Croton é o segundo maior gênero de Euphorbiaceae, com aproximadamente 1.300 espécies, sendo 300 delas existentes no Brasil em diversos biomas. Várias espécies apresentam um característico látex vermelho-sangue, chamado \"sangue-de-dragão\", sendo usadas mundialmente na medicina tradicional. Estudos químicos indicam a presença de múltiplas classes de compostos, sendo as principais: diterpenos (clerodanos, labdanos, kauranos e traquilobanos), óleos voláteis, esteroides e triterpenoides, alcaloides, proantocianidinas e flavonoides. Estes últimos são metabólitos secundários com grande variedade estrutural, possuindo atividades biológicas reconhecidas e de potencial interesse medicinal. Croton floribundus Spreng. e Croton urucurana Baill., por apresentarem várias atividades biológicas de interesse medicinal, são utilizadas na medicina tradicional. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos no sentido de se conhecer melhor aquela classe de substâncias fenólicas. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho corresponde ao isolamento e identificação de flavonoides de folhas de Croton floribundus e Croton urucurana. O material pulverizado foi extraído por refluxo com metanol 80% e concentrado. O extrato seco foi tratado com tolueno e diclorometano. A fase metanólica resultante foi fracionada e subfracionada por meio de cromatografia em coluna de PVPP e Sephadex LH-20, e cromatografia em papel. Depois de fracionadas, as amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e os compostos identificados por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (1H) e carbono (13C) ou por CLAE com co-injeção de amostras autênticas. Em ambas as espécies foi identificado o flavonoide acilado tilirosídeo (5). Este parece ser um flavonoide característico do gênero. É um derivado acilado de kaempferol, isolado de um grande número de espécies de Croton. Em C.floribundus foram identificados três triglicosídeos: alcesefolisídeo (1), mauritianina (2), e isoramnetina-3-O-(2,6-di-ramnosil)-galactosídeo (3). Foram identificados também: quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo (4), helicrisosídeo-3\'-metil-éter (6), kaempferol (7), isoramnetina (8) 3-O-metil-kaempferol (9) e 3-O-metil isoramnetina (10). Em C.urucurana, foram identificados: orientina (11), rutina (12), vitexina (13), quercetina-7-O-ramnosídeo (14), ramnetina-3-O-ramnosídeo (15) e quercetina (16). Os flavonoides 1, 3, 14 mostraram-se inéditos, tanto para o gênero, quanto para a família. O flavonoide 15 foi inédito para o gênero, tendo sido encontrado na família, porém, na subfamília Euphorbioideae. Com a detecção do tilirosídeo, foi verificada a possibilidade de se utilizar os extratos proteicos de folhas jovens dessas duas espécies para acilar enzimaticamente flavonoides de interesse, pois estudos na literatura indicam que a acilação pode aumentar a estabilidade e biodisponibilidade de flavonoides, e também melhorar suas atividades biológicas. Para isso, folhas jovens foram coletadas e mantidas em N2 líquido, trituradas e extraídas com tampão de extração. O extrato obtido foi concentrado, sua concentração proteica foi determinada e, posteriormente, foi utilizado para acilar os substratos quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo, kaempferol-3-O-glucosídeo, quercetina-3-O-galactosídeo e quercetagetina-7-O-glucosídeo. p-Cumaroil-CoA e uma mistura de ácido p-cumárico e Coenzima A, foram utilizados como agentes acilantes. Foi verificado que o rendimento do extrato proteico de C.floribundus foi menor que o de C.urucurana. Enquanto o extrato de C.urucurana acilou os substratos glicosilados na posição 3, (kaemferol-3-O-glucosídeo, quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo e quercetina-3-Ogalactosídeo), não acilou o mono-glicosilado na posição 7 (quercetagetina-7-Oglucosídeo), indicando que as aciltransferases dessa espécie são regiosseletivas quanto à posição do resíduo de açúcar. Também demonstrou capacidade de acilação usando como agentes acilantes p-cumaroil-CoA e a combinação ácido p-cumárico + CoA + ATP. O extrato proteico de C.floribundus, talvez por ter apresentado um menor rendimento de extração, acilou apenas o kaempferol-3-O-glucosídeo, resultando no tilirosídeo, o flavonoide acilado característico do gênero / Croton is the second largest genus of Euphorbiaceae, with approximately 1,300 species, 300 among them native from Brazilian biomes. Several species of the genus, used worldly in traditional medicine, possess a characteristic blood colored latex, called \"dragon\'s blood\". Chemical studies about Croton species have uncovered multiple classes of secondary metabolites, such as diterpenes (clerodanes, labdanes, kauranes and trachylobanes), volatile oils, steroids and triterpenoids, alkaloids, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids. The latter are secondary metabolites with high structural diversity and recognized as having biological activities with medicinal potential. Croton floribundus Spreng. and C. urucurana Baill. have shown several medicinally promising biological activities and are used in traditional medicine. However, few investigations have been performed aiming the flavonoid chemistry of any of the two species. One of the objectives of the present study is the isolation and identification of flavonoids from leaves of C. floribundus and C. urucurana. Powdered material from both species was extracted by reflux with 80% methanol. The dry extracts were treated with toluene and dichloromethane, lyophilized and solubilized in methanol. The methanol solution was analyzed by polyvinylpolypyrrolidone column chromatography (PVPP-CC). The fractions obtained were further analyzed by PVPP-CC, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and paper chromatography. The fractions and isolated compounds obtained were analyzed by HPLC. Isolated compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR and HPLC co-chromatography with authentic samples. The acylated flavonol tiliroside (5) was obtained from extracts of both species. It seems to be a characteristic marker of the genus, having been reported for a high number of Croton species. From the leaf extract of C. floribundus three triglycosides were obtained in the present work: alcesefoliside (1), mauritianin (2) and isorhamnetin-3-O-(2,6-dirhamnosyl)-galactoside (3). Other glycosides identified were quercetin-3-O-glucoside (4), 3\'-helichrysoside-3-O-methyl ether (6), kaempferol (7), isorhamnetin (8), 3-O-methyl-kaempferol (9) and 3-O-methyl-isorhamnetin (10). The following compounds were obtained from C. urucurana: orientin (11), rutin (12), vitexin (13), quercetin-7-O-rhamnoside (14), rhamnetin-3-O-rhamnoside (15) and quercetin (16). Flavonoids 1, 3 and 14 are new regarding genus Croton and family Euphorbiaceae. Flavonoid 15 was previously found in subfamily Euphorbioideae and is now reported for the first time in Croton. Taking into account the detection of tiliroside in the material analyzed, and that acylation increases both stability and bioavailability of flavonoids, while enhancing their biological activity, an approach was planned to use protein extracts of young leaves of both species aiming the enzymatic acylation of several flavonoids. Young leaves were maintained in liquid N2, ground and treated with extraction buffer. The extract obtained was concentrated and mixed with p-coumaroyl-CoA and a mix of p-coumaric acid and Coenzyme A. The extract was used in assays aiming the acylation of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetagetin-7- O-glucoside. The concentration of the protein extract from C. floribundus was lower than that of C. urucurana. The extract from C. urucurana acylated the 3-O-glycosilated substrata kaempferol-glucoside, quercetin-glucoside and quercetin-galactoside, but was ineffective toward quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside. These results suggest that acyltransferases in the extract are regioselective about the position of attachment of the sugar moiety. They were shown to be effective using either p-coumaroyl or the combination p-coumaroyl-CoA + ATP. C. floribundus protein extract acylated only kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, yielding tiliroside, the characteristic acylated flavonoid of Croton

Croton é o segundo maior gênero de Euphorbiaceae, com aproximadamente 1.300 espécies, sendo 300 delas existentes no Brasil em diversos biomas. Várias espécies apresentam um característico látex vermelho-sangue, chamado \"sangue-de-dragão\", sendo usadas mundialmente na medicina tradicional. Estudos químicos indicam a presença de múltiplas classes de compostos, sendo as principais: diterpenos (clerodanos, labdanos, kauranos e traquilobanos), óleos voláteis, esteroides e triterpenoides, alcaloides, proantocianidinas e flavonoides. Estes últimos são metabólitos secundários com grande variedade estrutural, possuindo atividades biológicas reconhecidas e de potencial interesse medicinal. Croton floribundus Spreng. e Croton urucurana Baill., por apresentarem várias atividades biológicas de interesse medicinal, são utilizadas na medicina tradicional. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos no sentido de se conhecer melhor aquela classe de substâncias fenólicas. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho corresponde ao isolamento e identificação de flavonoides de folhas de Croton floribundus e Croton urucurana. O material pulverizado foi extraído por refluxo com metanol 80% e concentrado. O extrato seco foi tratado com tolueno e diclorometano. A fase metanólica resultante foi fracionada e subfracionada por meio de cromatografia em coluna de PVPP e Sephadex LH-20, e cromatografia em papel. Depois de fracionadas, as amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e os compostos identificados por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (1H) e carbono (13C) ou por CLAE com co-injeção de amostras autênticas. Em ambas as espécies foi identificado o flavonoide acilado tilirosídeo (5). Este parece ser um flavonoide característico do gênero. É um derivado acilado de kaempferol, isolado de um grande número de espécies de Croton. Em C.floribundus foram identificados três triglicosídeos: alcesefolisídeo (1), mauritianina (2), e isoramnetina-3-O-(2,6-di-ramnosil)-galactosídeo (3). Foram identificados também: quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo (4), helicrisosídeo-3\'-metil-éter (6), kaempferol (7), isoramnetina (8) 3-O-metil-kaempferol (9) e 3-O-metil isoramnetina (10). Em C.urucurana, foram identificados: orientina (11), rutina (12), vitexina (13), quercetina-7-O-ramnosídeo (14), ramnetina-3-O-ramnosídeo (15) e quercetina (16). Os flavonoides 1, 3, 14 mostraram-se inéditos, tanto para o gênero, quanto para a família. O flavonoide 15 foi inédito para o gênero, tendo sido encontrado na família, porém, na subfamília Euphorbioideae. Com a detecção do tilirosídeo, foi verificada a possibilidade de se utilizar os extratos proteicos de folhas jovens dessas duas espécies para acilar enzimaticamente flavonoides de interesse, pois estudos na literatura indicam que a acilação pode aumentar a estabilidade e biodisponibilidade de flavonoides, e também melhorar suas atividades biológicas. Para isso, folhas jovens foram coletadas e mantidas em N2 líquido, trituradas e extraídas com tampão de extração. O extrato obtido foi concentrado, sua concentração proteica foi determinada e, posteriormente, foi utilizado para acilar os substratos quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo, kaempferol-3-O-glucosídeo, quercetina-3-O-galactosídeo e quercetagetina-7-O-glucosídeo. p-Cumaroil-CoA e uma mistura de ácido p-cumárico e Coenzima A, foram utilizados como agentes acilantes. Foi verificado que o rendimento do extrato proteico de C.floribundus foi menor que o de C.urucurana. Enquanto o extrato de C.urucurana acilou os substratos glicosilados na posição 3, (kaemferol-3-O-glucosídeo, quercetina-3-O-glucosídeo e quercetina-3-Ogalactosídeo), não acilou o mono-glicosilado na posição 7 (quercetagetina-7-Oglucosídeo), indicando que as aciltransferases dessa espécie são regiosseletivas quanto à posição do resíduo de açúcar. Também demonstrou capacidade de acilação usando como agentes acilantes p-cumaroil-CoA e a combinação ácido p-cumárico + CoA + ATP. O extrato proteico de C.floribundus, talvez por ter apresentado um menor rendimento de extração, acilou apenas o kaempferol-3-O-glucosídeo, resultando no tilirosídeo, o flavonoide acilado característico do gênero / Croton is the second largest genus of Euphorbiaceae, with approximately 1,300 species, 300 among them native from Brazilian biomes. Several species of the genus, used worldly in traditional medicine, possess a characteristic blood colored latex, called \"dragon\'s blood\". Chemical studies about Croton species have uncovered multiple classes of secondary metabolites, such as diterpenes (clerodanes, labdanes, kauranes and trachylobanes), volatile oils, steroids and triterpenoids, alkaloids, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids. The latter are secondary metabolites with high structural diversity and recognized as having biological activities with medicinal potential. Croton floribundus Spreng. and C. urucurana Baill. have shown several medicinally promising biological activities and are used in traditional medicine. However, few investigations have been performed aiming the flavonoid chemistry of any of the two species. One of the objectives of the present study is the isolation and identification of flavonoids from leaves of C. floribundus and C. urucurana. Powdered material from both species was extracted by reflux with 80% methanol. The dry extracts were treated with toluene and dichloromethane, lyophilized and solubilized in methanol. The methanol solution was analyzed by polyvinylpolypyrrolidone column chromatography (PVPP-CC). The fractions obtained were further analyzed by PVPP-CC, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and paper chromatography. The fractions and isolated compounds obtained were analyzed by HPLC. Isolated compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR and HPLC co-chromatography with authentic samples. The acylated flavonol tiliroside (5) was obtained from extracts of both species. It seems to be a characteristic marker of the genus, having been reported for a high number of Croton species. From the leaf extract of C. floribundus three triglycosides were obtained in the present work: alcesefoliside (1), mauritianin (2) and isorhamnetin-3-O-(2,6-dirhamnosyl)-galactoside (3). Other glycosides identified were quercetin-3-O-glucoside (4), 3\'-helichrysoside-3-O-methyl ether (6), kaempferol (7), isorhamnetin (8), 3-O-methyl-kaempferol (9) and 3-O-methyl-isorhamnetin (10). The following compounds were obtained from C. urucurana: orientin (11), rutin (12), vitexin (13), quercetin-7-O-rhamnoside (14), rhamnetin-3-O-rhamnoside (15) and quercetin (16). Flavonoids 1, 3 and 14 are new regarding genus Croton and family Euphorbiaceae. Flavonoid 15 was previously found in subfamily Euphorbioideae and is now reported for the first time in Croton. Taking into account the detection of tiliroside in the material analyzed, and that acylation increases both stability and bioavailability of flavonoids, while enhancing their biological activity, an approach was planned to use protein extracts of young leaves of both species aiming the enzymatic acylation of several flavonoids. Young leaves were maintained in liquid N2, ground and treated with extraction buffer. The extract obtained was concentrated and mixed with p-coumaroyl-CoA and a mix of p-coumaric acid and Coenzyme A. The extract was used in assays aiming the acylation of quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetagetin-7- O-glucoside. The concentration of the protein extract from C. floribundus was lower than that of C. urucurana. The extract from C. urucurana acylated the 3-O-glycosilated substrata kaempferol-glucoside, quercetin-glucoside and quercetin-galactoside, but was ineffective toward quercetagetin-7-O-glucoside. These results suggest that acyltransferases in the extract are regioselective about the position of attachment of the sugar moiety. They were shown to be effective using either p-coumaroyl or the combination p-coumaroyl-CoA + ATP. C. floribundus protein extract acylated only kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, yielding tiliroside, the characteristic acylated flavonoid of Croton

Ce travail a consisté, dans un premier temps, à extraire et à identifier les flavonoïdes majeurs contenus dans les feuilles de Nitraria retusa et à évaluer leurs activités biologiques. Quatre flavonoïdes ont été identifiés dans les extraits et les fractions obtenus : l’isorhamnétine, l’isorhamnétine-3-O-glucoside et les deux isomères isorhamnétine-3-O-rutinoside et isorhamnétine-3-O-robinobioside. L’étude des activités biologiques des extraits et des fractions de N. retusa a permis d’établir une relation linéaire entre leur teneur en flavonoïdes et leurs activités antioxydantes et antiprolifératives, les milieux les plus riches présentant les activités les plus importantes. Ces activités dépendent également de la nature des flavonoïdes présents ; ainsi, la très forte activité d’inhibition de la xanthine oxydase relevée pour la fraction au chloroforme et sa grande capacité à piéger le radical DPPH ont été attribuées à sa teneur élevée en isorhamnétine, flavonoïde aglycone présentant une grande analogie structurale avec la quercétine, molécule bien connue pour ses activités antioxydantes. Dans un deuxième temps, l’acylation enzymatique de l’isoquercitrine, flavonoïde modèle, et de l’isorhamnétine-3-O-glucoside a été étudiée pour tenter d’améliorer leurs propriétés. L’acylation enzymatique de l’isoquercitrine par des esters éthyliques d’acides gras de différentes longueurs de chaîne, catalysée par la lipase B de Candida antarctica, a montré que les performances de la réaction sont inversement proportionnelles à la longueur de la chaîne du donneur d’acyle. Des résultats similaires ont été obtenus lors de l’acylation de l’isorhamnétine-3-O-glucoside. Les activités des esters d’isoquercitrine et d’isorhamnétine-3-O-glucoside ont été évaluées et comparées à celles des flavonoïdes non acylés. Les esters ont montré des activités antiprolifératives vis-à-vis de cellules Caco2 et d’inhibition de la xanthine oxydase plus importantes que celles des molécules d’origine. Finalement, ce travail a permis d’apporter des éléments de compréhension de la relation structure-activité de flavonoïdes et de leurs dérivés acylés / The present work firstly consisted in studying the extraction and the identification of major flavonoids contained in Nitraria retusa leaves and evaluating their biological activities. Four flavonoids were identified in extracts and fractions: isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside and the two isomers isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside. The evaluation of the biological activities of extracts and fractions of N. retusa allowed to establish a linear relationship between their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities and their total flavonoids content, the most enriched exhibiting the highest activities. The nature of the flavonoids present in the extracts and fractions was shown to be important too. Thus, the strong xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and the high DPPH radical scavenging capacity observed for the chloroform fraction can be attributed to its high content in the aglycone flavonoid isorhamnetin, a structural analogue of quercetin which is well known for its antioxidant activities. In a second part, the enzymatic acylation of isoquercitrin as a model compound and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside was studied in order to improve their properties. The enzymatic acylation of isoquercitrin by fatty acid ethyl esters of different chain lengths, catalyzed by the lipase B of Candida antarctica, showed that the performance of the reaction is inversely proportional to the acyl donor chain length. Similar results were obtained when acylating the isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside. The activities of isoquercitrin and isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside esters were determined and compared to that of initial flavonoids. Esters exhibited higher antiproliferative towards Caco2 cells and xanthine oxidase inhibition activities than original compounds. Finally, this work led to a better understanding of the structure-activity relationship of flavonoids and their acylated derivatives

Ce travail a eu pour objectif de déterminer les conditions optimales de production d’un caroténoïde original, la torularhodine, par Sporobolomyces ruberrimus, cultivée en réacteur discontinu. Cette souche est capable d’utiliser le glycérol technique comme source de carbone et d’énergie pour sa croissance et pour la production de caroténoïdes. D’abord, il s’est agi d’identifier les facteurs opératoires majeurs qui sont susceptibles d’avoir une influence sur la production de la torularhodine, au travers d’une étude préliminaire. L’identification expérimentale de ces facteurs d’action - la température, le taux d’oxygène dissous et la supplémentation en acide oléique - a été validée statistiquement, à des degrés divers, avant d’engager une étape d’optimisation par la construction d’un plan d’expériences multicritère. Celui-ci a conduit à l’établissement de modèles polynômiaux du second degré pour représenter l’effet conjugué des facteurs retenus et permettre la prédiction des valeurs de µmax et de concentration de torularhodine rapportée à la biomasse. Cette étude a alors été consacrée à un essai de fonctionnalisation de la torularhodine, à partir de sa fonction carboxylique, en vue de la stabilisation de la molécule dont l’activité antioxydante est élevée. L’acylation enzymatique de la lysine par la torularhodine a été envisagée. Les conditions d’acylation par la lipase B de C. antarctica ont été déterminées avec un caroténoïde modèle, la bixine. Le produit dérivé obtenu après transacylation a été purifié et a montré une activité antiradicalaire supérieure à celle de la bixine. Ces résultats permettent d’envisager la synthèse de peptides acylés avec ce type de caroténoïdes / The aim of this work was to determine the optimum of an original carotenoid, the torularhodin, produced by Sporobolomyces ruberrimus, in batch culture. A very interesting characteristic of this strain is its ability to consume raw glycerol as a carbon and energy source for microbial growth and carotenoid production. In the fist part of this study, the identification of operating parameters that have an influence on the optimum torularhodin production, was achieved. Experimental assays reinforced by a statistical study allowed to identify temperature, dissolved oxygen pressure and oleic acid supplementation, as the major parameters of influence, and then the integration of these data was performed for the construction of a multiobjective optimization based on a multicriteria experimental design. The establishment of a mathematical model of a second degree polynomial type was developed for the prediction of the values of µmax and of the torularhodin concentration reported to biomass. In the last part, considering that torularhodin has an important antioxidant property and it exhibits a free carboxyl acid function which can be used as acyl agent, a study of its structure modifying by an enzymatic way as a stabilization pattern was started. The experimental conditions of lysine acylation by the lipase B of Candida antarctica were determined using a model carotenoid, the bixin. The resulting product of the synthesis of bixin derivative was purified and showed an antiradical activity of 2.5 times higher than that of bixin. This result showed the ability of the acylation reaction of peptides with this kind of carotenoids