examines how the main providers of mining data, the United Nations, government sources of some main metal producing and consuming countries, the scientific literature, and company reports report environmental pressures in these three areas. The authors conclude that, in the global context, the pressure brought about by metal mining is relatively low. The data on this subject are still very limited and there are significant gaps in consistency on criteria such as boundary descriptions, input parameter definitions, and allocation method descriptions as well as a lack of commodity and/or site specific reporting of environmental data at a company level.

A Grande Jazida Candiota, localizada no Município homônimo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, possui o maior depósito de carvão mineral do país. Desde 1970 em operação, a Usina Termoelétrica (UTE) Presidente Médici opera atualmente com potência nominal de 796 MW, distribuídas em cinco unidades. Na mesma região encontra-se em instalação a UTE Pampa Sul, com potência nominal de 340 MW, enquanto outras usinas, totalizando 2.527 MW, estão em distintas fases de licenciamento ambiental federal (LAF). Na presente pesquisa aplicou-se o modelo regulatório CALPUFF para avaliar o comportamento da dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos das fontes fixas prognosticando a vulnerabilidade ambiental em termos de saturação da bacia atmosférica pela estimativa do Índice de Pressão Ambiental (IPA). Pela análise de agrupamento das respostas das simulações incidentes em receptores dos núcleos urbanos, estimou-se o risco populacional em termos de Fração de Ingestão (FI) de poluentes. Ao compararmos o cenário futuro com o atual, apesar de maior distribuição espacial das fontes de emissão e significativo acréscimo de potência, as taxas de emissão total de SO2 e MP para a área em estudo serão reduzidas entre os atuais 3.266,1 g SO2/s e 696,3 g MP/s para futuros 1.899,9 g SO2/s e 261,7 g MP/s. Contudo, para o poluente NOx esta tendência é inversa, passando da atual taxa de emissão de 375,8 g NOx/s para 1.423,9 g Nox/s. Para o período de 2011 a 2013, ao compararmos as médias anuais de poluentes entre o cenário atual e o futuro, contabilizou-se para a FI redução média de cerca de 15% de SO2 e 42% de MP, ao passo que houve elevação de cerca de 524% para NOx. Avaliando-se a distribuição espacial da poluição provocada pelos três compostos, aplicou-se o IPA para raios concêntricos de influência considerando as médias anuais, concluindo-se que o cenário futuro exerce menor saturação na bacia aérea e portanto menores índices de vulnerabilidade ambiental e risco populacional. A sensibilidade e performance do modelo foram avaliadas por métodos estatísticos, concluindo-se que o mesmo é aplicável pois atendem os critérios de fração de predição, tendência média e de espalhamento aleatório. / The Great Coal-Bed of Candiota, located in the homonymous municipality of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, has the largest coal deposit in the country. Since 1970 in operation, Presidente Médici Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) currently operates with nominal power of 796 MW, distributed in five units. In the same region, the Pampa Sul TPP is under construction, with a nominal power of 340 MW; while other plants, totaling 2,527 MW, are in different phases of federal environmental licensing (FEL). In the present research the CALPUFF regulatory model was applied to evaluate the behavior of the dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants emitted from fixed sources, predicting the environmental vulnerability in terms of saturation of the atmospheric basin by the estimation of the Environmental Pressure Index (EPI). The population risk in terms of Intake Fraction (IF) of pollutants was estimated by grouping the responses of the simulations incident on receptors of the urban nuclei. When comparing the future scenario with the current one, in spite of a greater spatial distribution of emission sources and a significant increase in power, the total emission rates of SO2 and MP for the study area will be reduced from the current 3,266.1 g SO2 / s 696.3 g MP / s for futures 1,899.9 g SO2 / s and 261.7 g MP / s. However, for the NOx pollutant this trend is reversed, from the current emission rate of 375.8 g NOx / s to 1423.9 g Nox / s. For the period from 2011 to 2013, when comparing the annual averages of pollutants between the current and future scenarios, an average reduction of about 15% of SO2 and 42% of MP was recorded for FI, while there was an increase of 524% for NOx. The EPI was applied to concentric rays of influence considering the annual averages, concluding that the future scenario exerts a lower saturation in the aerial basin and therefore, lower levels of environmental vulnerability and population risk. The sensitivity and performance of the model were evaluated by statistical methods, concluding that it is applicable because they meet the criteria of prediction fraction, average tendency and random spread.

A Grande Jazida Candiota, localizada no Município homônimo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, possui o maior depósito de carvão mineral do país. Desde 1970 em operação, a Usina Termoelétrica (UTE) Presidente Médici opera atualmente com potência nominal de 796 MW, distribuídas em cinco unidades. Na mesma região encontra-se em instalação a UTE Pampa Sul, com potência nominal de 340 MW, enquanto outras usinas, totalizando 2.527 MW, estão em distintas fases de licenciamento ambiental federal (LAF). Na presente pesquisa aplicou-se o modelo regulatório CALPUFF para avaliar o comportamento da dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos das fontes fixas prognosticando a vulnerabilidade ambiental em termos de saturação da bacia atmosférica pela estimativa do Índice de Pressão Ambiental (IPA). Pela análise de agrupamento das respostas das simulações incidentes em receptores dos núcleos urbanos, estimou-se o risco populacional em termos de Fração de Ingestão (FI) de poluentes. Ao compararmos o cenário futuro com o atual, apesar de maior distribuição espacial das fontes de emissão e significativo acréscimo de potência, as taxas de emissão total de SO2 e MP para a área em estudo serão reduzidas entre os atuais 3.266,1 g SO2/s e 696,3 g MP/s para futuros 1.899,9 g SO2/s e 261,7 g MP/s. Contudo, para o poluente NOx esta tendência é inversa, passando da atual taxa de emissão de 375,8 g NOx/s para 1.423,9 g Nox/s. Para o período de 2011 a 2013, ao compararmos as médias anuais de poluentes entre o cenário atual e o futuro, contabilizou-se para a FI redução média de cerca de 15% de SO2 e 42% de MP, ao passo que houve elevação de cerca de 524% para NOx. Avaliando-se a distribuição espacial da poluição provocada pelos três compostos, aplicou-se o IPA para raios concêntricos de influência considerando as médias anuais, concluindo-se que o cenário futuro exerce menor saturação na bacia aérea e portanto menores índices de vulnerabilidade ambiental e risco populacional. A sensibilidade e performance do modelo foram avaliadas por métodos estatísticos, concluindo-se que o mesmo é aplicável pois atendem os critérios de fração de predição, tendência média e de espalhamento aleatório. / The Great Coal-Bed of Candiota, located in the homonymous municipality of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, has the largest coal deposit in the country. Since 1970 in operation, Presidente Médici Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) currently operates with nominal power of 796 MW, distributed in five units. In the same region, the Pampa Sul TPP is under construction, with a nominal power of 340 MW; while other plants, totaling 2,527 MW, are in different phases of federal environmental licensing (FEL). In the present research the CALPUFF regulatory model was applied to evaluate the behavior of the dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants emitted from fixed sources, predicting the environmental vulnerability in terms of saturation of the atmospheric basin by the estimation of the Environmental Pressure Index (EPI). The population risk in terms of Intake Fraction (IF) of pollutants was estimated by grouping the responses of the simulations incident on receptors of the urban nuclei. When comparing the future scenario with the current one, in spite of a greater spatial distribution of emission sources and a significant increase in power, the total emission rates of SO2 and MP for the study area will be reduced from the current 3,266.1 g SO2 / s 696.3 g MP / s for futures 1,899.9 g SO2 / s and 261.7 g MP / s. However, for the NOx pollutant this trend is reversed, from the current emission rate of 375.8 g NOx / s to 1423.9 g Nox / s. For the period from 2011 to 2013, when comparing the annual averages of pollutants between the current and future scenarios, an average reduction of about 15% of SO2 and 42% of MP was recorded for FI, while there was an increase of 524% for NOx. The EPI was applied to concentric rays of influence considering the annual averages, concluding that the future scenario exerts a lower saturation in the aerial basin and therefore, lower levels of environmental vulnerability and population risk. The sensitivity and performance of the model were evaluated by statistical methods, concluding that it is applicable because they meet the criteria of prediction fraction, average tendency and random spread.

A Grande Jazida Candiota, localizada no Município homônimo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, possui o maior depósito de carvão mineral do país. Desde 1970 em operação, a Usina Termoelétrica (UTE) Presidente Médici opera atualmente com potência nominal de 796 MW, distribuídas em cinco unidades. Na mesma região encontra-se em instalação a UTE Pampa Sul, com potência nominal de 340 MW, enquanto outras usinas, totalizando 2.527 MW, estão em distintas fases de licenciamento ambiental federal (LAF). Na presente pesquisa aplicou-se o modelo regulatório CALPUFF para avaliar o comportamento da dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos das fontes fixas prognosticando a vulnerabilidade ambiental em termos de saturação da bacia atmosférica pela estimativa do Índice de Pressão Ambiental (IPA). Pela análise de agrupamento das respostas das simulações incidentes em receptores dos núcleos urbanos, estimou-se o risco populacional em termos de Fração de Ingestão (FI) de poluentes. Ao compararmos o cenário futuro com o atual, apesar de maior distribuição espacial das fontes de emissão e significativo acréscimo de potência, as taxas de emissão total de SO2 e MP para a área em estudo serão reduzidas entre os atuais 3.266,1 g SO2/s e 696,3 g MP/s para futuros 1.899,9 g SO2/s e 261,7 g MP/s. Contudo, para o poluente NOx esta tendência é inversa, passando da atual taxa de emissão de 375,8 g NOx/s para 1.423,9 g Nox/s. Para o período de 2011 a 2013, ao compararmos as médias anuais de poluentes entre o cenário atual e o futuro, contabilizou-se para a FI redução média de cerca de 15% de SO2 e 42% de MP, ao passo que houve elevação de cerca de 524% para NOx. Avaliando-se a distribuição espacial da poluição provocada pelos três compostos, aplicou-se o IPA para raios concêntricos de influência considerando as médias anuais, concluindo-se que o cenário futuro exerce menor saturação na bacia aérea e portanto menores índices de vulnerabilidade ambiental e risco populacional. A sensibilidade e performance do modelo foram avaliadas por métodos estatísticos, concluindo-se que o mesmo é aplicável pois atendem os critérios de fração de predição, tendência média e de espalhamento aleatório. / The Great Coal-Bed of Candiota, located in the homonymous municipality of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, has the largest coal deposit in the country. Since 1970 in operation, Presidente Médici Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) currently operates with nominal power of 796 MW, distributed in five units. In the same region, the Pampa Sul TPP is under construction, with a nominal power of 340 MW; while other plants, totaling 2,527 MW, are in different phases of federal environmental licensing (FEL). In the present research the CALPUFF regulatory model was applied to evaluate the behavior of the dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants emitted from fixed sources, predicting the environmental vulnerability in terms of saturation of the atmospheric basin by the estimation of the Environmental Pressure Index (EPI). The population risk in terms of Intake Fraction (IF) of pollutants was estimated by grouping the responses of the simulations incident on receptors of the urban nuclei. When comparing the future scenario with the current one, in spite of a greater spatial distribution of emission sources and a significant increase in power, the total emission rates of SO2 and MP for the study area will be reduced from the current 3,266.1 g SO2 / s 696.3 g MP / s for futures 1,899.9 g SO2 / s and 261.7 g MP / s. However, for the NOx pollutant this trend is reversed, from the current emission rate of 375.8 g NOx / s to 1423.9 g Nox / s. For the period from 2011 to 2013, when comparing the annual averages of pollutants between the current and future scenarios, an average reduction of about 15% of SO2 and 42% of MP was recorded for FI, while there was an increase of 524% for NOx. The EPI was applied to concentric rays of influence considering the annual averages, concluding that the future scenario exerts a lower saturation in the aerial basin and therefore, lower levels of environmental vulnerability and population risk. The sensitivity and performance of the model were evaluated by statistical methods, concluding that it is applicable because they meet the criteria of prediction fraction, average tendency and random spread.

我國電機電子中心廠企業透過快速的供貨彈性、具競爭力的生產成本、與深厚的製造能力，以OEM/ODM或OBM的方式將產品銷售於全球，在產業供應鏈上扮演舉足輕重的地位，更成為國際大廠不可或缺的合作伙伴。當產品功能不斷推陳出新與創新式樣的同時，各國政府開始注意到產品所含的有害物質對人體與環境皆產生了威脅；生產端和產品廢棄端也產出大量的廢棄物而影響了生態環境，因此，環境保護和永續發展成了各國所重視的議題。例如，歐盟看準供應鏈間環環相扣的利益關係，積極將環保訴求跳脫以往道德勸說的層面而開始立法，希望以歐盟龐大的商業市場為後盾，讓製造商在研發、生產到回收的產品生命週期中，能夠有效降低有害物質的使用量，並建立方便使用者的回收的機制。 在市場瞬息萬變與激烈競爭的壓力下，企業已習慣以專案管理來滿足各時期不同的任務與市場之需求，因此，跨部門合作的專案團隊運作日益頻繁。我國電機電子中心廠企業接受到歐盟和國際大廠對於綠色產品之要求的環保規範與壓力，紛紛成立跨部門的專案團隊，進行供應商管理、研發和製程變革、及成本控管等任務。以往的文獻對於企業環保議題之研究與討論，大部分著重於企業綠色供應鏈管理之建置與環保法規的因應方式，本研究除了涵蓋這方面的探討，更著重於企業因應環保壓力而成立的綠色專案團隊之運作。。因此，本研究以多重個案的研究方式，針對我國電機電子中心廠企業之綠色專案團隊的組織方式與其知識管理程序進行研究，希望能進一步瞭解企業所面對的主要環保壓力來源為何？以及驅動成立綠色專案團隊的因素、團隊結構、與團隊運作之過程為何？ 本研究所得到的研究結論包括：1.不同事業模式的企業，對同一外部環保壓力來源有不同壓力強度的感受；2. 企業內部環保壓力的自發性改變往往是發生在外部環保壓力的推動之後；3. 專案特性為產品或製程的延伸變動、改良、或品質改進，如綠色產品專案，適合以輕量級團隊進行專案之運作；4. 輕量級專案經理在團隊知識管理程序裡的知識吸收、創造、蓄積與擴散之運作中，扮演主要的角色；5. 由中立的高階主管擔任跨部門專案團隊之專案贊助者（The Executive Sponsor），可避免發生決策偏頗之情形。從本研究對於實務上所提出的建議包括：1. 中心廠企業應有專責人員持續負責綠色產品的推動；2. 企業應創造內部人員成立跨部門專案團隊的機制；3. 由中立的高階主管擔任跨部門專案團隊的專案贊助者。 / When properties and designs of electrical and electronics equipments are renewed more and more quickly, many countries noticed that the waste produce during product life-cycle process by manufacturers, junk by end users, and hazardous substances of products are threatening human healthy and living environment increasingly. Therefore, European Union announced and entered into force of EU environmental directives that induced the industries to pay close attention on the surrounding environment impacts and the healthy & safety risk of people. Thus, we would expect that the electrical and electronics companies in our country faced challenges of Green-Product production. The Taiwanese core factories built up a cross-divisional Green Project Team which coordinated each function to team up with conformed the Green-product regulations by government and customers. However, most of the past studies in the Green-Product issue were focused on how to manage green supply chain efficiently, and how to reply to the Green-product regulations rightfully. Thus, we focus on the organization and knowledge management process of the Green Project team, this issue is rarely touched by researchers. For that reason, this research is more an “Exploratory Research” essentially. This research adopts “Case-Study Method”, looks into the K.M. process of a project team by interviewing with personnel of case companies and reading second-hand materials about the case companies. The study aims to investigate the questions: 1.What is the Green Environmental Pressure a company mainly received? 2. What are the motives of a core factory to build up a Green Project Team? 3. What is the structure of the Green Project Team, and how does the team work together? The preliminary research conclutions include: 1.Companies with different business models face different Green Environmental Pressure. 2. External Green Environmental Pressure influences a company first and then comes the Internal Green Environmental Pressure. 3. Operations of a Lightweight Project Team are suitable for the task of product or processing extension, and quality improvement, just like Green Project. 4. The key person in the knowledge management process is project manager in the Lightweight Project Team. 5. Biased-decision can be avoided by giving the position of cross-divisional executive sponsor to a neutral senior manager.

O ser humano, já nas primeiras civilizações, tem como objetivo principal na vida prosperar e possuir uma quantidade cada vez maior de riqueza e de bens. A cultura do acúmulo de riqueza e de um consumo cada vez maior de bens e serviços faz parte então dos costumes de qualquer sociedade e economia no mundo. O crescimento econômico é, desta forma, objetivo para qualquer economia ao redor do mundo e logicamente do Brasil. Atualmente conceituado com um aumento da produção, este crescimento econômico gera uma série de impactos negativos (degradação) sobre os recursos naturais e ambientais. No longo prazo, estes impactos negativos podem estar levando a uma deterioração irreversível das reservas destes recursos, prejudicando desta forma o desempenho e a prosperidade das economias. O estudo do nível de degradação dos recursos naturais e ambientais e sua relação com o nível de crescimento econômico de uma nação é, desta forma, de grande importância pelos aspectos apresentados. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é, desta forma, exatamente este, estudar a relação entre o crescimento econômico (conceituado como um aumento do nível de renda) e o nível de degradação dos recursos naturais e ambientais, às luzes do modelo EKC (Environmental Kuznest Curve), aplicado ao Brasil. Como a degradação dos recursos naturais e ambientais é multidimensional, necessitando assim uma série de indicadores, e devido a disponibilidade de dados, foram utilizados dois tipos de indicadores: de qualidade de água e de consumo de energia. / Since the beginning of the human society, men have a main objective in life, getting wealthier and have as many goods as possible. The culture of wealthy accumulation and the consuming of a bigger quantity of goods and services is part of the characteristics of any society and economy around the world. This way, economical growth is an essential requirement for any economy, including Brazil. Defined as an improvement of the production, this economical growth also generates some other negative impacts on environmental and natural resources. In the long-run those impacts can be leading to an irreversible situation, bringing up some serious influences on the economical balance and prosperity. For those reasons, the study of the relationship between the economical growth and the degradation of the natural and environmental resources is important for a society. Thinking on it, we have developed a study that analyzes the relationship between economical growth (defined as an increase of the real GDP) and the degradation of natural and environmental resources, applying the concept of the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) model in Brazil. Unfortunately, it’s needed as many indicators of pressure as possible (once that the quality of natural and environmental resources is multidimensional), but, due to that lack of data and to facilitate our study it has been applied the study to two indicators: water quality and energy consume.

O ser humano, já nas primeiras civilizações, tem como objetivo principal na vida prosperar e possuir uma quantidade cada vez maior de riqueza e de bens. A cultura do acúmulo de riqueza e de um consumo cada vez maior de bens e serviços faz parte então dos costumes de qualquer sociedade e economia no mundo. O crescimento econômico é, desta forma, objetivo para qualquer economia ao redor do mundo e logicamente do Brasil. Atualmente conceituado com um aumento da produção, este crescimento econômico gera uma série de impactos negativos (degradação) sobre os recursos naturais e ambientais. No longo prazo, estes impactos negativos podem estar levando a uma deterioração irreversível das reservas destes recursos, prejudicando desta forma o desempenho e a prosperidade das economias. O estudo do nível de degradação dos recursos naturais e ambientais e sua relação com o nível de crescimento econômico de uma nação é, desta forma, de grande importância pelos aspectos apresentados. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é, desta forma, exatamente este, estudar a relação entre o crescimento econômico (conceituado como um aumento do nível de renda) e o nível de degradação dos recursos naturais e ambientais, às luzes do modelo EKC (Environmental Kuznest Curve), aplicado ao Brasil. Como a degradação dos recursos naturais e ambientais é multidimensional, necessitando assim uma série de indicadores, e devido a disponibilidade de dados, foram utilizados dois tipos de indicadores: de qualidade de água e de consumo de energia. / Since the beginning of the human society, men have a main objective in life, getting wealthier and have as many goods as possible. The culture of wealthy accumulation and the consuming of a bigger quantity of goods and services is part of the characteristics of any society and economy around the world. This way, economical growth is an essential requirement for any economy, including Brazil. Defined as an improvement of the production, this economical growth also generates some other negative impacts on environmental and natural resources. In the long-run those impacts can be leading to an irreversible situation, bringing up some serious influences on the economical balance and prosperity. For those reasons, the study of the relationship between the economical growth and the degradation of the natural and environmental resources is important for a society. Thinking on it, we have developed a study that analyzes the relationship between economical growth (defined as an increase of the real GDP) and the degradation of natural and environmental resources, applying the concept of the EKC (Environmental Kuznets Curve) model in Brazil. Unfortunately, it’s needed as many indicators of pressure as possible (once that the quality of natural and environmental resources is multidimensional), but, due to that lack of data and to facilitate our study it has been applied the study to two indicators: water quality and energy consume.

Darbe pateiktas populiacijos dinamikos modelis, kuriame atsižvelgiama į amžių, patelių nėštumą, vaikų priežiūrą, ekologinius veiksnius. Skirtingų lyčių poros sudaromos naudojant harmoninio vidurkio funkciją, ir laikoma, kad poros egzistuoja tik dauginimosi periodu. Daugumoje populiacijų jauniklius prižiūri tik motinos, todėl laikoma, kad jaunikliai miršta, jei žūva juos prižiūrinti patelė. Kiekvienas individas turi priešreproduktyvųjį, reproduktyvųjį ir poreproduktyvųjį amžiaus intervalus. Individai, esantys priešreproduktyviajame amžiaus intervale, skirstomi į jauniklius, kuriems reikalinga motinos priežiūra, bei paauglius, kurie jau yra savarankiški individai, tik dar nepasiruošę daugintis. Reproduktyvaus amžiaus individai skirstomi į patinus, neapvaisintas pateles, apvaisintas pateles ir jauniklius prižiūrinčias pateles. Modelį sudaro integrodiferencialinės lygtys dalinėmis išvestinėmis su integralinio tipo sąlygomis. Lygčių skaičius priklauso nuo biologiškai galimo maksimalaus skaičiaus palikuonių, ir jis yra baigtinis. Limituotos populiacijos atveju surandami separabilūs sprendiniai, nelimituotos populiacijos atveju įrodoma egzistavimo ir vienaties teorema. / A deterministic model for a sexual age-structured population with females pregnancy, maternal care of offspring, and an environmental pressure is presented. The model involves pairs that exist for period of mating only and uses mating function of simplified harmonic mean type. All adult males are treated as singles. Each sex has pre-reproductive, reproductive, and post-reproductive age intervals. All adult individuals (of reproductive age) are divided into males, single females, pregnant females, and females taking child care. All individuals of pre-reproductive age are divided into young and juvenile groups. All young individuals are under maternal care while juveniles can live without maternal care. The model consists of integro-differential equations. Separable solutions are studied for the limited nondispersing population. The existence and uniqueness theorem is proved in the case of unlimited population.

7 Abstract The thesis analyses trends of two environmental aspects in spatial terms of the Czech Republic and timal terms since 1993 till 2010. The two aspects are acid deposition as environmental pressure and defoliation of forest crown as environmental impact. Since one aspect is cause of the other the thesis also analyses trends of relationship between these aspects and comapares the results with the concept of decoupling of environmental pressure from economic growth. Important findings are that despite huge relative decrease of environmental pressure expressed by acid deposition the decrease of environmental impact expressed by forest crown defoliation is very low. Although decoupling occured during the analyzed period it's not possible to say that linkage between "environmental bads" and "economic goods" was broken. The thesis reveals factors that had influence on these findings. The thesis also compares particular concepts of decoupling being used and provides author's input on which of these concepts suits the best analyzing the breakage of the links between environmental pressure from economic growth in all of its aspects. Key words: sustainable development, sustainability, decoupling of environmental pressure from economic growth, acid deposition, defoliation, gross domestic product.