Diversos estudos realizados nas últimas duas décadas sugerem que plantios florestais comerciais têm sido apontados como catalisadores da regeneração natural em seu sub-bosque, contribuindo para a conservação da biodiversidade. Com a finalidade de obter uma visão multifacetada sobre as condições da regeneração natural efetuou-se o estudo sobre a sua composição formada em um antigo talhão de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook com mais de 60 anos e quais os impactos imediatos ocasionados nesse sub-bosque com a retirada de alguns indivíduos de eucalipto. O estudo foi realizado em 10.000 m², aplicando o censo das árvores de eucalipto. Para o levantamento da regeneração natural, foram amostradas 20 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, com área amostral de 2.000 m². Os indivíduos foram identificados e medidos a partir do DAP (diâmetro na altura de 1,30 m do solo) em 3 classes de diâmetro: Classe 1: Indivíduos com DAP 5,0 cm, Classe 2: Indivíduos 1 cm < 5,0 cm e Classe 3: Contagem dos indivíduos > 0,50 cm de altura. O reconhecimento do subbosque foi necessário para serem compilados com literaturas semelhantes e considerando a deficiência de estudos sobre danos causados na regeneração natural e na dinâmica do dossel sob plantios florestais comerciais, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: identificar, qualificar e quantificar os danos imediatos causados pela exploração florestal sobre a estrutura da regeneração no momento da derrubada dos eucaliptos, com a finalidade de gerar informações básicas a respeito da determinação de impactos imediatos e a diferenciação do índice de área foliar (IAF) ocorrido nas clareiras formadas. A estimativa foi realizada através do Índice de Área Foliar Real (m² folha m-2 solo) coletados com o aparelho LAI-2000 antes e depois da derrubada. Para a medição dos impactos, foi calculada a quantidade de área basal e volume que foram explorados. As análises mostraram que os danos causados não possuíram relação direta com a quantidade de área basal retirada e sim em relação ao volume. Quanto à variação do IAF as análises estatísticas mostraram que as mudanças de valores pela perda de dossel foram significativas após a derrubada. / Researchers conducted over the past two decades suggest that commercial forest plantations have been singled out as catalysts of natural regeneration in their understory, contributing to biodiversity conservation. With the purpose of obtaining a multi-faceted vision about the conditions of natural regeneration, study on its composition formed in an ancient plot of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook with more than 60 years and which the immediate impacts caused in the understory with the withdrawal of some individuals of eucalyptus. The study was conducted in 10,000 square meters, where the census was conducted of eucalyptus trees. For the survey of natural regeneration, we sampled 20 plots os 10 x 10m, with sampling area of 2000 m². The individuals were identified and measured from the DBH (diameter at height of 1.30 m above the ground) in 3 diameter classes: Class 1: Individuals with DBH 5.0 cm; Class 2: Individuals 1 cm and 5.0 cm; and Class 3: count of 0.50 cm tall individuals. The recognition of the understory was required to be compiled with similar literatures and considering the lack of studies on damage caused in natural regeneration and the dynamic in canopy of commercial forest plantations, the goals of this work were: identify, qualify and quantify the immediate damage caused by forestry exploitation on the structure of the regeneration at the time of the eucalyptus felling, with the purpose of generate basic information about the immediate impact determination and the distinction of leaf area index (LAI) occurred in clearings formed. The estimate was accomplished through the Actual Leaf Area index (m2 of leaf per m2 of soil) collected with LAI-2000 before and after the removal of the trees. For measure the impacts, was calculated the amount of basal area and volume that were explored, ranging between treatments in 0.13 m² and 3.37 m³. The analyses showed that the damage caused had no direct relation with the amount of basal area withdrawal and had direct relation to the volume. About the IAF variation, the statistical analyses showed that the values change for the loss of canopy were significant after the removal of the trees.

Diversos estudos realizados nas últimas duas décadas sugerem que plantios florestais comerciais têm sido apontados como catalisadores da regeneração natural em seu sub-bosque, contribuindo para a conservação da biodiversidade. Com a finalidade de obter uma visão multifacetada sobre as condições da regeneração natural efetuou-se o estudo sobre a sua composição formada em um antigo talhão de Eucalyptus citriodora Hook com mais de 60 anos e quais os impactos imediatos ocasionados nesse sub-bosque com a retirada de alguns indivíduos de eucalipto. O estudo foi realizado em 10.000 m², aplicando o censo das árvores de eucalipto. Para o levantamento da regeneração natural, foram amostradas 20 parcelas de 10 x 10 m, com área amostral de 2.000 m². Os indivíduos foram identificados e medidos a partir do DAP (diâmetro na altura de 1,30 m do solo) em 3 classes de diâmetro: Classe 1: Indivíduos com DAP 5,0 cm, Classe 2: Indivíduos 1 cm < 5,0 cm e Classe 3: Contagem dos indivíduos > 0,50 cm de altura. O reconhecimento do subbosque foi necessário para serem compilados com literaturas semelhantes e considerando a deficiência de estudos sobre danos causados na regeneração natural e na dinâmica do dossel sob plantios florestais comerciais, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: identificar, qualificar e quantificar os danos imediatos causados pela exploração florestal sobre a estrutura da regeneração no momento da derrubada dos eucaliptos, com a finalidade de gerar informações básicas a respeito da determinação de impactos imediatos e a diferenciação do índice de área foliar (IAF) ocorrido nas clareiras formadas. A estimativa foi realizada através do Índice de Área Foliar Real (m² folha m-2 solo) coletados com o aparelho LAI-2000 antes e depois da derrubada. Para a medição dos impactos, foi calculada a quantidade de área basal e volume que foram explorados. As análises mostraram que os danos causados não possuíram relação direta com a quantidade de área basal retirada e sim em relação ao volume. Quanto à variação do IAF as análises estatísticas mostraram que as mudanças de valores pela perda de dossel foram significativas após a derrubada. / Researchers conducted over the past two decades suggest that commercial forest plantations have been singled out as catalysts of natural regeneration in their understory, contributing to biodiversity conservation. With the purpose of obtaining a multi-faceted vision about the conditions of natural regeneration, study on its composition formed in an ancient plot of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook with more than 60 years and which the immediate impacts caused in the understory with the withdrawal of some individuals of eucalyptus. The study was conducted in 10,000 square meters, where the census was conducted of eucalyptus trees. For the survey of natural regeneration, we sampled 20 plots os 10 x 10m, with sampling area of 2000 m². The individuals were identified and measured from the DBH (diameter at height of 1.30 m above the ground) in 3 diameter classes: Class 1: Individuals with DBH 5.0 cm; Class 2: Individuals 1 cm and 5.0 cm; and Class 3: count of 0.50 cm tall individuals. The recognition of the understory was required to be compiled with similar literatures and considering the lack of studies on damage caused in natural regeneration and the dynamic in canopy of commercial forest plantations, the goals of this work were: identify, qualify and quantify the immediate damage caused by forestry exploitation on the structure of the regeneration at the time of the eucalyptus felling, with the purpose of generate basic information about the immediate impact determination and the distinction of leaf area index (LAI) occurred in clearings formed. The estimate was accomplished through the Actual Leaf Area index (m2 of leaf per m2 of soil) collected with LAI-2000 before and after the removal of the trees. For measure the impacts, was calculated the amount of basal area and volume that were explored, ranging between treatments in 0.13 m² and 3.37 m³. The analyses showed that the damage caused had no direct relation with the amount of basal area withdrawal and had direct relation to the volume. About the IAF variation, the statistical analyses showed that the values change for the loss of canopy were significant after the removal of the trees.

To identify and quantify the influence of physico-chemical, biotic and geographic factors on the population of dragonflies (Odonata) is an essential tool for research of their ecology. The aim of this study was to 1) assess how these factors influence species richness, diversity and spatial distribution of dragonflies in 42 newly constructed or renewed pools located in the Kokořínsko Protected Landscape Area, which is characterized by two valleys of Liběchovka and Pšovka creeks, low human impact, and a great diversity of small water bodies and 2) use laboratory experiments in order to estimate the relationship between large predatory invertebrates of these pools (Aeshna cyanea, Coenagrion puella, Chaoborus crystallinus and Notonecta glauca) and their common prey (Daphnia curvirostris) in an artificial environment with or without aquatic macrophytes. The pools were monitored and sampled between years 2005 and 2006. In total, 23 dragonflies species were found inhabiting these lentic habitats, comprising 11 species belonging to the suborder Zygoptera and 12 species belonging to the suborder Anisoptera, including a rare species Sympetrum depressiusculum (larvae). Most variability in the dragonfly species richness was explained by the size of the water surface area, followed by the location of the pools (inside...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:39:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaM.pdf: 457840 bytes, checksum: bf4b3acdf176b25088129393a942d019 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-10-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The creation of the Humanization Program of Hospital Care and the increasing number of academic works and journal articles that discuss more humane practices in the health care services express the emphasis given to the theme in Brazil. In these discussions, however, it is not usual to find reference to architecture as a relevant factor in the humanization of hospitals, even though it is known that the physical structure of the building may help the recovering of the patients; elements such as gardens, the use of colors and open spaces may soften the impact caused by the hospital routine on patients. Considering the contribution the architectural project may bring to the humanization of hospitals, the aim of this study was to verify how the architects perceive the hospital humanization process. Besides having searched for subsides in informal interviews with health professionals, in visits to hospitals and in related seminars, the study was based on semi-structured interviews with architects of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, who are specialists in this kind of projects. The content analysis of the interviews showed that physical space and attendance are essential to the humanization process. Those professionals see two humanization tendencies: while private hospitals have the structural physical appearance considered as humanized, public hospitals emphasize the humanization in attendance, fact that illustrates the contradictions in Brazilian health system. The interviewees consider the post-occupancy evaluation of the building as a learning exercise that contributes to new projects, but surprisingly they do not mention the patients opinion as part of it. Two annoying facts have emerged from the interviews, as also seen in preliminary stages of the study: rare are the works that focus on the person-environment relationship, and the definition of humanized hospital environments is still broad and inaccurate. This suggests the need of new studies in order to better understand how the two factors shown in this study attendance and physical space interact towards a true hospital humanization / A cria??o do Programa de Humaniza??o da Assist?ncia Hospitalar e o n?mero crescente de artigos e teses que discutem pr?ticas mais humanas no atendimento em sa?de expressam a ?nfase dada ao tema no Brasil. Nessas discuss?es, entretanto, n?o costuma haver refer?ncia ? arquitetura como fator relevante para a humaniza??o hospitalar, embora j? se saiba que a estrutura f?sica do edif?cio pode auxiliar no restabelecimento dos pacientes; elementos como jardins, uso de cores e espa?os abertos podem amenizar o impacto causado pela rotina hospitalar sobre os pacientes. Considerando a contribui??o que o projeto arquitet?nico pode trazer para a humaniza??o de hospitais, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a percep??o dos arquitetos acerca do processo de humaniza??o hospitalar. Al?m de ter buscado subs?dios em entrevistas informais com profissionais de sa?de, em visitas a hospitais e semin?rios sobre o assunto, a pesquisa foi baseada em entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os arquitetos de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, especialistas neste tipo de projeto. A an?lise do conte?do das entrevistas revelou que espa?o f?sico e atendimento s?o essenciais ao processo de humaniza??o. Para aqueles profissionais, h? duas tend?ncias de humaniza??o: enquanto hospitais privados t?m a apar?ncia f?sica de sua estrutura considerada como humanizada, hospitais p?blicos enfatizam a humaniza??o do atendimento, num contraste que refor?a as contradi??es do sistema de sa?de do pa?s. Os entrevistados consideram a avalia??o do edif?cio depois de entregue ao uso um exerc?cio de aprendizagem que contribui para novos projetos, mas, surpreendentemente, n?o contemplam a opini?o dos pacientes. Confirmam-se duas inquieta??es decorrentes dos levantamentos preliminares: raros s?o os trabalhos que focalizam as rela??es pessoa-ambiente, e a defini??o de ambiente hospitalar humanizado ainda ? abrangente e imprecisa. Isso sugere a necessidade de novas pesquisas para compreender melhor como os dois fatores apontados neste estudo atendimento e espa?o f?sico interagem para uma verdadeira humaniza??o hospitalar

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:52:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoPN.pdf: 3884217 bytes, checksum: a5e17909e4c5585ebee6916636721baf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / The present work aimed the elaboration of an environmental study focused on the hotel sector in order to present an analysis of the environmental aspects of Ponta Negra Beach, in Natal, RN, Brazil and also the aspects of the small and medium hotels existing in this area. By means of this work, it is possible to elaborate a model of a simplified System of Environmental Management which can attend to the exigencies required by NBR ISO 14001: 2004, as well as to present economical viability and possibility to be implemented in a way that hotels may converge to the sustainable environmental development of the tourism in Ponta Negra Beach. The research methodology presents itself divided into three items: execution of the environmental characterization of Ponta Negra Beach, by way of technical visits and interpretation of satellite images and cartograms of the main environmental characteristics of the region; execution of the work already made concerning the development, application and interpretation of the evaluation of the environmental aspects of each hotel, considering the hotels and the period of data collection, these used in evaluation, research instrument and a description of the procedure utilized for the analysis of the collected data and the utilized methodology for the elaboration of a model of a simplified System of Environmental Management. In a general way, it has been concluded that the practices executed by hotels in Ponta Negra Beach are impact-like and harmful to the environment. The simple implementation of analysis procedures and control of the environmental aspects could suggestively contribute to the reduction of environmental impacts promoted by the hotel section at this beach and in the nearby areas. It had been noticed that the study contributed to the sensitization of managers concerning the environmental problems since, in many other times, the detected problem was, in fact, the non-acquaintance about the environmental aspects and impacts from those hotels administrators, because of the lack of surveys and studies about the theme. It had also been noticed the arousing of a possible environmental attitude from some managers / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a elabora??o de um estudo ambiental focado no setor hoteleiro para apresentar uma an?lise dos aspectos ambientais da Praia de Ponta Negra, Natal-RN e dos pequenos e m?dios hot?is para ser elaborado um modelo de Sistema de Gest?o Ambiental simplificado, que atenda ?s exig?ncias da NBR ISO 14001: 2004, bem como apresente viabilidade econ?mica e possibilidade de implementa??o para que os hot?is possam convergir para o desenvolvimento ambiental sustent?vel do turismo em Ponta Negra. A metodologia da pesquisa apresenta-se dividida em tr?s itens: execu??o da caracteriza??o ambiental da praia de Ponta Negra, atrav?s de visitas t?cnicas e interpreta??o de imagens de sat?lite e cartogramas das principais caracter?sticas ambientais da regi?o; execu??o do trabalho realizado concernente ao desenvolvimento, aplica??o e interpreta??o da avalia??o dos aspectos ambientais de cada hotel, com considera??es sobre os hot?is, per?odo de coleta de dados utilizados para avalia??o, instrumento da pesquisa e uma descri??o do procedimento utilizado para an?lise dos dados coletados e a metodologia utilizada para a elabora??o de um Modelo de Sistema de Gest?o Ambiental. Conclui-se que as atividades realizadas por hot?is em Ponta Negra s?o impactantes e lesivas ao meio ambiente. A simples implementa??o de procedimentos de an?lise e controle dos aspectos ambientais poderia contribuir significativamente para a redu??o dos impactos ambientais do setor hoteleiro na praia e regi?es circunvizinhas. Observou-se que o estudo contribuiu para a sensibiliza??o dos administradores em rela??o aos problemas ambientais, visto que por muitas vezes o problema detectado era na realidade o desconhecimento dos aspectos e impactos ambientais por parte dos gestores dos hot?is, por falta de levantamentos e estudos sobre o tema, tendo sido verificado o despertar de uma atitude ambiental por parte de alguns gestores

Thesis (LLM.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017. / Considering that South Africa is part of the world initiatives to ensure maximum protection of the environment for the sake of the present and future generations, if the environment is abused or degraded, there is need to sanction perpetrators accordingly. Reasonable measures should be taken to prevent harm from occurring to the environment or those harms that cannot reasonably be avoided or stopped, be minimized and steps taken to rectify such harm to the environment. Environmental care and management is principally recognised and regulated by the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998. This framework imposes a general duty of care for the environment (that is, every person has the duty to avoid pollution and environmental degradation). Both implementers and enforcers rely on this duty when enforcing environmental obligations. The duty of care has a retrospective effect, meaning that it is imposed on anyone who causes, has caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation to the environment. This study highlights the consequences for violating the duty of care as enshrined in NEMA particularly by people who are destroying the environment in the name of development. It argues for stringent implementation and enforcement mechanisms in order to bring perpetrators to justice. The study further deals with comparative analysis between South Africa, Australia and England where lessons are derived to help South Africa better its environmental laws and policies to ensure maximum protection of the environment.

This experiment was conducted in two zoos - ZOO Troja in Prague and ZOO Ohrada in Hluboká nad Vltavou. The animals were presented the food enrichment of a puzzle type with different difficulties. Solving each levels of puzzles was being compared with the dominance of individuals in the group that was being observed by the aggression among all examinees. Nosal and their accession to the normal diet. All data were statistically evaluated. With the obtained results, the theory of "index of balance in the group" was tested.

As Arctic warms twice as fast as the rest of the world and the polar ice-cap melts, the strategic importance and geopolitical significance of the Bering Strait as the only maritime gateway between the world's fastest-developing and dynamic regions, the Asia Pacific and the Arctic region, will steadily grow. The climate change triggered the reduction of the Arctic ice-cap, which results in increased maritime traffic activity as new shipping routes are becoming more viable and mineral resources more accessible. This has a tremendous impact on the region as it opens it to economic development but at the same time it puts strain on its fragile environment. The goal of the paper is to affirm that the geopolitical significance of the Bering Strait is increasing and will increase in the near future. The work examines the causes of the Bering Strait region's rise, its characteristics, challenges and opportunities together with the assessment of major regional actors' interests and approaches towards the region. Next, paper focuses The emphasis is put especially on the role of the United States and on their attitude toward the Bering Strait region. It therefore pays attention namely on the US policy and goals in the region, and on the implications the Strait's growing global importance has for the United...