The combat against viral diseases has been, and still is, a major challenge in the field of drug development. Viruses are intracellular parasites that use the host cell ma-chinery for their replication and release. Therefore it is difficult to target and destroy the viral particle without disturbing the essential functions of the host cell. This thesis describes studies towards antiviral agents targeting adenovirus type 37 (Ad37), which causes the severe ocular infection epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Cell surface oligosaccharides serve as cellular receptors for many pathogens, including viruses and bacteria. For EKC-causing adenoviruses, cell surface oligo-saccharides with terminal sialic acid have recently been shown to be critical for their attachment to and infection of host cells. The work in this thesis support these re-sults and identifies the minimal binding epitope for viral recognition. As carbo-hydrate–protein interactions in general, the sialic acid–Ad37 interaction is very weak. Nature overcomes this problem and vastly improves the binding affinity by presenting the carbohydrates in a multivalent fashion. Adenoviruses interact with their cellular receptors via multiple fiber proteins, whereby it is likely that the ideal inhibitor of adenoviral infections should be multivalent. This thesis includes design and synthesis of multivalent sialic acid glycoconjugates that mimic the structure of the cellular receptor in order to inhibit adenoviral attachment to and infection of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Synthetic routes to three different classes of sialic acid conjugates, i.e. derivatives of sialic acid, 3’-sialyllactose and N-acyl modified sialic acids, and their multivalent counterparts on human serum albumine (HSA) have been developed. Evaluation of these conjugates in cell binding and cell infectivity assays revealed that they are effective as inhibitors. Moreover the results verify the hypothesis of the multivalency effect and clearly shows that the power of inhibition is significantly increased with higher orders of valency. Potential inhibi-tors could easily be transferred to the eye using a salve or eye drops, and thereby they would escape the metabolic processes of the body, a major drawback of using carbohydrates as drugs. The results herein could therefore be useful in efforts to develop an antiviral drug for treatment of EKC.

To study the functions of glycoconjugates in biological systems reliable and efficient protocols for glycoconjugate synthesis are needed. To reach this goal we have developed methods for solid-phase synthesis of glycoconjugates that can be monitored with gel-phase 19F spectroscopy using fluorinated linkers, building blocks, and protecting groups. We have developed a new fluorine containing linker suitable for solid-phase synthesis of glycoconjugates. The linker was more acid-labile than similar linkers in order to enable cleavage under mild conditions of the target compound from the linker resin.  A carbamate-based strategy has been applied to attach a spacer carrying an amino group to a fluorinated Wang linker for synthesis of amino-functionalized glycoconjugates using thioglycoside donors with fluorinated protective groups. Cleavage from the solid support was performed with trifluoroacetic acid and subsequent protecting group removal gave the target compound. The terminal amine was conjugated with didecyl squarate and this derivative can be attached to various proteins and solid surfaces carrying primary or secondary amines. To evaluate this methodology we have immobilized glycoconjugates in amino-functionalized microtiter plates and successfully probed them with lectin. In addition, a novel fluorine containing protecting group has been designed, synthesized and evaluated. The protecting group was used for protection of the unreactive 4-OH in a galactose building block that was applied in the synthesis of 6-aminohexyl galabioside and was removed with TBAF in THF. Adenovirus serotype 8 (Ad8), Ad19, and Ad37 cause the severe ocular infection, epidemic keratoconjunctivities (EKC). During infection, the adenoviruses interact with sialic acid containing glycoconjugates on the epithelial cells via fiber structures extending from the viral particles. The virus particle most likely binds to the host cell in a multivalent way by simultaneously using multiple fiber proteins and binding sites. Multivalent sialic acid containing conjugates could efficiently inhibit Ad37 cell attachment and subsequent infection of human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Three compact tri- and tetravalent sialic acid conjugates were prepared and evaluated as inhibitors of adenoviral host cell attachment and subsequent infection and all conjugates were potent as anti-adenoviral agents. The conjugates can readily be synthesized from accessible starting materials. A crystal structure of the Ad37 fiber knob protein and the trivalent sialic acid conjugate showed that the three binding sites were all occupied by one sialic acid residue each.