Este estudo clínico randomizado teve por objetivo avaliar se a escovação anteroposterior com escova de cerdas longas nas pontas (modo teste) foi mais custo-eficaz do que a técnica de escovação transversal com escovas de cerdas retas (modo controle) no controle de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares permanentes em erupção. Cento e quarenta participantes (66 crianças e 74 adolescentes) foram aleatoriamente designados para os grupos teste e controle. Os participantes foram acompanhados por 24 meses. Para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos em termos de eficácia, foram utilizadas as análises por intenção de tratar (ITT) e por protocolo, além de análises de sobrevida. Foram considerados como desfecho: 1) qualquer tipo de progressão e 2) progressão para cavidade. A análise de viabilidade econômica foi determinada através do custo da escova e seu grau de deterioração. Para comparação da relação de custo-eficácia entre os grupos utilizou-se a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. O modo teste mostrou-se superior quando a progressão geral de lesões foi considerada. As análises por protocolo e de sobrevida mostraram tendências semelhantes. A análise por ITT para progressão geral das lesões, bem como todas as análises considerando a progressão ara cavidades, não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. A custo-eficácia incremental entre os modos de escovação foi superior aos valores recomendados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde para tratamentos custo-eficazes. Conclui-se que o modo teste apresenta um impacto reduzido em termos de eficácia na redução da progressão de lesões de cárie em molares em erupção comparado ao modo controle e não é mais custo-eficaz que este último a ponto de ser indicado para substituí-lo na prática clínica. / This single-blinded randomized clinical trial investigated if the anteroposterior toothbrushing using a toothbrush with extra-long bristles in the tip (test mode) was more cost-efficacious than cross-toothbrushing technique using toothbrush with bristles in the same plane (control mode) in controlling caries lesion progression on occlusal surfaces of erupting first permanent molars. One hundred and forty participants (66 children and 74 adolescents) were randomly assigned for test and control modes of toothbrushing (technique + toothbrush). They were followed-up for 24 months. For assessing differences between groups in terms of efficacy, per protocol, intention to treat (ITT) and survival analyses were used. The outcomes set were: 1) overall caries lesions progression; 2) caries lesions progression for cavity threshold. Toothbrush cost and deterioration were considered for economic feasibility. The cost-efficacy between groups was compared using the incremental cost-efficacy ratio. The test mode was superior regarding overall caries lesion progression. Per protocol and survival analyses showed similar trends. ITT analysis for the previously mentioned outcome, as well as all analyses considering progression for cavitation threshold, did not show differences between groups. Incremental cost-efficacy ratio was superior to the thresholds determined by World Health Organization for being cost-efficacious treatments. In conclusion, the test mode has reduced impact on caries lesions progression compared to the control mode and is not most cost-efficacious than that. Therefore, the replacing the control mode for the test mode in clinical practice is not recommended.

Mafic eruptions have been the dominant form of volcanic activity in central Oregon throughout the Holocene. These eruptions have produced cinder cones, extensive lava flows, and tephra blankets. In most cases, the extent and volume of the tephra blankets has not been determined, despite the fact that future tephra production would pose considerable hazards to transportation, infrastructure, and public health. The economy of the region, which is largely based in tourism, would also be negatively impacted. For this reason, developing a better understanding of the extent and dynamics of tephra production at recent mafic vents is critical, both in terms of mitigating the hazards associated with future eruptions and in improving our scientific understanding of explosive mafic activity. Here I present detailed field and laboratory studies of tephra from recent mafic vents at Newberry Volcano and in the central Oregon High Cascades. Studies of Newberry vents show that eruption style is strongly correlated with eruptive volume, that extensive magma storage and assimilation occurred prior to the eruption of these vents, and that minimum pre-magmatic water content as recorded by plagioclase was 2.5 wt.%. Detailed mapping and physical studies of tephra deposits from High Cascades vents show that several recent eruptions produced extensive tephra deposits. These deposits are physically similar to well-documented historic eruptions that have been characterized as violent strombolian. At least one Cascade cinder cone (Sand Mountain) produced a tephra deposit that is unusually large in volume and characterized by uniformly fine-grained clasts, which is interpreted as evidence for syn-eruptive interaction with external water. Microtextural characteristics of tephra, along with an evaluation of possible water sources, support this interpretation. These investigations demonstrate that magma storage and eruption style at mafic vents is both variable and complex. Additionally, these studies show that cinder cones in central Oregon have the potential to erupt much more explosively than previously assumed. The results of this study will be an important tool for developing comprehensive regional hazard assessments. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.

Para se avaliar a cronologia, a seqüência de erupção e a prevalência de agenesias dentárias em indivíduos portadores de fissura transforame incisivo unilateral. examinou-se 477 pacientes regularmente matriculados no HRAC - USP, brasileiros, leucodermas, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 5 a 14 anos. Foram realizados exames clínico e radiográfico. A cronologia e a seqüência de erupção foram estabelecidas para cada sexo. Os indivíduos do sexo feminino mostraram, para todos os dentes superiores e inferiores, idade média de erupção menor em relação aos indivíduos do sexo masculino. O incisivo lateral e o canino, ambos superiores e adjacentes à fissura apresentaram idade média de erupção significantemente maior em relação aos seus homólogos do lado não fissurado. A prevalência de agenesias dentárias foi de 63,86% para o sexo feminino e de 50,5% para o sexo masculino, sendo estatisticamente significante. Os indivíduos portadores de fissura apresentaram idade média de erupção maior em relação aos indivíduos não fissurados para a maioria dos dentes permanentes, em todos os hemiarcos e em ambos os sexos. / Clinical and radiographic examination of 477 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate, age 5 to 14 years, were performed to determine the chronology, sequence of eruption, and frequency of missing permanent teeth. Female subjects showed a lower mean age of tooth eruption than males. Superior lateral incisors and canines on the affected side showed mean age of eruption significantly higher than their similar on the non-affected side. The frequency of hypodontia was significant higher in girls (63,86%) than in boys (50,5%). The mean tooth eruption age for cleft lip and palate patients compared with the general population was delayed for most permanent teeth, on all quadrants and both sex.

Este estudo clínico randomizado teve por objetivo avaliar se a escovação anteroposterior com escova de cerdas longas nas pontas (modo teste) foi mais custo-eficaz do que a técnica de escovação transversal com escovas de cerdas retas (modo controle) no controle de lesões de cárie na superfície oclusal de molares permanentes em erupção. Cento e quarenta participantes (66 crianças e 74 adolescentes) foram aleatoriamente designados para os grupos teste e controle. Os participantes foram acompanhados por 24 meses. Para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos em termos de eficácia, foram utilizadas as análises por intenção de tratar (ITT) e por protocolo, além de análises de sobrevida. Foram considerados como desfecho: 1) qualquer tipo de progressão e 2) progressão para cavidade. A análise de viabilidade econômica foi determinada através do custo da escova e seu grau de deterioração. Para comparação da relação de custo-eficácia entre os grupos utilizou-se a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. O modo teste mostrou-se superior quando a progressão geral de lesões foi considerada. As análises por protocolo e de sobrevida mostraram tendências semelhantes. A análise por ITT para progressão geral das lesões, bem como todas as análises considerando a progressão ara cavidades, não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. A custo-eficácia incremental entre os modos de escovação foi superior aos valores recomendados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde para tratamentos custo-eficazes. Conclui-se que o modo teste apresenta um impacto reduzido em termos de eficácia na redução da progressão de lesões de cárie em molares em erupção comparado ao modo controle e não é mais custo-eficaz que este último a ponto de ser indicado para substituí-lo na prática clínica. / This single-blinded randomized clinical trial investigated if the anteroposterior toothbrushing using a toothbrush with extra-long bristles in the tip (test mode) was more cost-efficacious than cross-toothbrushing technique using toothbrush with bristles in the same plane (control mode) in controlling caries lesion progression on occlusal surfaces of erupting first permanent molars. One hundred and forty participants (66 children and 74 adolescents) were randomly assigned for test and control modes of toothbrushing (technique + toothbrush). They were followed-up for 24 months. For assessing differences between groups in terms of efficacy, per protocol, intention to treat (ITT) and survival analyses were used. The outcomes set were: 1) overall caries lesions progression; 2) caries lesions progression for cavity threshold. Toothbrush cost and deterioration were considered for economic feasibility. The cost-efficacy between groups was compared using the incremental cost-efficacy ratio. The test mode was superior regarding overall caries lesion progression. Per protocol and survival analyses showed similar trends. ITT analysis for the previously mentioned outcome, as well as all analyses considering progression for cavitation threshold, did not show differences between groups. Incremental cost-efficacy ratio was superior to the thresholds determined by World Health Organization for being cost-efficacious treatments. In conclusion, the test mode has reduced impact on caries lesions progression compared to the control mode and is not most cost-efficacious than that. Therefore, the replacing the control mode for the test mode in clinical practice is not recommended.

第18回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成17(2005)年度報告 Proceedings of the 18th symposiumon on Chronological Studies at the Nagoya University Center for Chronological Research in 2005 日時:平成18 (2006)年1月17日(火)､18日(水) 会場:名古屋大学シンポジオン Date:Januaryl7th and 18th, 2006 Venue:Nagoya Uhiversity Symposion Hall

Telica Volcano, Nicaragua, is a persistently restless volcano with high rates of seismicity that can vary from less than ten events to over a thousand events per day. Low-frequency (LF) events dominate the seismic catalogue and seismicity rates at Telica show little clear correlation with periods of eruption. As such, traditional methods of forecasting of volcanic activity based on increases in seismicity and recognition of LF activity are not applicable. A single seismic station has been operating at Telica since 1993, and in 2010 we installed a broadband seismic and continuous GPS network (TESAND network) at Telica. In this study we investigate the seismic characteristics surrounding a nine-month period of phreatic to phreatomagmatic explosions in 1999, and also from the initial three-and-a-half year deployment of the TESAND network, including a three-month phreatic vulcanian eruptive period in 2011. We demonstrate that pertinent information can be obtained from analysis of single-station data, and while large seismic networks are preferable when possible, we note that for many volcanoes this is not possible. We find unusual patterns of seismicity before both eruptive periods; rather than a precursory increase in seismicity as is observed prior to many volcanic eruptions, we observe a decrease in seismicity many months prior to eruption. We developed a new program for cross-correlation of large seismic data catalogues and analysed multiplet activity surrounding both eruptive periods. We observed that the formation of new multiplets corresponds to periods of high event rates (during inter-eruptive periods) and high percentages of daily events that belong to a multiplet. We propose a model for the seismicity patterns observed at Telica, where changes in seismicity are related to a cyclic transition between open-system degassing and closed-system degassing. Periods of open-system degassing occur during non-eruptive episodes and are characterised by high event rates, a broad range of frequency content of events and high degrees of waveform correlation. A transition to closed-system degassing could be due to sealing of fluid pathways in the magmatic and/or hydrothermal system, or due to magma withdrawal. Periods of closed-system degassing are characterised by low event rates, higher frequency contents and low degrees of waveform correlation. Eruptive periods may then represent a transition from closed-system degassing to open-system degassing, however the system must also be capable of transitioning to open-system degassing without eruption. These observations have important implications for volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting at persistently restless volcanoes. Rather than a precursory increase in seismicity as is often observed prior to eruption at other volcanoes, our observations indicate that phreatic eruptions at Telica occur after a decrease in seismicity, a corresponding change in the frequency content of events, and a decrease in waveform correlation. These changes may represent a period of closed-system degassing that could culminate in phreatic eruptions. The inclusion of real-time analysis of variations in frequency content and multiplet activity provides critical information for volcano monitoring institutions.

Xenoliths preserve evidence of magma-crust interactions in magmatic reservoirs and conduits. They reveal processes of partial melting of country rock, and disintegration into magma. Widespread evidence for frothy xenoliths in volcanic deposits exists, and these evidently indicate processes of gas liberation, bubble nucleation and bubble growth. This report focuses on textural analysis of frothy sandstone xenoliths from Krakatau in Indonesia, Cerro Negro in Nicaragua, Cerro Quemado in El Salvador and from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, and involves attempts to experimentally reproduce xenolith textures. To achieve this, magmatic conditions acting upon country rock in volcanoes are simulated by subjecting sandstones to elevated temperature and pressure in closed system-autoclaves. Subsequent decompression imitates magma ascent following xenolith entrainment, and is largely responsible for the formation of frothy xenolith textures. The experiments show a range of successive features, such as partial melting, gas-pressure build up, bubble nucleation, growth and development of bubble networks. The experiments closely reproduced textures of natural xenoliths and help to assess the controlling P-T parameters that encourage efficient bubble growth. Conditions proved ideal between 850˚C and 870˚C and pressure release from 1 kbar. Such conditions limit bubble overprinting by secondary crystallization and melt infilling. Country rock lithology proved vital regarding gas pressure build-up and resulting bubble nucleation during decompression. In particular, increased water content and relict crystals in the melt produced appear to ease and promote gas liberation by enabling early and effective bubble nucleation. Moreover, experiments confirm a decisive role for bubble coalescence. These results attest to the great potential of country rock to develop interconnected bubble networks upon magma contact, exsolving large amounts of crustal volatiles into the magma. Volatile input involves a change in magma viscosity and thus an accompanied change in disruptive behaviour, and may hence be responsible for increased potential to cause explosive volcanic eruptions. Moreover, H2O and CO2 vapour are severe greenhouse gases, which seems to be added to the atmosphere from crustal rocks via recycling by volcanic activity, and may have yet underappreciated effects on Earth’s climate.

Tyrimų vieta ir laikas. Bariūnų žemės ūkio bendrovė, Joniškio raj. Bandymai vykdyti 2007-2008 m. Bandymo lauko dirvožemis: Joniškio rajono ŽŪB „Bariūnai“ įrengto bandymo lauko dirvožemis – giliau karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas rudžemis (Endocalcari – Endohypogleyic Cambisol) (Cmg-n-w-can), sunkus priemolis ant dulkiško molio su giliau (1 m gylyje) esančiu smėlingu priemoliu. Žieminių rapsų veislė ‘Elvis‘. Dviejų metų lauko bandymų duomenys iš esmės patvirtino hipotezę, kad prieš tris savaites iki žieminių rapsų brandos apipurškus jų pasėlius Aventrolio (0,5-1,0 l ha-1) tirpalais, susidariusi tampri plėvelė ant ankštarų stipriai sumažina savaiminį ankštarų atsidarymą, o tuo pačiu ir sėklų išbyrėjimą iš jų, ko pasekoje gaunamas didesnis žieminių rapsų sėklų derliaus priedas Vertinant panaudotų priemonių efektą žieminių rapsų sėklų derliams, matyti, kad gauto derliaus priedo dydis taip pat priklausė nuo rapsų pjūties laiko. Vėlinant pjūtį aventrolio ir karbamido efekto reikšmės buvo didesnės. / Research data evaluation: Two-year research data confirmed the hypothesis of the authors that leaf-spray fertilization with Pinolen (0.5 – 1.0 l ha-1) solutions of the winter rape crop three weeks before maturity stage results in the formation of the elastic capsule around siliques and prevents them from self-opening and seed eruption. Pinolen efficacy is higher in either disease or pest damaged, or late harvest crops. From the economic and labour planning points of view leaf-spray fertilization of winter rape with Pinolen should be combined with additional leaf-spray fertilization with carbamate solutions (20 kg ha-1). Leaf-spray fertilization of the winter rape with Pinolen (1.0 l ha-1) + carbamate (20 kg ha-1). The biggest rapes corn addition were received - – 0,69 t ha-1 in third variant ((1.0 l ha-1) + carbamate (20 kg ha-1). The protective efficacy of the capsule starts to decrease in more than five weeks after leaf spray fertilization of the crop with the considered solutions.

A erupção de molares permanentes é importante para o estabelecimento da doença cárie dentária. Embora a maioria das lesões de cárie oclusal tendem a inativar uma vez que os molares permanentes atingem o plano oclusal, estudos recentes têm mostrado que uma quantidade significativa destas lesões permanecem ativas, necessitando de um tratamento adequado. O objetivo deste estudo foi observar a efetividade do verniz fluoretado (Duraphat, Colgate) e do ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (ClinproXT, 3M) na inativação de lesões em esmalte em molares permanentes em erupção. Este ensaio clínico randomizado paralelo longitudinal foi realizado entre Junho de 2014 e julho de 2015. 64 molares (± 2,37 dentes por crianças) foram tratados (33 selados e 31 tratados com verniz fluoretado), e reavaliados após 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses. 97% das lesões seladas, e 74,2% das lesões que receberam aplicações de verniz fluoretado foram inativadas em um intervalo de 12 meses (p=0,04). A idade das crianças e as intervenções realizadas foram estatisticamente associadas com a paralização das lesões (modelo de regressão deWeibull Cox, p>0,05). Este estudo mostrou que os selantes de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina tiveram um melhor desempenho que aplicações de verniz fluoretado na inativação de lesões em esmalte ativas após um período de acompanhamento de 12 meses. / Background: Eruption of permanent molars is significantly important for the development of dental caries. Although most occlusal caries lesions tend to arrest when teeth reach the occlusal plan, recent studies have shown that an important proportion of these lesions remain active, and in need of proper management. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of resin modified glass ionomer cement for pit and fissures sealing (ClinproXT, 3M) and fluoride varnish (Duraphat, Colgate) on arresting enamel carious lesions, on erupting molars in different stages of eruption. Design: This randomized parallel longitudinal clinical study was carried out between June 2014 and June 2015. Results: 27 children and 64 molars (±2.37 teeth per children) were treated (33 sealed and 31 treated with fluoride varnish) and reassessed after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. 97% of the lesions that were treated with ionomer cement sealant were arrested against 74.2% of the lesions that received fluoride varnish applications (p=0.04). Also, children’s age and treatment were significantly associated with occlusal lesion arrestment (Weibull Cox regression models, p>0.05). Conclusions: Resin modified glass ionomer cement sealants performed better than fluoride varnish applications on caries arrestment after a 12-month follow-up period.

xvi, 167 p. ; ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Volatiles, particularly H 2 O, play an important role in subduction zone magmatism, from instigating melting of the mantle wedge to influencing the explosivity of eruptions at the surface. To better understand both small-scale eruptive processes and large-scale melt generation processes, concentrations of H 2 O, CO 2 , Cl and S were measured in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from nine monogenetic volcanoes across the Michoacan-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF) in central Mexico. Melt inclusions, tiny blebs of melt trapped within crystals during growth, record pre-eruptive melt compositions and dissolved volatile contents. Analyses of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the long-lived (15 years) eruption of Volcan Jorullo illustrate the complexities of cinder cone eruptions. The later-erupted melt inclusions record decreases in crystallization depths, increases in magma storage time, and shallow assimilation of granitic bedrock, suggesting significant evolution of the magma plumbing system over time. Because melt inclusions are trapped at variable depths during magma crystallization, they record progressive degassing of melts during ascent and eruption. Degassing of basaltic melts is variable due to differences in solubility of the volatile components. Estimated volatile solubilities based on variations in melt inclusion data for the MGVF suggest that Cl and S have high solubility, with little to no degassing of these species during ascent and eruption, whereas H 2 O and CO 2 show evidence of substantial degassing. Furthermore, increases in concentrations of incompatible elements in melt inclusions correlate with extents of degassing, suggesting that degassing during ascent drives melt crystallization in many cinder cone eruptions. The volatile contents of mafic arc magmas as revealed by melt inclusions reflect the influx of H 2 O-rich components from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. Across-arc patterns in volatile and incompatible trace element concentrations for MGVF magmas show that the flux of H 2 O-rich subduction components remains high for large distances across the arc. These data, combined with oxygen isotope analyses of olivine phenocrysts and 2-D thermo-mechanical models of the subduction zone, suggest a complex origin for the H 2 O-rich subduction components, involving dehydration of subducted sediment and storage of volatiles in hydrous minerals in the mantle wedge. This dissertation includes co-authored materials both previously published and submitted for publication. / Adviser: Paul J. Wallace