Products generate environmental impacts during their life cycle by consuming raw materials and energy, releasing emissions and producing waste. A procurement organisation can be a considerable driving force for more environmentally friendly products e.g. by requiring that products meet certain environmental criteria. The scope for environmental consideration when procuring materiel can be limited by lack of reliable information about the environmental characteristics of the product or service. Different types of tools (e.g. eco-labels, guidelines, checklists and tools for environmental assessment) can contribute some knowledge and help identify environmentally preferable products. This thesis focuses on use of tools for environmental consideration in Swedish defence acquisition but the results are also relevant for other organisations, since the procurement process analysed is rather general and the legal requirements are similar for other public organisations in Europe. A Swedish government decision in 1998 requires the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) and Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) to take environmental consideration in all phases of the acquisition process. The importance of a life cycle perspective is stressed in several SAF and FMV environmental documents. The starting point of this thesis was that environmental consideration should be taken in the Swedish acquisition of defence materiel, considering the whole life cycle of products, with the aim of formulating proposals on environmentally friendly procurement. Some Ecodesign tools were reviewed and evaluated, two methods for simplified Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were compared, tools and methodology were recommended, and used to study military materiel, and environmental Life Cycle Costing (LCC) was examined. In environmental work lacking a life cycle perspective, the most significant aspects risk being overlooked. Use of quantitative and/or simplified LCAs and inclusion of environmental costs in LCC are therefore recommended. LCA proved an appropriate tool for involving environmental consideration in the acquisition process, since it focuses on products and their life cycle. The MECO method proved best for simplified LCA. These suggested methods were evaluated by interviews with actors in the acquisition process. Four areas for LCA use in acquisition were identified: learning about environmental aspects of products; fulfilling customer requirements; setting environmental requirements; and choosing between alternatives. The interviewees were interested in using LCA, but there is a need for an initiative by one or several actors if the method is to be used regularly and the results must be communicated within the organisations involved in procurement. Environmental consideration should be taken early in the acquisition process and environmental matters integrated into other activities of the organisations involved. Environmental costs are not explicitly considered in the LCCs used by the interviewees today, but internal environmental costs should be included. Costs likely to be internal can also be included. / QC 20100616

The understanding of environmental change and how it is influenced by innovation processes and advances in science and technology is multifaceted given the inherent uncertainty of the pace and direction of technology change, but also given the limits to anticipate future environmental effects of new technology. The doctoral thesis is organised in two parts. The covering essay constitutes the first part and is aimed at introducing the scope of the research; outlining theoretical perspectives and central concepts and positioning the research to other research studies. Reprints of the six papers included in the thesis comprise the second part of the thesis. The first aim of this doctoral thesis is to contribute to an increased understanding of the conditions for environmental policy and planning through innovation, science policy and technological change. Particular attention is paid to the institutional frameworks for policy processes, public-private interactive policy and strategic planning with futures studies. The second aim is to explore and analyse approaches applied for assessing the output, impact and structure of science in the area of strategic environmental research. This includes an examination of research assessment criteria and an analysis of knowledge networks in strategic environmental research, characterised by socio-economic expectations of generating innovations that benefit the environment through the industrial application of science. Four types of environmental planning are studied using a combined qualitative and quantitative research approach. These are corporate environmental planning, public environmental planning, strategic long-term planning, and strategic science planning targeting advances in science and technology to attain environmental objectives. The findings of the study show that institutional frameworks of science and technology policy affecting environmental planning are found in organisational forms, such as science parks, but also in institutions understood as values and norms of the science system. With an increased focus on assessment of research as well as future technology, the findings of the study also contributes by examining approaches applied for assessing the output, structure and impact of research, using bibliometrics and social network analysis in the area of strategic environmental research. / QC 20101027

<p>The understanding of environmental change and how it is influenced by innovation processes and advances in science and technology is multifaceted given the inherent uncertainty of the pace and direction of technology change, but also given the limits to anticipate future environmental effects of new technology.</p><p>The doctoral thesis is organised in two parts. The covering essay constitutes the first part and is aimed at introducing the scope of the research; outlining theoretical perspectives and central concepts and positioning the research to other research studies. Reprints of the six papers included in the thesis comprise the second part of the thesis.</p><p>The first aim of this doctoral thesis is to contribute to an increased understanding of the conditions for environmental policy and planning through innovation, science policy and technological change. Particular attention is paid to the institutional frameworks for policy processes, public-private interactive policy and strategic planning with futures studies. The second aim is to explore and analyse approaches applied for assessing the output, impact and structure of science in the area of strategic environmental research. This includes an examination of research assessment criteria and an analysis of knowledge networks in strategic environmental research, characterised by socio-economic expectations of generating innovations that benefit the environment through the industrial application of science. Four types of environmental planning are studied using a combined qualitative and quantitative research approach. These are corporate environmental planning, public environmental planning, strategic long-term planning, and strategic science planning targeting advances in science and technology to attain environmental objectives.</p><p>The findings of the study show that institutional frameworks of science and technology policy affecting environmental planning are found in organisational forms, such as science parks, but also in institutions understood as values and norms of the science system. With an increased focus on assessment of research as well as future technology, the findings of the study also contributes by examining approaches applied for assessing the output, structure and impact of research, using bibliometrics and social network analysis in the area of strategic environmental research.</p>

Within the healthcare sector, large quantities of different materials and products are consumedon a daily basis. Recurrently growing awareness about humanity’s negative impacts on theenvironment have initiated for environmental aspects to be considered on several levelswithin the healthcare sector. Introducing environmental guidelines within procurement is oneexample of such an initiative. However, in order to take such aspects into consideration,availability of environmental information concerning the products to be procured is necessary. This thesis was conducted to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts, in a life cycleperspective, of a single-use and a multi-use surgical scrub suit. Accordingly, the main purposehas been to give the County Councils of Örebro and Uppsala decision support and therebyenable them to take environmental impact into account in future procurement of surgicalscrub suits. The evaluation is based on certain environmental aspects, assessed to be relevantand of interest for the given case. To ensure a methodical structure and high credibility, thisLCA has been conducted in accordance with the ISO 14040-standard. The studied products are two types of surgical scrub suits, one reusable for 100 uses, and onedisposable. Besides the lifespan, the material composition of the two products differs. Resultsshowed that that the reusable scrubs have considerably lower environmental impact within thestudied categories. The main reason for this is the longer lifespan of the reusable garments,which results in substantially decreased environmental impacts per use within all phases ofthe lifecycle except usage. Further, the results indicated that farming/production of cotton andusage of fossil fuel-based energy are important contributing factors within a majority of theassessed environmental impact categories. Currently available alternatives exist, which couldpossibly substitute these factors, and thus decrease the total environmental burden of thegarments substantially. / Varje dag konsumeras stora mängder material och produkter inom vårdsektorn. Samtidigt harden ständigt växande medvetenheten om mänsklighetens negativa påverkan på miljön medförtett ökat hänsynstagande inom olika delar av vårdsektorn. Införande av riktlinjer för miljöanpassadupphandling är ett exempel på ett sådant initiativ. Men för att kunna användamiljömässiga aspekter i upphandling är tillgången till miljödata för produkterna nödvändig. Denna uppsats utfördes för att ur ett livscykelperspektiv utreda och jämföra miljöpåverkan avtvå typer operationsarbetskläder, en engångs- och en flergångsmodell.Huvudsyftet medstudien var att ge landstingen i Örebro och Uppsala län ett beslutsunderlag, och därmedunderlätta för dem att ta hänsyn till miljöaspekter i framtida upphandlingar av operationsarbetskläder.Miljöbedömningen av plaggen är baserad på utvalda miljöpåverkanskategoriersom bedömts som relevanta och av intresse för denna undersökning. För att försäkra en godmetodologisk struktur och hög trovärdighet, har denna Livscykelanalys (LCA) utförts ienighet med riktlinjerna i ISO 14040-standarden. De studerade produkterna är två typer av operationsarbetskläder, en som kan återanvändas100 gånger, och en för engångsbruk. Utöver plaggens livslängd skiljer även materialsammansättningendem åt. Resultaten visade att de återanvändningsbara kläderna har betydligt lägremiljöpåverkan inom alla studerade kategorier.Den huvudsakliga orsaken till detta är flergångsplaggens betydligt längre livscykel, vilkenresulterar i en avsevärd minskning i miljöpåverkan per användning inom alla dess livscykelfaserförutom användningen. Vidare indikerade resultaten att odling och tillverkning avbomull, samt användningen av energi från fossila bränslen, hör till viktiga bidragande faktorertill miljöpåverkan inom flertalet undersökta miljöpåverkanskategorier. Redan idag finnsalternativ som skulle kunna ersätta dessa faktorer och därmed minska plaggens totalamiljöbelastning avsevärt.

Within the healthcare sector, large quantities of different materials and products are consumed on a daily basis. Recurrently growing awareness about humanity’s negative impacts on the environment have initiated for environmental aspects to be considered on several levels within the healthcare sector. Introducing environmental guidelines within procurement is one example of such an initiative. However, in order to take such aspects into consideration, availability of environmental information concerning the products to be procured is necessary. This thesis was conducted to evaluate and compare the environmental impacts, in a life cycle perspective, of a single-use and a multi-use surgical scrub suit. Accordingly, the main purpose has been to give the County Councils of Örebro and Uppsala decision support and thereby enable them to take environmental impact into account in future procurement of surgical scrub suits. The evaluation is based on certain environmental aspects, assessed to be relevant and of interest for the given case. To ensure a methodical structure and high credibility, this LCA has been conducted in accordance with the ISO 14040-standard. The studied products are two types of surgical scrub suits, one reusable for 100 uses, and one disposable. Besides the lifespan, the material composition of the two products differs. Results showed that that the reusable scrubs have considerably lower environmental impact within the studied categories. The main reason for this is the longer lifespan of the reusable garments, which results in substantially decreased environmental impacts per use within all phases of the lifecycle except usage. Further, the results indicated that farming/production of cotton and usage of fossil fuel-based energy are important contributing factors within a majority of the assessed environmental impact categories. Currently available alternatives exist, which could possibly substitute these factors, and thus decrease the total environmental burden of the garments substantially. / Varje dag konsumeras stora mängder material och produkter inom vårdsektorn. Samtidigt har den ständigt växande medvetenheten om mänsklighetens negativa påverkan på miljön medfört ett ökat hänsynstagande inom olika delar av vårdsektorn. Införande av riktlinjer för miljö-anpassad upphandling är ett exempel på ett sådant initiativ. Men för att kunna använda miljömässiga aspekter i upphandling är tillgången till miljödata för produkterna nödvändig. Denna uppsats utfördes för att ur ett livscykelperspektiv utreda och jämföra miljöpåverkan av två typer operationsarbetskläder, en engångs- och en flergångsmodell. Huvudsyftet med studien var att ge landstingen i Örebro och Uppsala län ett beslutsunderlag, och därmed underlätta för dem att ta hänsyn till miljöaspekter i framtida upphandlingar av operations-arbetskläder. Miljöbedömningen av plaggen är baserad på utvalda miljöpåverkanskategorier som bedömts som relevanta och av intresse för denna undersökning. För att försäkra en god metodologisk struktur och hög trovärdighet, har denna Livscykelanalys (LCA) utförts i enighet med riktlinjerna i ISO 14040-standarden. De studerade produkterna är två typer av operationsarbetskläder, en som kan återanvändas 100 gånger, och en för engångsbruk. Utöver plaggens livslängd skiljer även materialsamman-sättningen dem åt. Resultaten visade att de återanvändningsbara kläderna har betydligt lägre miljöpåverkan inom alla studerade kategorier.Den huvudsakliga orsaken till detta är flergångsplaggens betydligt längre livscykel, vilken resulterar i en avsevärd minskning i miljöpåverkan per användning inom alla dess livscykel-faser förutom användningen. Vidare indikerade resultaten att odling och tillverkning av bomull, samt användningen av energi från fossila bränslen, hör till viktiga bidragande faktorer till miljöpåverkan inom flertalet undersökta miljöpåverkanskategorier. Redan idag finns alternativ som skulle kunna ersätta dessa faktorer och därmed minska plaggens totala miljöbelastning avsevärt.