In this paper we investigated how small Swedish manufacturing companies are setting prices for environmentally friendly products. We have looked at five companies from different industries and interviewed them about what environmentally related laws and regulationsthey need to follow, what measures they take to reduce their impact on the environment, how they handle costs associated with those measures and how they finally are setting the pricesfor their products. With that approach we tried to get a more holistic view and build up anunderstanding of what strategies they use and how they think when it comes to setting prices. From the interviews it became clear what difficulties it involves in estimating costs for environmentally related measures and using those estimations to set prices for their products.The costs for the measures are instead integrated with costs for other activities the companyperforms. We could see that the companies tried to find a balance between different pricingstrategies; finding a balanced mix between focusing on their own costs, their competitors' prices and their customers' perceived value of the product. It also showed that the companies, due to their size with limited resources, were forced to take a more pragmatic approach forsetting prices. They couldn’t explain well why they had set a certain price but the price theyset worked in such a way that they could sell their products with a satisfying margin. The paper is organized in the following way. We will first in the background and problem statement go through briefly the history of environmentally related work and the developmentof international protocols, agreements and laws that drives companies to develop more environmentally friendly products and adapt their operations to a more environmentallyfriendly society with less climate impact. In that part it is also defined what an environmentally friendly product is. We then go through the details about the method used for the investigation which is a qualitative method built on induction and ideas from grounded theory (Bryman & Bell, 2017). After that relevant theories related to pricing strategies and environmental management accounting are summarized. We then go through the data collection in which chapter we summarize the transcriptions of the interviews and in the chapter after analyze it with the help of thematic analysis and compare the information we have gathered with related theory. The analysis is done using five different categories which are: norms and standards, incentives, environmentally related measures, costs and pricing. The idea behind this approach is to get a more complete picture of what the companies are doing (in terms of reducing the impact on the environment), why they do it (what the incentives are) and how they do it (how they estimate costs and setting prices). Finally we go through the conclusions we can draw from the investigation and propose further research.

Individer i samhället bär ansvaret för att bevara en hållbar konsumtion och göra bättre val somfrämjar naturens resurser. Detta kan fördelaktigt nås genom köp av produkter som är bättre förmiljön. Det är dock viktigt att företagen som säljer dessa, tydliggör de miljömässigabudskapen till kunderna. Att marknadsföra varor på internet kan anses vara effektivt för att nåut till en stor mängd. En låg reklameffektivitet kan dock påverka verksamhetensförsäljningsintäkter och företaget bör därför beakta hur digital marknadsföring kan användaspå ett effektivt sätt.Utifrån tidigare forskning har brister identifierats, gällande avgörande aspekter i sambandmed marknadsföring av miljövänliga produkter på internet. Studien syftar således till attbesvara och öka förståelsen kring vilka marknadsföringsaspekter som kan vara avgörande, närett företag marknadsför sina miljövänliga produkter med internet somkommunikationsverktyg. Genom en kvalitativ metod har en fallstudie genomförts på ettsvenskt företag som säljer miljövänliga shoppingkassar, vilka marknadsförs genom internet.Två semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts med företagets grundare, vilket utgör studiensempiriska material. Med utgångspunkt från befintliga teorier om bland annat miljövänligaprodukter, miljöinriktad marknadsföring samt internet som kommunikationsverktyg, har detsammanställda intervjumaterialet sedan analyserats.Utifrån studiens analys har fem avgörande marknadsföringsaspekter med anknytning tillmiljövänliga produkter på internet, identifierats. Resultaten visar att en hemsida spelar enavgörande roll när företaget har svårt att marknadsföra sina miljövänliga produkter på andraelektroniska sätt. Likaså utgör en inriktning på specifika målgrupper med enmiljömedvetenhet eller andra köpbeteenden i åtanke, en avgörande aspekt. Resultaten visaräven att företaget bör använda ett lättsamt, sanningsenligt och varierat budskap vidmarknadsföring av varor som kännetecknar en miljöförbättring av befintliga produkter.Slutligen utgör förhållandet till miljökrav och regler som framhävs på internet, en avgörandemarknadsföringsaspekt.Studien har bidragit till en ökad förståelse kring avgörande marknadsföringsaspekter isamband med miljövänliga produkter på internet. Vidare forskning bör förslagsvis studeraliknande företag, för att göra en jämförelse av resultaten. / Individuals in society are responsible for a sustainable consumption and making choices thatpromote the use of eco-friendly resources. This can be achieved through the purchasing ofenvironmentally friendly products. However, it is important that the companies clearly statethe environmental message to their customers. Marketing on the internet could be seen as agood way to reach the mass market, but the low advertising efficiency may impact revenue.Therefore, companies should consider how to best utilize digital marketing.Based on previous research, flaws have been identified regarding essential aspects ofmarketing green products on the internet. The purpose of this study is therefore to answer andincrease the understanding about which marketing aspects that can be crucial when acompany markets their eco-friendly products, using the internet as a communication tool. Byusing a qualitative method, a case study was performed at a Swedish company that sellsenvironmentally friendly shopping-bags which are marketed on the internet. Two semistructuredinterviews with the company’s founders comprise the empirical material of thisstudy. The compiled interview material has then been analysed using existing theories on thesubject as a starting point.Based on the analysis, five crucial marketing aspects of eco-friendly products on theinternet have been identified. The results show that a web page is a decisive factor when thecompany has trouble marketing their environmentally friendly products in other electronicways. They go on to show that targeted groups, with an environmental awareness or otherpurchase behaviour in mind, is another crucial aspect. Further, the company should use alight-hearted, honest and varied message in marketing of existing products signifying apositive change in eco-friendliness. Finally, adhering to environmental rules and regulationsand emphasizing this on the internet is essential.This study has contributed to an increased understanding of the vital aspects of marketingenvironmentally friendly products on the internet. Further research might study similarcompanies to compare the results.

Products make substantial impact on environment. Design for Environment (DfE) is an approach to design where all the environmental impacts of a product are considered over entire products life. Since over 80% of the product costs are committed during the early stages, design can play a central role in reducing this environmental overloading by product. However, unlike cost and performance, use of environmental criteria and DfE is far from part of mainstream designing. Individual guidelines often exist for DfE but these are not integrated with design tools. There is a need for capture of the rationale in design process as a know how backup for later use. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is currently the most promising and scientifically proven technique for estimating environmental impacts of a product during its lifecycle. Current LCA tools are not well integrated with design process and CAD tools. Consequently, there is a need for an LCA tool integrated into the natural design process that can be applied to early as well as detailed design stages. Detailed LCA is critically dependent on high volumes of product specific data, time consuming, often unaffordable and used after the detailed stages of design. Current approximate LCA methods are either incomplete, inaccurate or require prior knowledge of what data is important There is substantial uncertainty involved in the environmental impact calculations in LC. While Literature discusses uncertainty of impact data, there is no discussion on how to calculate and represent the total uncertainty in the potential impact of a product proposal at any given stage in design with respect to LCA. There is a need for a method that can aid in decision making by supporting quantitative comparison of available alternatives to identify the best alternative, under uncertain information about alternatives. Often the likely performance, cost or environmental impacts of a product proposal could be estimated only with certain confidence, which may vary from one proposal to another. The overall objective of this thesis is to “Develop a support to the designers using which they can develop environmentally friendly product lifecycles in much the same way as they currently design products, at all stages of their design, while reusing information from their past design activities”. For this the specific objectives are to: 1.Understand how designers currently design products and what they need for developing environmentally friendly product design. 2.Develop a holistic framework for both generation and evaluation of environmentally friendly life cycle proposals. 3. Capture rationale as part of the design process. 4. Estimate uncertainty in the environmental impact assessment during design. 5. Evaluate product lifecycle proposals with multiple criteria under uncertainty. 6. Integrate design process with environmental impact assessment. 7. Apply environmental impact assessment through the design process. From the descriptive studies we found that there is substantial difference in the environmental impact among products having the same functionality generated during the same design process. Analysis of industrial products available in the market show similar results. This means that design can substantially affect the impact created by a product. In our studies, designers did not consider environmental impact as a criterion in evaluation and we also identified the typical activities performed by designers during An Interactive Support for Developing Environmentally Friendly Product Lifecycles designing that must be allowed, supported or taken into account while developing a support for environmentally friendly product lifecycle design (EFPLD). The requirements of the designer for support are: tools should be proactive, easy to learn, understand and use, allow understanding of design rationale, act as a checklist, reduce total time, store knowledge and experience as know‐how backup, useful in all stages of design, not require too much extra effort for analysis, integrated to CAD, aid in trade off between choices, show uncertainty analysis, aid in analysis & improvement, and consider all lifecycle phases. A holistic framework, ACLODS (is a acronym of the six dimensions) constituting the following six dimensions: a) Activities, b) Criteria, c) Lifecycle phases, d) Outcomes, e) Design stages, and f) Product Structure was proposed for development of environmentally friendly product lifecycle designs. Through descriptive studies we found mainly 4 categories and associated sub categories of uncertainty in information with respect to LCA in design. The four categories are uncertainty in product structure, lifecycle phases, data quality, and methodological choices. The sub categories are assemblies, sub- assemblies, parts, relations, and features in product structure, material, production, distribution, usage, and after‐usage in lifecycle phases, temporal relevance, spatial relevance and sample size in data quality, and temporal relevance, spatial relevance, and comprehensiveness in methodological choices. At any point of time, uncertainty in information available is an accrual of the combination of the individual uncertainties. A method called confidence weighted objectives method is developed to compare the whole lifecycle of product proposals using multiple evaluation criteria under various levels of uncertainty. It is compared with normal weighted objectives method and found to be better since it estimates the overall worth of proposal nd confidence on the estimate, enabling deferment of decision making when decisions cannot be made using current information available. A new integrated platform IDEA‐SUSTAIN is developed in this thesis for supporting synthesis in product development on a commercial CAD workspace, while also aiding automated capture and storage of the rationale behind the decisions for retrieval whenever required during design. It is extended to support life cycle assessment of product proposals created by automatically extracting the information already stored while designing and ask for other information required to model the lifecycle without much extra effort from the designer. Then it uses the method for uncertainty reasoning developed also as a part of this research to estimate the level of confidence on the impact value owing to the incompleteness in knowledge available. The estimation is possible at part, assembly or product levels, for a single lifecycle phase or multiple phases. Using in‐house design exercises and feedback questionnaire evaluation of support is done. The usage of Idea‐Sustain has been found to be the best for both generation and evaluation of product proposals. The two computer aided tools – software (LCA) and Idea-Sustain-are compared with each other for fulfilling the functional requirements by analysing the feedbacks given by the designers on these tools against these requirements. Idea‐Sustain fulfilled well most of the requirements while the software (LCA) fulfilled only some of the needs, that too less effectively.