Behavioural symptoms, cognitive deficits, and findings from electrophysiological, neuroimaging and genetic studies all suggest atypical performance monitoring in ADHD. Performance monitoring involves error detection and post-error behavioural adjustment and is crucial to behavioural self-regulation and reinforcement learning, both of which are dysfunctional in ADHD. Therefore, post-error slowing was examined in children with ADHD and controls using a modified flanker task both with, and without, error detection provided. There was a significant main effect of group on post-error slowing across conditions and when error-detection was provided, significant post-error slowing deficits were found in children with ADHD. These findings suggest that the performance monitoring deficit in ADHD is specific to post-error behavioural adjustment and supports the inclusion of this deficit in the neurocognitive profile of ADHD. Findings are discussed in terms of current neurocognitive reinforcement learning models of ADHD.

Behavioural symptoms, cognitive deficits, and findings from electrophysiological, neuroimaging and genetic studies all suggest atypical performance monitoring in ADHD. Performance monitoring involves error detection and post-error behavioural adjustment and is crucial to behavioural self-regulation and reinforcement learning, both of which are dysfunctional in ADHD. Therefore, post-error slowing was examined in children with ADHD and controls using a modified flanker task both with, and without, error detection provided. There was a significant main effect of group on post-error slowing across conditions and when error-detection was provided, significant post-error slowing deficits were found in children with ADHD. These findings suggest that the performance monitoring deficit in ADHD is specific to post-error behavioural adjustment and supports the inclusion of this deficit in the neurocognitive profile of ADHD. Findings are discussed in terms of current neurocognitive reinforcement learning models of ADHD.

Metacognition, which involves monitoring and controlling of one’s thoughts and actions, is essential for guiding behavior and organization of information. Deficits in self-monitoring have been suggested to lead to psychosis and poor functional outcome. Abnormalities in eventrelated potentials originating from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region associated with error detection, have been consistently reported in individuals with schizophrenia during error monitoring tasks. This study sought to examine whether these abnormalities are present in individuals with a history of psychosis across diagnostic categories and whether they are associated with subjective appraisal of self-performance and personality traits related to psychosis. The error-related negativity (ERN), the correct response negativity (CRN), and the error positivity (Pe) were recorded in 15 individuals with a history of psychosis (PSY) and 12 individuals without a history of psychosis (CTR) during performance on a flanker task. Participants also continuously rated their performance on the task and completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised (SPQ-BR). Compared with the CTR group, the PSY group exhibited reduced ERN and Pe amplitudes during error trials, but normal CRN and Pe amplitudes during correct trials. The PSY group also was less accurate at identifying their errors than the CTR group but just as accurate at identifying correct responses. Across all participants, smaller ERN amplitudes were associated with greater scores on the Disorganized factor of the SPQ-BR and smaller Pe amplitudes were associated with greater scores on the Cognitive Perceptual factor of the SPQ-BR. Individuals with a history of psychosis regardless of diagnosis demonstrated abnormal neural activity during error monitoring. Error monitoring deficits may be associated with vulnerability for psychosis across disorders.

In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the relationship between error awareness and the amplitude of Error-Related Negativity (ERN), a neural response to errors associated with cognitive control and error monitoring processes, was examined. Five studies published between 2010 and 2020, involving a total of 302 participants, were analyzed. Findings revealed a more pronounced negative amplitude of the ERN for aware errors compared to unaware errors, supporting the Error Detection Theory and Reinforcement Learning Theory. The results did not directly support or contradict the Conflict-Monitoring Theory. These findings underscore the critical role of conscious error detection in modulating ERN responses and adaptive behavioral modifications. However, due to the limited number of included studies and variability in their methodologies, caution is needed in interpreting the results. Future research should aim to validate these findings with larger samples and standardized study designs, while also exploring a more nuanced understanding of error awareness.

Current research in stuttering suggests that individuals who stutter (IWS) may have a hyperactive error-monitoring system, leading to the exacerbation and anticipation of verbal dysfluencies. Using a neurophysiological marker of error processing known as the feedback error-related negativity, the current thesis involved three studies. First, a pilot study was conducted to ensure that word feedback cues were usable in the current paradigm. Second, a classic virtual T-maze task was used to assess the generic error processing mechanism of IWS. Third, an adaptation of the T-maze was used to assess the integrity of the reinforcement learning system of IWS and their ability to associate reward and error information of personalized problem words with predictive cues. Results suggest preliminary evidence for functional generic error processing in IWS and disrupted error processing when conditioned predictive cues are needed to predict fluent versus dysfluent outcomes. / Graduate

Performance monitoring is a crucial metacognitive function that allows for adaptive behaviour. Electrophysiological studies on error monitoring specifically, have shown how error trials in different tasks elicit two distinct signatures, the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). While studies find a robust relation between error awareness and the Pe, results regarding error awareness and the ERN are more divergent. Also, no agreement has been reached on the mechanisms that elicit these signals. This meta-analysis aims to explore the relation between these electrophysiological signatures and error awareness and how disparities in study design might explain divergent study results. Two meta-analyses were conducted and found a significant effect-size for error awareness on both the ERN and the Pe. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore how different study-characteristics can influence these outcomes. Although no effects were found, these results remain mainly inconclusive since the number of included studies was very low, and their study designs quite similar.

[pt] Sistemas formados por componentes distribuídos possibilitam a ocorrência de falhas provenientes da interação entre componentes. A etapa de testes desta classe de sistemas é árdua, já que prever todas as interações entre componentes de um sistema é inviável. Portanto, ainda que um sistema de componentes seja testado, a ocorrência de erros em tempo de execução continua sendo possível e, evidentemente, esses erros devem ser observados disparando alguma ação que impeça de causarem grandes danos. Este trabalho apresenta um mecanismo de identificação de erros de inconsistência semântica de tipos baseado em logs estruturados. Falhas de inconsistência semântica de tipos são falhas decorrentes da interpretação errônea de valores que são representados sintaticamente sob os mesmos tipos básicos. O mecanismo proposto consiste na geração de logs estruturados conforme a definição de interfaces de comunicação e a identificação de anomalias através de uma técnica existente de verificação de contratos. Além disso, o mecanismo propõe um modelo de gestão taxonômica de tipos semânticos utiliza a técnica de Raciocínio Baseado em Casos (RBC). O mecanismo de identificação de falhas foi implementado através de uma extensão do middleware Robot Operation System (ROS). O mecanismo, além de observar erros, gera informação complementar que visa auxiliar a diagnose da causa do erro observado. Finalmente, uma prova de conceito aplicada a um sistema de controle de locomoção de um robô híbrido, adaptado de um sistema real, foi desenvolvida para a validação da identificação de falhas. / [en] Systems formed by distributed components enable the occurrence of faults arising from the interaction between components. The stage of testing this class of systems is difficult, since foresee all interactions between components of a system is not feasible. Therefore, even if a component system is tested, the occurrence of run-time errors is still possible and, of course, these errors should be seen shooting some action that prevents them from causing major damage. This paper presents an identification mechanism of errors given by semantic inconsistency typed data, based on structured logs. Semantic inconsistency of typed data could cause failures due to the misinterpretation of values that are represented syntactically under the same basic types. The proposed mechanism consists in generating structured logs according to the definition of communication interfaces, and identifying anomalies by an existing contract verification technique. In addition, the mechanism proposes a management model of taxonomic semantic types using the Case-Based reasoning technique (CBR). The fault identification mechanism was implemented through an extension of the Robot Operation System middleware (ROS). The mechanism, in addition to observing errors, generates additional information which aims to assist the diagnosis of the cause of the observed error. Finally, a proof of concept applied to a locomotion control system for a hybrid robot, adapted from a real system, has been developed for fault identification validation.

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Nous avons étudié les effets de la baisse de la vigilance sur les mécanismes de contrôle de l'erreur lors d'une tâche de temps de réaction de choix (TR). Lors de la première expérience, la baisse de vigilance a été obtenue par un éveil prolongé de 26 heures. Dans les expériences deux et trois, on a diminué le niveau de vigilance par voie pharmacologique en choisissant de n'affecter qu'une des voies neurochimiques impliquées dans l'éveil (voie histaminergique puis voie dopaminergique) pour déterminer si les indices du contrôle de l'erreur seraient ou non affectés de la même façon qu'après un éveil prolongé. Si oui, cela supposerait un effet redondant des systèmes neurochimiques impliqués dans l'éveil sur le contrôle de l'erreur, dans le cas contraire, cela supposerait une influence spécifique de ces différents systèmes sur le contrôle de l'erreur. Le contrôle de l'erreur peut être décomposé en contrôle proactif et contrôle réactif. Ce contrôle de l'erreur est dit en ligne s'il opère au cours d'un essai, hors-ligne s'il s'opère d'un essai sur l'autre.La privation de sommeil affecte le contrôle de l'erreur proactif en ligne et le contrôle de l'erreur réactif. La baisse de l'activité histaminergique n'affecte que le contrôle de l'erreur réactif et on n'a pas mis en évidence d'effets de la déplétion dopaminergique sur le contrôle de l'erreur. Les effets observés sur le contrôle de l'erreur par la baisse de vigilance induite par la privation de sommeil n'étaient pas reproduits par la baisse de vigilance induite par les déplétions des activités dopaminergiques et histaminergiques, suggérant des influences spécifiques de ces deux voies sur le contrôle de l'erreur. / To study the impact of a vigilance decrease on error monitoring mechanisms in healthy participants, electromyogram and electroencephalogram were recorded during a choice reaction time task. The aim of experiment one was to decipher which indices of error monitoring at the behavioral and electrophysiological levels, were altered by sleep deprivation. In experiments two and three, decreases in vigilance were obtained through pharmacological treatments. We attempted to selectively inhibit one arousal system (either by acting on the histaminergic or on the dopaminergic pathway), so as to determine whether indices of error monitoring would be affected in the same way than after extended wakefulness. Proactive (implemented before an error execution) and reactive modes (implemented after an error execution) of error monitoring were distinguished. Within each mode, we further distinguished on-line (implemented within-trial) and off-line (between-trials) processes.Proactive off-line monitoring was unaffected by the decrease in vigilance, whether this caused by extended wakefulness, histaminergic depeltion or dopaminergic depletion). Sleep deprivation affected proactive on-line and off-line monitoring and reactive control. Histaminergic depletion affected only reactive control and reactive control seemed insensitive to dopaminergic depletion.As sleep deprivation, both histaminergic and dopaminergic depletion induced decrease in vigilance. However, effects of sleep deprivation on error monitoring were entirely reproduced neither by histaminergic nor by dopaminergic depletion, suggesting specific influences of the corresponding systems on error monitoring.

現今解釋錯誤偵測系統及前扣帶皮質（ACC）的關係之理論主要為增強學習理論。增強學習理論認為個體會在行為後對於行為結果產生預期，並將該預期與實際結果進行比較，若實際結果較預期結果差則會活化ACC進而觀察到較大的FN（Feedback Negativity）振幅。近年來有學者提出奠基於增強學習理論的錯誤可能性理論，錯誤可能性理論則認為當個體在學習到行為與結果之間的關聯後，當接收到可能犯錯的訊息時便會活化ACC而引起較大的FN。本研究主要的目的為探討增強學習理論及錯誤可能性理論的適用性，其次為探討風險之因素是否能反映於FN上。由於兩理論對於風險情境中是否會觀察到FN有不同的預測，錯誤可能性理論預測會在高風險的情況下觀察到較大的FN；而增強學習理論則預測由於風險畫面並非回饋畫面，故風險不會影響FN。實驗一藉由探討風險與FN間之關係企圖提供兩理論初步之區分並提供風險研究的實驗證據，實驗一結果顯示FN確實會反映風險之因素。也點出增強學習理論用以解釋錯誤偵測系統之不完備之處。而實驗二則利用操弄回饋結果好壞及高低錯誤可能性以檢驗錯誤可能性對於錯誤偵測系統之必要性，實驗二結果顯示錯誤可能性為事件評估之因素之一。除此之外，實驗二亦提供FN反映懊悔之支持性證據。